毛细管反相液相色谱-串联质谱用于肽的鉴定和相对定量分析

建立了一种基于毛细管反相液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术和质谱峰强度数据处理的肽段鉴定和相对定量分析方法。该方法无需对样品中的肽进行化学标记,在对样品进行反相色谱分离和串联质谱分析后,将二级质谱扫描数据进行蛋白质数据库搜索,获得所鉴定肽段的序列、保留时间、质荷比、带电荷数等定性信息;再以此为定位依据,在全扫描质谱数据中提取该肽段对应的离子峰并以该离子峰的峰强度作为定量信息,从而实现对不同样品中的共有肽段进行差异比较分析。以标准蛋白酶解混合肽段为实验对象,以肽段相对强度的相对标准偏差为指标,考察了该方法用于肽段相对定量分析的重现性、检测动态范围以及浓度标准曲线等,为将该方法用于生物样品中内源性肽的差异分析奠定了基础。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定蟾酥中的3种蟾毒内酯

建立了一种基于毛细管反相液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术和质谱峰强度数据处理的肽段鉴定和相对定量分析方法。该方法无需对样品中的肽进行化学标记,在对样品进行反相色谱分离和串联质谱分析后,将二级质谱扫描数据进行蛋白质数据库搜索,获得所鉴定肽段的序列、保留时间、质荷比、带电荷数等定性信息;再以此为定位依据,在全扫描质谱数据中提取该肽段对应的离子峰并以该离子峰的峰强度作为定量信息,从而实现对不同样品中的共有肽段进行差异比较分析。以标准蛋白酶解混合肽段为实验对象,以肽段相对强度的相对标准偏差为指标,考察了该方法用于肽段相对定量分析的重现性、检测动态范围以及浓度标准曲线等,为将该方法用于生物样品中内源性肽的差异分析奠定了基础。。     

基于ConA富集和LTQ-FT质谱鉴定的小鼠肝脏内质网N-糖蛋白质组研究

糖基化修饰是生物体内复杂和重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式之一.N-糖基化蛋白质在内质网中进行合成的过程中,所有的N-糖链都以甘露糖和葡萄糖结尾,而凝集素ConA对以甘露糖结尾的糖链有较高的亲和性,可以用来富集在内质网中合成的N-糖蛋白质.本文据此提出了一种基于内质网分离和凝集素ConA富集的复杂样品N-糖基化位点研究策略.通过使用高准确度的质谱线性离子阱-傅立叶变换回旋离子共振质谱对N-糖蛋白质进行鉴定,并对N-糖基化位点进行确定.我们采用模式生物C57BL/6J肝脏作为生物样本,在生物水平和质谱水平分别进行了3次重复,共鉴定了212个N-糖蛋白质的323个N-糖基化位点.在这些蛋白中,131个是Swissprot库中已确认的N-糖蛋白质.此方法富集的糖蛋白,糖型统一,有利于样品的分离和PNGaseF酶切作用,提高了鉴定的效率.对鉴定的212个N-糖蛋白质的定位和功能进行了分析,本文鉴定的N-糖蛋白质对现有的鼠肝N-糖蛋白质数据库进行了有效的补充.     

基于保留时间和质荷比匹配的液相色谱-质谱联用技术用于非标记肽段的差异分析

建立了一种无需化学标记的,基于纳升级毛细管液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱联用技术和质谱数据处理的肽段差异分析方法。本方法采用定量差异分析与肽序列鉴定分析分别进行的策略,首先对样品进行质谱全扫描的液质全谱式分析,在全扫描质谱数据中提取肽特征点信息,通过保留时间和质荷比参数匹配不同样品中的共有肽特征点,比较其相对峰强度有无差异。最后对样品中存在丰度差异的肽特征点进行选择性二级质谱分析和序列鉴定,从而实现复杂样品中肽段的差异比较分析。以血浆蛋白酶解混合物为实验对象,考察了本方法用于肽段相对定量分析的重现性以及浓度信号响应曲线等。结果表明:提取的肽特征点峰强度相对标准偏差的中值<22%,肽段离子强度动态范围达3个数量级,在5～1000fmol范围内对肽段定量具有良好线性关系。本方法可用于不同条件样品中具有倍数差异的内源性肽的比较分析。     

全二维微柱液相色谱-质谱鉴定人胃癌组织中的差异蛋白质

构建了以阳离子交换色谱-反相色谱(SCX-RPLC)为分离模式的新型全二维微柱液相色谱-质谱分离平台.采用了醋酸铵缓冲液梯度洗脱,实现了第一维肽段的分步洗脱,洗脱的肽段经富集除盐后通过接口进入反相色谱微柱,通过线性梯度实现第二维进一步分离,最后进入质谱进行检测.采用此平台分析了人胃癌组织与正常组织提取蛋白质信息,其中正常胃组织鉴定蛋白质数为537个,而癌症组织鉴定蛋白质数目为506个.对胃癌和正常组织两种提取蛋白质酶解产物的蛋白质检索结果进行比较分析,将鉴定的蛋白质按照物理性质进行分布,找出正常组织与癌症组织间蛋白质差异,筛选出一种可能发生变异的癌症特有蛋白.     

栝楼蛋白 2: 栝楼蛋白部分化学结构的初步测定

栝楼蛋白(Trichobitacin)是从栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowiiMaxim, Cucurbitaceae)中新发现的核糖体失活蛋白, 分子量为27,228; pI为9.6。应用基质辅助的激光解析飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)和快原子轰击质谱法(FAB-MS)分别测定胰蛋白酶酶解栝楼蛋白和天花粉蛋白(Trichosanthin)的混合肽质谱, 通过比较发现了一些分子量相同的肽。由于这两种蛋白质都来源于栝楼块根, 同源性比较强, 所以这些肽序列在两种蛋白质中基本一样; 再结合蛋白N-端自动顺序仪测定栝楼蛋白N-端的结果, 确定了栝楼蛋白N-端38个氨基酸的顺序, 栝楼蛋白经胰蛋白酶酶解后所得肽段用HPLC分离纯化, 再用蛋白质自动顺序仪, DABITC/PITC双偶合手工法和质谱法共确定了栝楼蛋白N-端, C-端等100多个氨基酸残基的序列。     

栝楼蛋白 2: 栝楼蛋白部分化学结构的初步测定

栝楼蛋白(Trichobitacin)是从栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowiiMaxim, Cucurbitaceae)中新发现的核糖体失活蛋白, 分子量为27,228; pI为9.6。应用基质辅助的激光解析飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)和快原子轰击质谱法(FAB-MS)分别测定胰蛋白酶酶解栝楼蛋白和天花粉蛋白(Trichosanthin)的混合肽质谱, 通过比较发现了一些分子量相同的肽。由于这两种蛋白质都来源于栝楼块根, 同源性比较强, 所以这些肽序列在两种蛋白质中基本一样; 再结合蛋白N-端自动顺序仪测定栝楼蛋白N-端的结果, 确定了栝楼蛋白N-端38个氨基酸的顺序, 栝楼蛋白经胰蛋白酶酶解后所得肽段用HPLC分离纯化, 再用蛋白质自动顺序仪, DABITC/PITC双偶合手工法和质谱法共确定了栝楼蛋白N-端, C-端等100多个氨基酸残基的序列。     

18O同位素标记定量肽段串联体蛋白质结合同位素稀释-多反应监测质谱的蛋白质绝对定量新方法

建立了定量肽段串联体蛋白质(concatamers of Q peptides, QconCATs)结合¹⁸O同位素标记-多反应监测质谱的蛋白质绝对定量新方法。首先对QconCAT重组蛋白质进行了纯度表征,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)表征结果表明重组蛋白质的纯度在99%以上,相对分子质量约为63.4 kDa。对QconCAT重组蛋白质酶切后的肽段混合物进行质谱分析,并经pFind和pLabel软件处理,验证了目标肽段。还考察了QconCAT重组蛋白质的酶切效率和¹⁸O标记效率,并对QconCAT蛋白质结合¹⁸O标记-同位素稀释-多反应监测质谱方法进行了评价。实验结果表明,采用该方法对腾冲嗜热厌氧菌(Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, TTE)中选定蛋白质的肽段进行绝对含量测定时,相对标准偏差小于20%,准确度较高,说明该方法可用于复杂生物样本中蛋白质的绝对定量。更重要的是所建方法不仅解决了细胞培养氨基酸稳定同位素标记(SILAC)技术的重标试剂价格昂贵的问题,也为定量蛋白质组学提供了一种新的方法。     

基于准等重二甲基化标记的高通量蛋白质组选择性交叉标记装置

面对生物学及精准医学等领域多变量、大样本量的蛋白质组定量分析的需求,高通量的定量标记及分析已经成为近年来蛋白质组学方法发展的趋势。发展了一种基于准等重二甲基化标记策略的高通量肽段末端选择性交叉标记装置（pIDL-StageTip）,借助简单的装置及离心力,有效地增加了定量标记的通量,并保证了肽段末端两步标记反应时间的可控性及操作的简便性。通过优化酸性条件下NaBD₃CN与NaBH₃CN体系的标记条件,得到了标准蛋白质酶解产物100%的标记效率、95%以上的标记选择性;在人源蛋白质组复杂体系下,标记效率大于99%,标记选择性为100%。基于该装置的定量方法具有很高的定量准确度及精密度。该装置为实现高可操作性、高准确度、高通量的蛋白质组定量标记提供了一个可靠的解决方案。     

金属标记结合高效液相色谱-选择离子监测质谱的蛋白质绝对定量新方法

建立了金属标记结合高效液相色谱-选择性离子监测质谱(SIM)的蛋白质绝对定量新方法。实验考察了金属标记效率、金属标记的稳定性、标记后肽段的色谱保留和质谱行为、新定量方法的线性范围和准确度。实验结果表明金属标记具有标记效率高,稳定性好,色谱保留行为一致等优点。另外,金属标记-选择离子监测质谱绝对定量方法灵敏度高,其定量限低至1 fmol,线性范围为1~500 fmol,线性范围内R2值大于0.99,具有良好的线性关系;经过测量,标准肽段的回收率为117.01%,说明该方法具有较高的准确度。将该方法应用于腾冲嗜热菌中烯醇酶蛋白的定量分析,相对标准偏差为5.47%,表明该方法的精密度高。以上结果表明该方法可以用于生物样本中的蛋白质的绝对定量分析,为比较简单的生物样本中蛋白质的绝对定量方法提供了一种新的选择。     

Selective isolation of N-terminal peptides from proteins and their de novo sequencing by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry without regard to unblocking or blocking of N-terminal amino acids

We have developed a new method to determine the N-terminal amino acid sequences of proteins, regardless of whether their N-termini are modified. This method consists of the following five steps: (1) reduction, S-alkylation and guanidination for targeted proteins; (2) coupling of sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin to N(alpha)-amino groups of proteins; (3) digestion of the modified proteins by an appropriate protease followed by oxidation with performic acid; (4) specific isolation of N-terminal peptides from digests using DITC resins; (5) de novo sequence analysis of the N-terminal peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using the CAF (chemically assisted fragmentation) method or tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis according to unblocked or blocked peptides, respectively. By employing DITC resins instead of avidin resins used in our previous method (Yamaguchi et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007; 21: 3329), it has been possible to isolate selectively N-terminal peptides from proteins regardless of modification of N-terminal amino acids. Here we propose a universal method for N-terminal sequence analysis of proteins.     

High sequence-coverage detection of proteolytic peptides using a bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(II) complex

The use of a bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(ii) complex for peptide labeling (Ru-CO labeling) supplied high intensity peaks in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis that overcame the contribution of protonation or sodiated adduction to peptides. Ru-CO-labeled insulin A- and B-chains were detected simultaneously in comparable peak abundance by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The mass spectra of chymotryptic peptide fragments of Ru-CO-labeled insulin also simultaneously indicated both N-terminal fragment ions, and amino acid sequences were determined easily by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization post-source-decay (MALDI-PSD). The sensitivity of detecting Ru-CO-labeled peptide fragment ions was not dependent on the length or the sequences of the peptides. The Ru-CO labeling method was applied to tryptic myoglobin fragments. The method indicated that each fragment ion is detected nearly equal in abundance and enabled the desired fragment ions to be distinguished from matrix clusters or their in-source fragments in lower mass regions. The desired fragment ions can be found in the mass region higher than 670.70 (= Ru-CO). This method provided a high sequence coverage (96%) by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Application of this method to a protein mixture (myoglobin, lysozyme and ubiquitin) successfully achieved high sequence-coverage characterization (>90%) of these proteins simultaneously.     

A method for rapidly confirming protein N-terminal sequences by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

The N-terminal sequence is important for the identification of a protein and the confirmation of its N-terminal processing. Although mass spectrometry (MS) is a sensitive and high-throughput method to sequence and identify peptides and proteins, N-terminal peptides, diluted among most of the peptides that do not originate at the N-termini, are not easy to identify directly with MS. To develop a simple and rapid method to identify and sequence the N-terminal peptide of a protein, a new strategy based on specific sulfonation of terminal amino groups and selective monitoring of the sulfonated peptide was introduced. After a protein had been guanidinated, 2-sulfobenzoylated, and reduced, it was digested with trypsin and analyzed by MS. Because of the strong acidity of sulfonic groups and the specific sulfonation of alpha-amino groups, the sulfonated N-terminal peptide dominated as base peak in the negative mode peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) and was easy to identify. The N-terminal peptide was then selected as precursor ion for tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. Four proteins were tested with this method and their N-terminal peptides were successfully recognized and sequenced. The results suggest that the addition of a sulfonic acid group facilitates the identification and de novo sequencing of N-terminal peptides.     

In vacuo isotope coded alkylation technique (IVICAT); an N-terminal stable isotopic label for quantitative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry proteomics

We present a new isotopic labeling strategy to modify the N-terminal amino group of peptides in a quantifiable reaction without the use of expensive reagents or solvents. The In Vacuo Isotope Coded Alkylation Technique (IVICAT) is a methylation reaction, carried out at low pressure (<100 mTorr), that results in a stable quaternary trimethylammonium group, thus adding a permanent positive charge at the N-terminus of peptides without modifying the epsilon-amino groups of lysine. The methylation reaction increases the signal intensity of modified peptides in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC)/MS and the isotopic peak pair differs by 9 mass units which can be easily resolved by either instrument. N-terminally trimethylated peptides exhibit collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra that differ from their unmodified analogues by an enhanced b-ion series in MS2 spectra due to the fixed positive charge. Using LC/MS/MS with an LTQ mass analyzer for quantification, the experimentally determined ratios of H9- to D9-trimethyl-labeled peptides of beta-casein provided accurate estimates of the actual ratios with low % error. IVICAT labeling also accurately quantified proteins in rat kidney inner medullary collecting duct cell types, as judged by comparison with relative quantification by subsequent immunoblotting experiments. IVICAT labeling, when used in conjunction with the new proteomics software QUIL, can accurately report relative protein abundances and increase the sequence coverage of proteins of tissue proteomes.     

A novel method for identification and relative quantification of N-terminal peptides using metal-element-chelated tags coupled with mass spectrometry

By means of the reaction between a DOTA-NHS-ester bifunctional reagent and N-terminal peptides of proteins,and then chelation of lanthanide metal ions as tags,we established a novel method for the identification of N-terminal peptides of proteins and their relative quantification using metal-element-chelated tags coupled with mass spectrometry.The experimental results indicate that metal elements are able to completely label N-terminal peptides at the protein level.The N-terminal peptides are enriched as the peptides digested with trypsin are selectively eliminated by isothiocyanate-coupled silica beads.We successfully identified the N-terminal peptides of 158 proteins of Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis incubated at 55 and 75°C,among which N-terminal peptides of 24 proteins are partially acetylated.Moreover,metal-element tags with high molecule weights make it convenient for N-terminal peptides consisting of less than 6 amino acids to be identified;these make up 55percent of the identified proteins.Finally,we developed a general approach for the relative quantification of proteins based on N-terminal peptides.We adopted lysozyme and ribonuclease B as model proteins;the correlation coefficients(R2)of the standard curves for the quantitative method were 0.9994 and 0.9997,respectively,with each concentration ratio ranging from0.1 to 10 and both relative standard derivations(RSD)measured at less than 5%.In T.tengcongensis at two incubation temperatures,80 proteins possess quantitative information.In addition,compared with the proteins of T.tengcongensis incubated at 55°C,in T.tengcongensis incubated at 75°C,7 proteins upregulate whereas 16 proteins downregulate,and most differential proteins are related to protein synthesis.     

Dimethyl isotope labeling assisted de novo peptide sequencing

Here, we explore a de novo sequencing strategy in which we combine Lys-N protein digestion with differential isotopic dimethyl labeling to facilitate the (de novo) identification of multiply charged peptides in ESI-MS, both under CID and ETD conditions. For a large fraction of the Lys-N generated peptides, all primary amines are present at the N-terminal lysine, enabling specific labeling of the N-terminus. Differential derivatization of only the peptide N-terminus in combination with the simultaneous fragmentation of the corresponding isotopologues allows the straightforward distinction of N-terminal fragments from C-terminal and internal fragments. Furthermore, also singly and multiply charged N-terminal fragments can easily be distinguished due to the mass differences of the isotope labeled fragment pairs. As a proof of concept, we applied this approach to proteins isolated from an avocado fruit, and were able to partially de novo sequence and correctly align, with green plant homologues, a previously uncharacterized avocado ascorbate peroxidase.     

Reversible labeling of tyrosine residue in peptide using 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and N-acetyl-L-cysteine.

The reversible labeling of tyrosine (Tyr)-containing peptide, which involves detection and recovery, is described in this paper. The phenolic-OH in Tyr structure reacted with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) under a mild condition at room temperature in alkaline medium. The resulting derivative absorbed at around 280 nm and 380 nm. However, the fluorescence was very weak. The NBD moiety in the derivative was efficiently removed by the treatment of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (N-AcCys), and the original peptide before the labeling was completely recovered. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the reversible labeling of N-terminal amine-blocked peptides, i.e., N-AcTyr-Val-Gly, Z-Glu-Tyr, Z-Phe-Tyr, N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Tyr, and N-AcArg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Tyr-Arg. Although the proposed method could not recover the N-terminal amine-free peptides without blocking, the selective detection and the recovery of Tyr-containing peptide fragments were possible by the combination with enzyme digestion. The reversible labeling of Tyr-containing peptide was demonstrated with [Tyr8]-bradykinin as a model for high-molecular-mass peptides and proteins. The peptide fragments containing NBD-O-Tyr moiety, obtained after the digestion, were easily discriminated from various peptides with the monitoring of UV and FL, because the target peptide did not fluoresce, but absorbed at both 280 nm and 380 nm. The peptide fragment containing Tyr was finally recovered from the de-labeling reaction with N-AcCys. The proposed method hence provides a novel technique for the reversible labeling of Tyr-containing peptides, which will enable the selective detection and the recovery of the original peptide.     

A method to enhance a1 ions and application for peptide sequencing and protein identification

A simple and effective method was developed for peptide sequencing and protein identification through the determination of its N-terminal residue. The method of N-terminal carbamidomethylation with iodoacetamide could specifically and remarkably enhance the intensity of a₁ ions in the tandem mass spectra of the peptide derivatives without significantly altering their fragmentation pattern, thus allowing determination of their N-terminal residues. The effectiveness and specificity of the method was demonstrated by confirming and extending sequence interpretation of several model peptides and proteins. The developed method was then applied in the LC-MS/MS analysis of the tryptic digests of myoglobin and a whole protein extract from rat heart tissues. The results from database searches were well validated with the enhancement of a₁ ions in tandem mass spectra and the specificity of protein identification was obtained when the information of N-terminal residues was included in the database search.     

Gas-phase cleavage of PTC-derivatized electrosprayed tryptic peptides in an FT-ICR trapped-ion cell: Mass-based protein identification without liquid chromatographic separation

Condensed phase protein sequencing typically relies on N-terminal labeling with phenylisothiocyanate ("Edman" reagent), followed by cleavage of the N-terminal amino acid. Similar Edman degradation has been observed in the gas phase by collision-activated dissociation of the N-terminal phenyl thiocarbamoyl protonated peptide [1] to yield complementary b1 and y(n-1) fragments, identifying the N-terminal amino acid. By use of infrared multiphoton (rather than collisional) activation, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (rather than quadrupole) mass analysis, we extend the method to direct analysis of a mixture of tryptic peptides. We validate the approach with bradykinin as a test peptide, and go on to analyze a mixture of 25 peptides produced by tryptic digestion of apomyoglobin. A b1+ ion is observed for three of the Edman-derivatized peptides, thereby identifying their N-terminal amino-acids. Search of the SWISS-PROT database gave a single hit (myoglobin, from the correct biological species), based on accurate-mass FT-ICR MS for as few as one Edman-derivatized tryptic peptide. The method is robust-it succeeds even with partial tryptic digestion, partial Edman derivatization, and partial MS/MS IRMPD cleavage. Improved efficiency and automation should be straightforward.     

磺化修饰结合离子交换色谱和生物质谱富集鉴定含组氨酸肽段

通过在肽段的N端引入磺酸基,从而使含组氨酸的肽段与其他肽段在pH<3.0的条件下产生电荷差异,建立了一种基于强阳离子交换色谱(SCX)结合生物质谱富集鉴定含组氨酸肽段的方法,并以含有组氨酸的标准蛋白质为模型,进行了方法学考察。结果表明,经N端磺酸化后,含组氨酸的肽段能有效地被阳离子交换色谱富集,且在肽的N端引入磺酸基促进了肽的裂解,使之产生简单而信息丰富的二级质谱图,从而得到完美的质谱鉴定结果。这说明磺化修饰结合强阳离子交换色谱用于含组氨酸肽段的富集鉴定是可行的,且具有在蛋白质组研究中应用的潜力。