核磁共振代谢组学数据预处理中的自适应分段积分方法

提出一种用于核磁共振代谢组学数据预处理的自适应分段积分方法. 通过计算各数据点统计特性, 并根据相邻数据点的统计差特性进行自适应积分, 克服了目前普遍采用的等间隔分段积分法可能存在的缺陷(如统计差异性相反的信号相互抵消、微弱特征信号被掩盖及谱图信噪比下降等), 从而避免了对后续统计分析所产生的负面影响. 为比较自适应分段积分和等间隔积分对数据预处理的效果, 分别采用计算机模拟数据和饮食差异人群两种模型进行分析. 研究结果表明, 新方法能够有效地削弱噪声和非特异信号的影响, 提高后续的主成分分析结果的可靠性, 使代谢组学数据分析更具生物学意义.     

Ab initio exchange-correlation parameter in the Xα method

The method of statistical exchange-correlation parameter is presented. It has been shown that there is only a small difference between the self-consistent, the statistical, and the α_HF parameters. We suggest using statistical exchange-correlation parameters in molecular calculations.     

A simulation study to evaluate the statistical noise and spatial resolution in image reconstruction of emission computed tomography--with respect to the optimization of the filter function in the convolution integral

Filtered backprojection method has been commonly used to reconstruct images in the field of the computed tomography (CT). However, in the emission CT such as positron and single photon CT, poor counting static which are caused by limited dosage to patients, limited counting rate capacity and limited efficiency of the imaging device, produce a statistical noise in the reconstructed image. The magnitude of the statistical noise and the spatial resolution were evaluated for various shapes of the filter used in the convolution integrals of the filtered back-projection procedure. The statistical noise was proportional to the inverse of the root of the total number of counts for any filters. The high-frequency-cut characteristic of the filter reduced the statistical noise, but increased the spatial resolution in the images. It was possible to optimize the shape of the filter for given total number of counts and required statistical noise and spatial resolution.     

Statistical mechanical treatment of protein conformation. I. Conformational properties of amino acids in proteins.

A statistical mechanical (one-dimensional Ising model) treatment, based on the dominance of short-range interactions, is developed in this series of papers; it is intended as an improvement over empirical prediction schemes for obtaining approximate initial conformations of proteins (to be used to try to deduce the native conformation by subsequent energy minimization). In the present paper, the statistical weights for a two-state model (alpha-helical and other conformations) and for a three-state model (alpha-helical, extended, and other conformations) are evaluated from x-ray data on 16 native proteins. The method for evaluating the statistical weights is presented. Asymmetric alpha-helical nucleation parameters are also evaluated for the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. On the basis of these statistical weights, the conformational properties of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids are discussed. The statistical weights evaluated from x-ray data are also discussed in comparison with experimental results on the helix--coil transition in polyamino acids in solution. The predominant role of short-range interactions, and some possible long-range effects in determining the statistical weights, are discussed in conjunction with the mechanism of protein folding.     

~（13）C_（60）气相统计熵及热容的计算

采用统计热力学方法及理想气体模型计算了气相~（１３）Ｃ_（６０）分子在１０１３２５Ｐａ压力及不同温度下的统计熵与热容。给出了统计熵与热力学温度Ｋ之间的关系，以及等容热容和等压热容与热力学温度Ｋ之间的关系表达式。     

Classification and Prediction of Geological Samples by Principal Component Analysis

The principal component analysis is an ancient multivariate statistical method[1]. It is extensively used in spectrometry with the popularization of computer and development of the method of chemometrics. It is regarded as an effective method of multivariate statistical analysis. The principal component analysis is universally included in common program package of multivariate statistical analysis. The method, as well as other multivariate calibration methods, combined with artificial neural networks forms the foundation of the chemometrics.     

C6H6分子振动能谱的涨落统计特征

The statistical properties of vibrational energy levels in C6H6 are analyzed. The results show that they belong to a completely different type, of which the spectral rigidity is larger but the fractal dimensional function is smaller than both the Wigner law and Poisson law, and this new statistical property is called the low Poisson law. In fact, this special statistical property reflects the speciality in the structure of C6H6 in a way.     

Amphiphilic block and statistical copolymers with pendant glucose residues: Controlled synthesis by living cationic polymerization and the effect of copolymer architecture on their properties

Amphiphilic block and statistical copolymers of vinyl ethers (VEs) with pendant glucose residues were synthesized by the living cationic polymerization of isobutyl VE (IBVE) and a VE carrying 1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D ‐glucose (IpGlcVE), followed by deprotection. The block copolymer was prepared by a two‐stage sequential block copolymerization, whereas the statistical copolymer was obtained by the copolymerization of a mixture of the two monomers. The monomer reactivity ratios estimated with the statistical copolymerization were r₁ (IBVE) = 1.65 and r₂ (IpGlcVE) = 1.15. The obtained statistical copolymers were nearly uniform with the comonomer composition along the main chain. Both the block and statistical copolymers had narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight ∼ 1.1). Gel permeation chromatography, static light scattering, and spin–lattice relaxation time measurements in a selective solvent revealed that the block copolymer formed multimolecular micelles, possibly with a hydrophobic poly(IBVE) core and a glucose‐carrying poly(VE) shell, whereas the statistical copolymer with nearly the same molecular weight and segment composition was molecularly dispersed in solution. The surface properties of the solvent‐cast films of the block and statistical copolymer were also investigated with the contact‐angle measurement. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 459–467, 2001     

橡胶拉伸强度能力验证计划和统计分析

采用稳健统计技术对全国84家实验室橡胶拉伸强度能力验证结果进行统计分析,结果显示全部满意的实验室78家,结果可疑的实验室有6家,并对实验室结果出现可疑的原因进行了分析。     

Physicochemical aspects of an industrial process

We briefly describe a nonclassical nonlinear thermodynamic theory with statistical foundations. This statistical approach is based on a generalization to arbitrary nonequilibrium conditions of the Gibbs ensemble algorithm, the so-called nonequilibrium statistical operator method, which can be considered to be encompassed within the scope of Jaynes' predictive statistical physics. This emerging formalism is used to provide a study of the technoindustrial process of thermal stereolithography (or infrared-laser-induced rapid prototyping). The experimental results are interpreted and the technical requirements fundamental for the success of the process are pointed out. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 65 : 277–285, 1997     

The quality of QSAR models: problems and solutions

Assessment of the quality of goodness-of-fit and the confidence in predictivity (prediction power) are the main terms used to define the statistical quality of QSAR models. Three parts of this assessment can be defined as: (1) Measure of goodness-of-fit. (2) Validation of model stability. (3) Predictivity analysis. Currently there are no mandatory requirements for the validation methods to be used and rules for the quantitative confidence estimates. To compare the statistical quality of QSAR models it is necessary to have an overall statistical quality index which will depend on the goodness-of-fit, validation and predictivity results together. To do so it is necessary to define the set of mandatory parameters for all three parts of assessment listed above and develop the approach for overall quality estimates based on these parameters. It is also necessary to include into the overall index the penalty mechanism for parameter absence. The goal of the present study is to analyse parameters for all three parts of the QSAR model statistical quality assessment and investigate the flexible weighting approach for the overall statistical quality index development. Due the different statistical parameters traditionally used for assessment of goodness-of-fit it is necessary to create the mechanism, which allows flexible set of parameters to be used for the overall statistical quality index. Only after approval by scientific community and regulatory boards the final set of mandatory parameters can be selected.     

Hydrate dissociation conditions for gas mixtures containing carbon dioxide,hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide,nitrogen, and hydrocarbons using SAFT

A new method, a molecular thermodynamic model based on statistical mechanics, is employed to predict the hydrate dissociation conditions for binary gas mixtures with carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and hydrocarbons in the presence of aqueous solutions. The statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) equation of state is employed to characterize the vapor and liquid phases and the statistical model of van der Waals and Platteeuw for the hydrate phase. The predictions of the proposed model were found to be in satisfactory to excellent agreement with the experimental data.     

Conformational isomorphism in crystalline 1,4-cis-polyisoprene

The possibility that the statistical structure of 1,4-cis-polyisoprene (natural rubber), proposed by Nyburg, could be interpreted with a statistical succession of different conformations along the polymer chain has been investigated. The X-ray data can be interpreted on the basis of a statistical succession of conformations S₊ TS_? or S_? TS₊ of each triplet of consecutive single bonds along the chain.     

Solvated electron in liquid methanol. An example of a statistical species in chemistry

The methods of analysis of the statistical ensembles of trapping sites, before and after electron localization, for electrons in disordered media are surveyed. The review covers the computer-search methods for pre-existing traps in polar matrices, random field theory of disordered polar matrices and the path integral simulations of solvated electron. The common picture provided by all these methods is emphasized: the solvated electron is a unique in chemistry statistical species characterized by statistical distributions of the structural parameters, energy states, reactivity, etc. The numerical examples are provided by the simulations of the trapping sites and the solvated electron in liquid methanol.     

Study of the H+O2 reaction by means of quantum mechanical and statistical approaches: the dynamics on two different potential energy surfaces

The possible existence of a complex-forming pathway for the H+O(2) reaction has been investigated by means of both quantum mechanical and statistical techniques. Reaction probabilities, integral cross sections, and differential cross sections have been obtained with a statistical quantum method and the mean potential phase space theory. The statistical predictions are compared to exact results calculated by means of time dependent wave packet methods and a previously reported time independent exact quantum mechanical approach using the double many-body expansion (DMBE IV) potential energy surface (PES) [Pastrana et al., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8073 (1990)] and the recently developed surface (denoted XXZLG) by Xu et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 244305 (2005)]. The statistical approaches are found to reproduce only some of the exact total reaction probabilities for low total angular momenta obtained with the DMBE IV PES and some of the cross sections calculated at energy values close to the reaction threshold for the XXZLG surface. Serious discrepancies with the exact integral cross sections at higher energy put into question the possible statistical nature of the title reaction. However, at a collision energy of 1.6 eV, statistical rotationally resolved cross sections managed to reproduce the experimental cross sections for the H+O(2)(v=0,j=1)-->OH(v(')=1,j('))+O process reasonably well.     

The quality of QSAR models: problems and solutions†

Assessment of the quality of goodness-of-fit and the confidence in predictivity (prediction power) are the main terms used to define the statistical quality of QSAR models. Three parts of this assessment can be defined as:

(1)?Measure of goodness-of-fit.

(2)?Validation of model stability.

(3)?Predictivity analysis.

Currently there are no mandatory requirements for the validation methods to be used and rules for the quantitative confidence estimates. To compare the statistical quality of QSAR models it is necessary to have an overall statistical quality index which will depend on the goodness-of-fit, validation and predictivity results together. To do so it is necessary to define the set of mandatory parameters for all three parts of assessment listed above and develop the approach for overall quality estimates based on these parameters. It is also necessary to include into the overall index the penalty mechanism for parameter absence. The goal of the present study is to analyse parameters for all three parts of the QSAR model statistical quality assessment and investigate the flexible weighting approach for the overall statistical quality index development. Due the different statistical parameters traditionally used for assessment of goodness-of-fit it is necessary to create the mechanism, which allows flexible set of parameters to be used for the overall statistical quality index. Only after approval by scientific community and regulatory boards the final set of mandatory parameters can be selected.     

Formulating rationally via statistical thermodynamics

Formulators do not naturally turn to statistical thermodynamics for experimental inspiration. However, with the newer, intuitive approach to statistical thermodynamics, the formulator gains deep insights into the hitherto confusing effects of ‘cosolvents’, ‘hydrotropes’, ‘solubilizers’ that affect properties such as solubility, gelation or conformational stability. The historical confusion has arisen from classical approaches that simply cannot disentangle causes and effects. The aim of this review is to demonstrate how a formulator can work with statistical thermodynamics towards a rational design of experiments and an unambiguous interpretation of the driving forces behind cosolvent effects.     

Robustness testing of control charts employed by analytical laboratories

 The robustness of Shewhart control charts for subgroup means and subgroup ranges was tested by using the Monte Carlo method using training data sets comprising various numbers of points, with two repetitions in each subgroup (as in routine laboratory practice). The following control chart designs were tested: conventional based on the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, robust based on the median and/or the trimmed mean and Winsorized standard deviation, and a two-step design. The methods were applied to the system in the state of statistical control (outliers excluded) and to the system without statistical control (outliers included). Satisfactory results for both cases were only obtained when using the two-stage control charts. The conventional charts led to underestimation of the effect of outliers in the system without statistical control, whereas the robust control charts led to overestimation of the effect of outliers (false alarm) in the system under statistical control. The tests also gave evidence that the training set should include 20 points as a minimum. Received: 13 January 1997 Accepted: 12 February 1997     

Molecular thermodynamic model for equilibria in solution II. Statistical microscopic properties of ensembles

A statistical thermodynamic model for the interpretation of the equilibria in solution is based on the principle that the representative statistical ensembles can be characterized by two types of molecular distribution, one for non-reacting systems and another for reacting ones, respectively. Non-reacting and reacting ensembles correspond at the molecular level to one or a couple of potential curves, respectively. The properties of the thermodynamic model for solutions can be set up following some rules. These concern the statistical extension of the microscopic model to the whole ensemble and the successive averaging to get a mean partition function. The mean partition function is linked to the experimental domain of concentrations, dilutions and equilibrium constants (probability space) and to that of calorimetry, chemical work, and potentiometry (thermodynamics space). The formal connection between probability and thermodynamic space and the conformity of thermal equivalent dilution with the formulations of statistical thermodynamics are also shown.