Relativistically covariant Bohm-Bub hidden-variable theory for spin measurement of a single particle

We present a simple first step toward a relativistically covariant generalization of the Bohm-Bub hidden-variable theory. The model is applicable to spin measurement on a single Dirac particle and describes the collapse of the state vector to a spin-up or spin-down state. The essential postulate is that the hidden-variable vector transforms in the same way as the state vector under a Lorentz transformation. This yields a covariant collapse equation, which reduces to the ordinary Bohm-Bub equation for an observer stationary with respect to the particle and shows a time dilated collapse for a moving observer. The model yields the correct quantum transition probabilities for all observers.Deceased.     

Quantum theory and time asymmetry

The relation between quantum measurement and thermodynamically irreversible processes is investigated. The reduction of the state vector is fundamentally asymmetric in time and shows an observer-relatedness which may explain the double interpretation of the state vector as a representation of physical states as well as ofinformation about physical states. The concept of relevance being used in all statistical theories of irreversible thermodynamics is demonstrated to be based on the same observer-relatedness. Quantum theories of irreversible processes implicitly use an objectivized process of state vector reduction. The conditions for the reduction are discussed, and it is concluded that the final (subjective) observer system may be carried by a space point.     

Distant measurement

Distant correlations are investigated within the framework of quantum mechanics. They are inherent to any physical situation in which two separated quantal systems are described by one composite state vector. Owing to correlations of this kind one can perform a measurement on one of the systems, thereby measuring a certain observable on the other (distant) system without interacting with it. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for such a distant measurement to take place. It is found which are the observables that can be measured distantly, and which are the states of the distant system obtainable in this way. Solution of these problems is achieved by replacing the composite state vector by two entities equivalent to it: the reduced statistical operator of the system which is directly measured and a correlation operator. The latter gives a connection between states, observables, and probabilities of the two systems. Experimental evidence for distant measurement is discussed.     

利用双模腔场与V型三能级原子共振作用隐形传送未知原子态

给出了双模腔场与V型三能级原子共振相互作用下系统态矢的演化公式.利用V型三能级原子与双模腔场的相互作用,通过控制原子与光场的相互作用时间,并对待传送的原子态进行选择性探测,从而实现未知双原子纠缠态的隐形传送.该方案不需要进行Bell基测量,其成功几率为1/16.     

利用双模腔场与V型三能级原子共振作用隐形传送未知原子态

给出了双模腔场与V型三能级原子共振相互作用下系统态矢的演化公式.利用V型三能级原子与双模腔场的相互作用,通过控制原子与光场的相互作用时间,并对待传送的原子态进行选择性探测,从而实现未知双原子纠缠态的隐形传送.该方案不需要进行Bell基测量,其成功几率为1/16.     

A Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Based on a Principle of Entropy Minimization

Within many approaches to the interpretation of quantum mechanics, especially modal interpretations, one singles out a particular decomposition of the state vector in order to fix the properties that are well-defined for the system. We present a novel proposal for this preferred decomposition. Given a distinguished factorization of the Hilbert space, it is the decomposition that minimizes the Ingarden–Urbanik entropy from among all product decompositions with respect to the distinguished factorization. We incorporate this choice of preferred decomposition into a framework for modal interpretations and investigate in detail the extent to which it provides a solution to the measurement problem and the extent to which it ensures that measurements whose outcomes are predictable with probability 1 reveal pre-existing properties of the system under investigation.     

What do we learn about quantum mechanics from the theory of measurement?

It is argued that a quantum mechanical analysis of the measurement process permits one to adjudicate between an individual system interpretation of the state vector and an ensemble interpretation, in favor of the latter. Possible changes to quantum mechanics that would be necessary to enable it to describe individual systems are discussed.     

Continuous quantum measurement and the emergence of classical chaos

We formulate the conditions under which the dynamics of a continuously measured quantum system becomes indistinguishable from that of the corresponding classical system. In particular, we demonstrate that even in a classically chaotic system the quantum state vector conditioned by the measurement remains localized and, under these conditions, follows a trajectory characterized by the classical Lyapunov exponent.     

Quantum theory of state reduction and measurement

The central problem in the quantum theory of measurement, how to describe the process of state reduction in terms of the quantum mechanical formalism, is solved on the basis of the relativity of quantal states, which implies that once the apparatus is detected in a well-defined state, the object state must reduce to a corresponding one. This is a process termed by Schrödinger disentanglement. Here, it is essential to observe that Renninger's negative result does constitute an actual measurement process. From this point of view, Heisenberg's interpretation of his microscope experiment and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen arguments are reinvestigated. Satisfactory discussions are given to various experimental situations, such as the Stern-Gerlach-type experiment, successive measurements, macroscopic measurements, and Schrödinger's cat. Finally it is proposed to regard a state vector in quantum mechanics as an irreducible physical construct, in Margenau's sense, that is not further analyzable both mathematically and conceptually.     

Quantum State Preparation and Protection by Measurement-Based Feedback Control Against Decoherence

We consider an open quantum system subjected to a noise channel under measurement-based feedback control and two prototypical classes of decoherence channels are considered: phase damping and generalized amplitude damping. Based on quantum trajectory theory, we obtain an extended master equation for the dynamics of the reduced system in the presence of feedback control. For a qubit system we analytically solve this master equation and obtain the solution of the state vector dynamics. Then we propose an effective feedback control scheme for preparing an arbitrary quantum pure state. We also study how to protect two nonorthogonal states effectively, and find that projective measurement with unbiased basis is not optimal for this task, while weak measurement with biased basis could realize the best protection of two nonorthogonal states. Furthermore, the inefficiencies in the feedback process are also discussed.     

A Flea on Schrödinger’s Cat

We propose a technical reformulation of the measurement problem of quantum mechanics, which is based on the postulate that the final state of a measurement is classical; this accords with experimental practice as well as with Bohr’s views. Unlike the usual formulation (in which the post-measurement state is a unit vector in Hilbert space), our version actually opens the possibility of admitting a purely technical solution within the confines of conventional quantum theory (as opposed to solutions that either modify this theory, or introduce unusual and controversial interpretative rules and/or ontologies). To that effect, we recall a remarkable phenomenon in the theory of Schrödinger operators (discovered in 1981 by Jona-Lasinio, Martinelli, and Scoppola), according to which the ground state of a symmetric double-well Hamiltonian (which is paradigmatically of Schrödinger’s Cat type) becomes exponentially sensitive to tiny perturbations of the potential as ?→0. We show that this instability emerges also from the textbook wkb approximation, extend it to time-dependent perturbations, and study the dynamical transition from the ground state of the double well to the perturbed ground state (in which the cat is typically either dead or alive, depending on the details of the perturbation). Numerical simulations show that adiabatically arising perturbations may (quite literally) cause the collapse of the wave-function in the classical limit. Thus, at least in the context of a simple mathematical model, we combine the technical and conceptual virtues of decoherence (which fails to solve the measurement problem but launches the key idea that perturbations may come from the environment) with those of dynamical collapse models à la grw (which do solve the measurement problem but are ad hoc), without sharing their drawbacks: single measurement outcomes are obtained (instead of merely diagonal reduced density matrices), and no modification of quantum mechanics is needed.     

Objectivity in Quantum Measurement

The objectivity is a basic requirement for the measurements in the classical world, namely, different observers must reach a consensus on their measurement results, so that they believe that the object exists “objectively” since whoever measures it obtains the same result. We find that this simple requirement of objectivity indeed imposes an important constraint upon quantum measurements, i.e., if two or more observers could reach a consensus on their quantum measurement results, their measurement basis must be orthogonal vector sets. This naturally explains why quantum measurements are based on orthogonal vector basis, which is proposed as one of the axioms in textbooks of quantum mechanics. The role of the macroscopicality of the observers in an objective measurement is discussed, which supports the belief that macroscopicality is a characteristic of classicality.     

Multipartite State Representations in Multi-mode Fock Space and Their Squeezing Transformations

We present the continuous state vector of the total coordinate of multi-partlcle and the state vector of their total momentum, respectively, which possess completeness relation in multi-mode Fock space by virtue of the integration within an order product （IWOP） technique. We also calculate the transition from classical transformation of variables in the states to quantum unitary operator, deduce a new multi-mode squeezing operator, and discuss its squeezing effect. In progress, it indicates that the IWOP technique provides a convenient way to construct new representation in quantum mechanics.     

基于PULSE系统的矢量水听器实时校准

基于对PULSE系统的应用开发研究,建立了矢量水听器实时校准可视化系统,利用ActiveX技术解决了PULSE系统与MATLAB实时通讯问题,这是实时校准的基础。并以矢量水听器理论基础为依据,用比较校准法原理通过MATLAB语言完成编程,同时解决了数据转化问题,通过建立的可视化界面实现对矢量水听器实时校准,提高了校准精度和可靠性,为矢量水听器使用前进行快速高效的校准创造了条件,同时也为其它声学设备校准提供了测量平台。     

Study of the stability of polarization mode dispersion in fibre

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is the ultimate limitation to high bit-rate fibre communication system. The stability of PMD is very important to its measurement and compensation. This paper puts forward a method to measure the stability of PMD by measuring the stability of the state of polarization (SOP) and introduces the conception of time evolution vector (TEV) of SOP. We observe the fact that the regularity of the principal state of polarization changing with time is the same as other SOPs‘‘, if we neglect the dependence of TEV on wavelength. We also measure the SOP‘‘s stability of some fibres with different lengths, and obtain results of PMD changing with time.     

Coordinate-Momentum Intermediate Representation and Marginal Distributions of Quantum Mechanical Bivariate Normal Distribution

We introduce bivariate normal distribution operator for state vector [ψ） and find that its marginal distribution leads to one-dimensional normal distribution corresponding to the measurement probability ｜λ,v〈x｜.ψ〉｜^2, where ｜x〉λ,v is the coordinate-momentum intermediate representation. As a by-product, the one-dimensional normal distribution in statistics can be explained as a Radon transform of two-dimensional Gaussian function.     

一种红外导引头量测误差抑制方法研究

针对自寻的反坦克导弹的红外导引头由于受复杂背景和随机干扰影响测角精度不高的问题,提出了一种惯导信息辅助的无迹卡尔曼滤波方法。利用惯导信息描述导弹自身的运动,基于弹目信息状态变量构建弹目相对运动模型,在此基础上采用无迹卡尔曼滤波方法实现对导引头量测误差的抑制。该方法实现了导引头量测信息与惯导信息的融合,充分利用信息资源,抑制导引头量测误差,提高了导弹的打击精度,仿真实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

Weak Measurement and Weak Information

Weak measurement devices resemble band pass filters: they strengthen average values in the state space or equivalently filter out some ‘frequencies’ from the conjugate Fourier transformed vector space. We thereby adjust a principle of classical communication theory for the use in quantum computation. We discuss some of the computational benefits and limitations of such an approach, including complexity analysis, some simple examples and a realistic not-so-weak approach.     

Asymptotic Behavior of the Quantum Harmonic Oscillator Driven by a Random Time-Dependent Electric Field

This paper investigates the evolution of the state vector of a charged quantum particle in a harmonic oscillator driven by a time-dependent electric field. The external field randomly oscillates and its amplitude is small but it acts long enough so that we can solve the problem in the asymptotic framework corresponding to a field amplitude which tends to zero and a field duration which tends to infinity. We describe the effective evolution equation of the state vector, which reads as a stochastic partial differential equation. We explicitly describe the transition probabilities, which are characterized by a polynomial decay of the probabilities corresponding to the low-energy eigenstates, and give the exact statistical distribution of the energy of the particle.