自由群的直积的检验元素的注记

本文研究了自由群的直积的检验元素,通过对直积的自同态的分解,得到了直积中的元素为检验元素的充分必要条件,改进了O'neill和Turner的结果.此外,构造了两类具体的检验元素.     

单圈图的最大特征值的上界的改进

Let G（V, E） be a unicyclic graph, Cm be a cycle of length m and Cm G, and ui ∈ V（Cm）. The G - E（Cm） are m trees, denoted by Ti, i = 1, 2,..., m. For i = 1, 2,..., m, let eui be the excentricity of ui in Ti and ec = max{eui ： i = 1, 2 , m}. Let κ = ec＋1. Forj = 1,2,...,k- 1, let δij = max{dv ： dist（v, ui） = j,v ∈ Ti}, δj = max{δij ： i = 1, 2,..., m}, δ0 = max{dui ： ui ∈ V（Cm）}. Then λ1（G）≤max{max 2≤j≤k-2 （√δj-1-1＋√δj-1）,2＋√δ0-2,√δ0-2＋√δ1-1}. If G ≌ Cn, then the equality holds, where λ1 （G） is the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of G.     

乘方的指数与其幂的位数的关系

为了探究乘方的指数与其幂的位数的关系,定义了几个有关的新概念,并且证明了两个关于乘方以及进制进位的定理,由此建立起关于乘方以及进制进位的理论体系,其中包括进位理论中判定乘方的指数与其幂的位数是否存在周期规律的判别法,以及进位规律的求解法和四条相关的性质.     

逆周期的交换半群生成的簇的子簇

In this paper, all subvarieties of the varieties Ak （k ∈N） generated by aperiodic commutative semigroups are characterized. Based on this characterization, the structure of lattice of subvarieties of Ak is investigated.     

Lindelf的工作与Chaplygin的工作的互补性

运用Vakonomic模型导出Lindel f方程 ,表明Lindel f的工作与Vakonomic模型相吻合 ;运用Chetaev模型导出Chaplygin方程 ,表明Chaplygin的工作与Chetaev模型相吻合·　在此基础上 ,通过改进Chaplygin方程和Lindel f方程的表示形式 ,实现了从Lindel f方程向Chaplygin方程的合理过渡和从Chaplygin方程向Lindel f方程的合理的过渡·　最后 ,给出一个典型实例·　结果表明 ,正如Vako nomic模型与Chetaev模型是互补的一样 ,Lindel f的工作与Chaplygin的工作也是互补的·     

一元二次方程根的判别式的应用

<正>一元二次方程根的判别式是初中数学的重要内容,本文以近年中考中所考查的题型为例,归纳整理如下,供同仁们参考.一、求待定字母的取值范围(1)已知方程根的情况,求待定字母的取值范围例1若关于x的方程(k-1)x2+2(k)^(1/2)x+1=0有两个不相等的实数根.求k的獉獉取值范围.析解由题意"方程有两个不相等的实数獉獉根"可知:该方程是一元二次方程,且Δ>0,即     

树的最大特征值的上界的一个注记

设T是一个树,V是T的顶点集．记dv是υ∈V的度,△是T的最大顶点度．设υ∈V且dw=1．记k=ew+1,这里ew是w的excentricity．设δj′= max{dυ:dist(υ,w)=j},j=1,2,…,k-2,我们证明和这里μ1(T)和λ1(T)分别是T的Laplacian矩阵和邻接矩阵的最大特征值．特别地,记δo′=2．     

抛物线上的点列构成的多边形的面积问题

引理设Pn,Pn＋d,Pn＋2d,…,Pn＋（k-1）d是抛物线y=ax^2＋vx＋c（a,b,c为常数,a≠0）上的点列（注：本文用只表示函数图象上横坐标为t的点）,则k边形Pn＋dPn＋2d…Pn＋（k-1）d的面积S与n无关（即与点列的起始位置无关）,     

不同的公理不同的几何

一位语文老师在博客上写反思.他在教《自相矛盾》这则寓言时,有学生站起来反驳:有这么傻的人么?太不可信了吧.面对这样大胆质疑的学生,这位老师不知如何处理为好! 现在的学生比以前更敢想敢做了.     

Gaussian elimination and the ranks of the components in the Cartesian decomposition of a matrix

Let A = B + iC, where B = B*, C = C*, be the Cartesian decomposition of an n × n matrix A, and let the component B (or C) have rank r < n. It is shown that for a nonsingular A, the inverse A⁻¹ has an analogous property. This implies that all the (correctly defined) Schur complements in A have Cartesian decompositions with component B (or C) of rank ≤ r. The active submatrix at each step of the Gaussian elimination applied to A is the Schur complement of the appropriate leading principal submatrix. Bibliography: 2 titles. Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 359, 2008, pp. 31–35.     

两个分块矩阵相似性的研究

给出两个分块矩阵相似的两个充分必要条件 .也就是说 ,如果两个方阵 A和 B在 A2 =0和 B2 =0的条件下 ,则两个分块矩阵 A C0 B 和 A 00 B 相似的充分必要条件是 :rank A C0 B =rank(A) +rank(B)和 AC +CB =0 .如果两个方阵 A和 B在 A2 =A和 B2 =B的条件下 ,则两个分块矩阵 A C0 B和 A 00 B 相似的充分必要条件是 :AC +CB =C.     

A Note on rings of finite rank

The rank rk(R) of a ring R is the supremum of minimal cardinalities of generating sets of I as I ranges over ideals of R. Matsuda and Matson showed that every n∈?⁺ (the positive integers) occurs as the rank of some ring R. Motivated by the result of Cohen and Gilmer that a ring of finite rank has Krull dimension 0 or 1, we give four different constructions of rings of rank n (for all n∈?⁺). Two constructions use one-dimensional domains. Our third construction uses Artinian rings (dimension zero), and our last construction uses polynomial rings over local Artinian rings (dimension one, irreducible, not a domain).     

Rank formulae for factorized groups

The following inequalities for the torsion-free rank r₀(G) of the group G=AB and for the p^∞-rank r_p(G) of the soluble-by-finite group G=AB are stated: $$\begin{gathered} r_0 (G) \leqslant r_0 (A) + r_0 (B) - r_0 (A \cap B), \hfill \\ r_p (G) \leqslant r_p (A) + r_p (B) - r_p (A \cap B). \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$      

On intertwining operators

LetB(H) denote the algebra of operators on the Hilbert spaceH into itself. GivenA,BB(H), defineC (A, B) andR (A, B):B(H)B(H) byC (A, B) X=AX–XB andR(A, B) X=AXB–X. Our purpose in this note is a twofold one. we show firstly that ifA andB ^*B (H) are dominant operators such that the pure part ofB has non-trivial kernel, thenC ⁿ (A, B) X=0, n some natural number, implies thatC (A, B)X=C(A ^*,B ^*)X=0. Secondly, it is shown that ifA andB ^* are contractions withC ₀ completely non-unitary parts, thenR ⁿ (A, B) X=0 for some natural numbern implies thatR (A, B) X=R (A ^*,B ^*)X=C (A, B ^*)X=C (A ^*,B) X=0. In the particular case in whichX is of the Hilbert—Schmidt class, it is shown that his result extends to all contractionsA andB.     

Possible numbers of ones in the squares of 0–1 matrices with a given rank

For a symmetric 0–1 matrix A, we give the number of ones in A ² when rank(A) = 1, 2, and give the maximal number of ones in A ² when rank(A) = k (3 ≤ k ≤ n). The sufficient and necessary condition under which the maximal number is achieved is also obtained. For generic 0–1 matrices, we only study the cases of rank 1 and rank 2.     

The equality S1 = D = R

The new result of this paper is that for θ( x ; a )‐stable (a weakening of “T is stable”) we have S1[θ( x ; a )] = D[θ( x ; a ), L, ∞]. S1 is Hrushovski's rank. This is an improvement of a result of Kim and Pillay, who for simple theories under the (strong) assumption that either of the ranks be finite obtained the same identity. Only the first equality is new, the second equality is a result of Shelah from the seventies. We derive it by studying localizations of several rank functions, we get the following Main Theorem. Suppose that μ is regular satisfying μ ≥ |T|⁺, p is a finite type, and Δ is a set of formulas closed under Boolean operations. If either (a) R[p, Δ, μ⁺] < ∞ or (b) p is Δ‐stable and μ satisfies “for every sequence {μ_i : i < |Δ| + ?₀} of cardinals μ_i < μ we have that holds”, then S[p, Δ, μ⁺] = D[p, Δ, μ⁺] = R[p, Δ, μ⁺]. The S rank above is a localized version of Hrushovski's S1 rank. This rank, as well as our systematic use of local stability, allows us to get a more conceptual proof of the equality of D and R, which is an old result of Shelah. A particular (asymptotic) case of the theorem offers a new sufficient condition for the equality of S1 and D[·, L, ∞]. We also manage, due to a more general approach, to avoid some combinatorial difficulties present in Shelah's original exposition.     

Sulla unicità della soluzione di alcuni problemi di controllo ottimo in spazi di Orlicz

Let(E)z _xy+A(x, y)z_x+B(x, y)z_y+C(x, y)z=U(x, y) a.e. in Δ=]0,a[×]0,b[, be a distributed parameter control process. We study the uniqueness of some optimal control problems (minimum distance and minimum effort problems) relative to (E). We take the Orlicz spaceL ^M(Δ) as the «permanent control space, whereas both the «initial control» space and the «target» space are subspaces of the Orlicz-Sobolev spaceW ^1,M (]0,a[)×W ^1,M (]0,b[).     

A characterization of the natural embedding of the split Cayley hexagon in by intersection numbers

In this paper, we prove that a set of q⁵+q⁴+q³+q²+q+1 lines of with the properties that (1) every point of is incident with either 0 or q+1 elements of , (2) every plane of is incident with either 0, 1 or q+1 elements of , (3) every solid of is incident with either 0, 1, q+1 or 2q+1 elements of , and (4) every hyperplane of is incident with at most q³+3q²+3q members of , is necessarily the set of lines of a regularly embedded split Cayley generalized hexagon in .     

Weak generators of the algebral ∞ and the commutant of a model operator

Let B be a Blaschke product with simple zeros in the unit disk, let Λ be the set of its zeros, and let ϕ∈H^∞. It is known that ϕ+BH^∞ is a weak^* generator of the algebra H^∞/BH^∞ if (for B that satisfy the Carleson condition (C)) and only if the sequence ϕ(Λ) is a weak^* generator of the algebra l^∞. In this paper, we show that for any Blaschke product B with simple zeros that does not satisfy condition (C), there exists B=B₁·…·B_N, where N ∈ℕ, and B₁, …, B_N are Blaschke products satisfying condition (C), there exists a function ϕ∈H^∞ such that ϕ(Λ) is a weak^* generator of the algebra l^∞, and ϕ+BH^∞ is not a weak^* generator of the algebra H^∞/BH^∞. Bibliography: 12 titles. Translated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 232, 1996, pp. 73–85. Translated by M. F. Gamal'.