水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下混凝土重力坝的破坏模式

考虑混凝土的高应变率效应,构建重力坝水下爆炸全耦合模型,运用显式动力分析程序LS-DYNA, 对水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下大坝动态响应进行分析,探讨大坝可能破坏模式及相应的破坏机制。研究 表明,大坝破坏模式不仅与坝体的自身动力特性有关,还取决于炸弹起爆时的水下深度、爆心距及炸弹药量; 重力坝坝头是抗爆性能薄弱部位,大坝可能破坏模式为上游迎爆面的爆炸成坑破坏、坝顶及坝下游面的震塌 破坏、坝头与上游直面交接处及下游折坡附近的脆性冲切破坏并出现贯穿性裂缝破坏。     

高水位运行下近水面水下爆炸对拱坝结构的影响

为预测近水面水下爆炸作用下拱坝结构的动态响应和损伤,基于有限元程序Abaqus/Explicit,采用声学介质描述库水,并采用拱坝-地基-库水系统有限元模型,考虑键槽作用的两种极端情况(完好和失效)及混凝土的受拉、受压损伤,假设50kg当量TNT炸药爆炸距离大坝迎水面水平距离为10m,对某133m高的薄拱坝进行了持时1s的显式动力时程分析.计算结果表明:靠近爆炸源的坝段径向加速度响应峰值大于其它坝段1倍以上,键槽失效情况下3号坝段向上游方向的位移峰值比键槽完好情况时大28%,键槽是否正常工作会影响大坝各坝段之间的动力响应传递,导致坝体损伤发展的差异;坝体损伤范围比较集中,0.3s 后损伤发展基本完成,坝面不会出现大面积的宏观断裂破坏;键槽失效时,3号坝段底部下游两侧混凝土可能破坏,可考虑在拱坝横缝上配置跨缝钢筋作为键槽失效情况的安全储备.     

混凝土重力坝爆炸荷载数值分析及抗爆性能研究

利用LS-DYNA非线性有限元程序,基于Eulerian和Lagrangian耦合的方法,研究了RHT本构模型模拟的混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动力反应,并且将数值结果与现场实验结果进行比较,由此说明了RHT本构模型模拟爆炸荷载下混凝土动力反应的有效性。研究了2 t TNT炸药在距离坝体上游面10 m不同起爆深度的情况下,有泡沫混凝土保护层和无泡沫混凝土保护层的坝体动力响应及其损伤状况。计算结果表明,无泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游面主要损伤区域位置总是随起爆深度的增加向坝体底部移动;当上游表面有泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游表面的损伤明显变小,下游面的损伤较无保护层情况也明显减小。表明泡沫混凝土能够有效减小混凝土大坝在爆炸荷载下的损伤,在提高混凝土大坝的抗爆性能方面起到很好的保护作用。     

接触爆炸荷载作用下溢流坝的抗爆性能

以黄登重力坝的溢流坝为研究背景,考虑混凝土的高应变率效应,运用Lagrange-Euler耦合算法建立大坝-库水-空气-炸药全耦合数值模型,研究溢流坝在接触爆炸荷载作用下的抗爆性能。分析满库与空库时溢流坝在爆炸冲击波作用下的动力响应及损伤程度,并进一步研究满库时大坝在不同炸点的水下接触爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应及损伤分布。研究结果表明,满库时水下爆炸比空库时爆炸的动力响应及损伤程度大得多;溢流坝的抗爆薄弱部位主要集中在溢流道顶部及坝体上游折坡处。研究溢流坝的抗爆性能时应重点研究满库时水下爆炸对大坝的破坏特性。     

混凝土重力坝爆炸荷载数值分析及抗爆性能研究

利用LS-DYNA非线性有限元程序,基于Eulerian和Lagrangian耦合的方法,研究了RHT本构模型模拟的混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动力反应,并且将数值结果与现场实验结果进行比较,由此说明了RHT本构模型模拟爆炸荷载下混凝土动力反应的有效性。研究了2tTNT炸药在距离坝体上游面10m不同起爆深度的情况下,有泡沫混凝土保护层和无泡沫混凝土保护层的坝体动力响应及其损伤状况。计算结果表明,无泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游面主要损伤区域位置总是随起爆深度的增加向坝体底部移动;当上游表面有泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游表面的损伤明显变小,下游面的损伤较无保护层情况也明显减小。表明泡沫混凝土能够有效减小混凝土大坝在爆炸荷载下的损伤,在提高混凝土大坝的抗爆性能方面起到很好的保护作用。     

基于联合有限元-离散元的混凝土重力坝破坏三维仿真模拟

水利工程中混凝土重力坝在地震等作用下的三维破坏形式以及破坏过程对大坝安全影响重大。本文建立了固体材料的联合有限元-离散元(Combined Finite-Discrete Element)三维数学模型,并引入Single/Smeared断裂损伤模型,模拟混凝土材料的破坏。数学模型经验证后,用于地震作用下混凝土重力坝破坏的三维数值模拟,结果表明,联合有限元-离散元方法能够有效模拟坝体的破坏模式和破坏阈值条件,且具有将坝体连续变形与不连续断裂有机结合的优点。通过一系列数值模拟工况的对比,分析了模型网格分辨率对破坏条件、破坏模式以及程序计算效率的影响,研究结果能够为大坝的抗震设计提供有价值的参考。     

制导炸弹连续打击下混凝土重力坝的破坏效应

选取某制导炸弹作为研究对象,利用任意Lagrange-Euler计算方法,通过对大口径、高弹重武器的 侵彻爆炸的全过程三维数值仿真,针对连续打击作用下大坝破坏效应进行了研究。研究表明,侵彻引起的振 动很小,引起质点振动的主要是弹药的爆炸。由于相继打击间隔时间已远超过大坝动态响应时间,相继打击 引起的坝体振动基本上不存在叠加效应。但前枚制导炸弹侵彻爆炸的破坏效应为后继制导炸弹提供了“临空 面”,使得后继制导炸弹无论是侵彻深度还是爆炸破坏范围等破坏效应都有所增大。连续打击下,爆炸后形成 的破坏范围基本上互相连通,对大坝的正常运行及安全构成威胁。     

水下爆炸冲击荷载下混凝土重力坝的抗爆性能

在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,结构动力响应较之静态荷载和地震荷载作用下要复杂得多。通过大 量的数值模拟,探讨了混凝土重力坝在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,大坝高度、库前水位对大坝抗爆性能的影 响,为大坝抗爆性能评估和防护设计提供基础。数值计算中,构建了重力坝水下爆炸全耦合数值模型,并考虑 爆炸冲击作用下混凝土的高应变率效应。研究结果表明:对于混凝土重力坝,随着大坝高度的增加,大坝的抗 爆性能增强;库前水位对大坝的抗爆性能影响较大,通过降低库前水位可有效提高大坝的抗爆性能。     

非均质结构PBX炸药的动态压缩过程模拟

采用离散元方法,构建了考虑PBX炸药晶体颗粒与黏结剂非均匀性的计算模型,通过在炸药试样两端采用相向飞片加载、将原SHPB实验的应力边界替代为速度边界的方法,开展了PBX炸药的动态压缩数值模拟研究,再现了考虑PBX炸药非均质特性的SHPB实验过程,获得了不同加-卸载路径下炸药应力应变曲线以及相应的损伤破坏图像。模拟结果表明:在动态压缩过程中,虽然PBX炸药处于整体应力平衡,由于PBX高度非均质性,内部应力分布并不均匀,晶体间应力以应力桥形式传递;应力曲线为试样整体平均,试样内局部所受真实应力可能高于曲线峰值应力;出现卸载回滞曲线的试样发生局部损伤破坏,而完全软化曲线的试样发生整体失稳破坏。     

AP1000屏蔽厂房在接触爆炸荷载作用下的非线性动力分析

屏蔽厂房是AP1000核岛厂房的第一层外部防线,确保屏蔽厂房在服役期间遭受爆炸冲击荷载作用下的安全性和完整性,十分重要。本文中,采用欧拉-拉格朗日算法(coupled Euler-Lagrange, CEL),对炸药在屏蔽厂房20种不同起爆部位作用下的动态破坏特征进行了研究,以结构贯穿破坏的损伤质量作为损伤程度的判别依据,着重探讨在不同起爆位置作用下结构的压力和损伤演化特性。研究表明:在接触爆炸荷载作用下,厂房在起爆点附近发生局部破坏;在相同高度下,环向不同角度起爆所引起的损伤程度差异较小,不同高度起爆的损伤程度差异较大。通过压力和损伤的演化分析,确定了屏蔽厂房最不利抗爆部位,对厂房不同部位的配筋策略提出建议。结论可为制定屏蔽厂房在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的安全防护措施提供参考依据。     

Une nouvelle définition des volumes libres dans les liquides non associés: application à la détermination des diamètres moléculaires

Résumé Une étude systématique des volumes libres extrapolés à fluidité nulle a été menée sur une vingtaine de liquides. Une nouvelle équation est proposée pour ce volume libre limite, noté «V.L.L.» et nous la comparons à celle déduite des calculs de l'Hydrodynamique classique; elle permet de déterminer les valeurs de diamètres moléculaires; ces dernières sont en bon accord avec celles obtenues de la viscosité des gaz, de la diffusion Raman ou Rayleigh. En outre, et aux erreurs expérimentales près, les valeurs des diamètres moléculaires sont données pour 10 dérivés du benzène, valeurs qui ne se trouvent pas, à notre connaissance, dans la littérature, exception faite du benzène pur.

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Summary A systematic study of free volumes extrapolated at zero fluidity is executed for 20 liquids. A new equation for this Limit Free Volume (V.L.L.) is proposed and compared with the theoretically calculated free volume; values of molecular diameters are determined and found to be in good agreement with values obtained from gas viscosity, Raman and Rayleigh scattering, respectively. Moreover, within experimental error, values of molecular diameters are found for 10 benzene derivatives which are not, at our knowledge, available in the literature, except for pure benzene.

Avec 1 figure et 3 tableaux     

Stationary problem of third-grade fluids in two and three dimensions: existence and uniqueness

This paper is devoted to the stationary problem of third-grade fluids in two and three dimensions. In two dimensions, we show existence of solutions and uniqueness, for a boundary of class C^2,1 and small data, by generalizing the method used by J.M. Bernard for the stationary problem of second-grade fluids (we deal with a polynomial of four degrees instead of two degrees). Contrary to the case of two dimensions, the resolution of the problem of third-grade fluids in three dimensions requires the physical condition |α₁+α₂|<(24νβ)^1/2. From this condition, we derive two “pseudo ellipticities” for the operator ν|A(u)|²+(α₁+α₂)tr(A(u)³)+β|A(u)|⁴, where A(u) is a 3-order symmetric matrix such that tr(A(u))=0. Thus, with, in addition, a sharp estimate of the scalar product (|A(u)|²A(u)-|A(v)|²A(v),A(u)-A(v)), we are able to prove existence of solutions and uniqueness, for a boundary of class C^2,1 and small data, in three dimensions.

Résumé

Cet article est consacré au problème stationnaire des fluides de grade trois en dimension deux et trois. En dimension deux, nous montrons l’existence de solutions et l’unicité, pour une frontière de classe C^2,1 et une donnée petite, en généralisant la méthode utilisée par J.M. Bernard pour le problème stationnaire des fluides de grade deux (nous avons affaire à un polynôme de degré quatre au lieu de deux). Contrairement au cas de la dimension deux, la résolution du problème des fluides de grade trois en dimension trois requière la condition physique |α₁+α₂|<(24νβ)^1/2. De cette condition, nous déduisons deux “pseudo matrice” pour l’opérateur ν|A(u)|²+(α₁+α₂)tr(A(u)³)+β|A(u)|⁴, où A(u) est une matice symétrique d’ordre 3 à trace nulle. De là, avec, en plus, une fine estimation du produit scalaire (|A(u)|²A(u)-|A(v)|²A(v),A(u)-A(v)), nous sommes capables de prouver l’existence de solutions et l’unicité, pour une frontière de classe C^2,1 et une donnée petite, en dimension trois.     

Poroacoustic solitary waves under the unidirectional Darcy–Jordan model

Working in the context of poroacoustics, we present new, physically relevant, explicit solutions to the Cauchy problem for the model we term the (1D) damped Riemann equation. The solitary waveforms that evolve from both Lorentzian ($C^{\infty }$-smooth) and symmetric-exponential ($C^0$-smooth) initial conditions are analyzed, the focus being on wave overturning and the evolution/structure of the shocks which develop thereafter. In addition to those for both the multi- and single-valued forms of each solution, expressions for the shock amplitude, velocity, and critical values of the physical parameters are derived/compared. Lastly, links to other areas of continuum physics, and possible follow-on investigations, are noted.     

A continuum mechanical theory for turbulence: a generalized Navier–Stokes-<Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis> equation with boundary conditions

We develop a continuum-mechanical formulation and generalization of the Navier–Stokes-α equation based on a recently developed framework for fluid-dynamical theories involving higher-order gradient dependencies. Our flow equation involves two length scales α and β. The first of these enters the theory through the specific free-energy α ²|D|², where D is the symmetric part of the gradient of the filtered velocity, and contributes a dispersive term to the flow equation. The remaining scale is associated with a dissipative hyperstress which depends linearly on the gradient of the filtered vorticity and which contributes a viscous term, with coefficient proportional to β ², to the flow equation. In contrast to Lagrangian averaging, our formulation delivers boundary conditions and a complete structure based on thermodynamics applied to an isothermal system. For a fixed surface without slip, the standard no-slip condition is augmented by a wall-eddy condition involving another length scale ℓ characteristic of eddies shed at the boundary and referred to as the wall-eddy length. As an application, we consider the classical problem of turbulent flow in a plane, rectangular channel of gap 2h with fixed, impermeable, slip-free walls and make comparisons with results obtained from direct numerical simulations. We find that α/β ~ Re ^0.470 and ℓ/h ~ Re ^−0.772, where Re is the Reynolds number. The first result, which arises as a consequence of identifying the specific free-energy with the specific turbulent kinetic energy, indicates that the choice β = α required to reduce our flow equation to the Navier–Stokes-α equation is likely to be problematic. The second result evinces the classical scaling relation η/L ~ Re ^−3/4 for the ratio of the Kolmogorov microscale η to the integral length scale L.      

Analysis of a bi-piezoelectric ceramic layer with an interfacial crack subjected to anti-plane shear and in-plane electric loading

The behaviour of a bi-piezoelectric ceramic layer with a centre interfacial crack subjected to anti-plane shear and in-plane electric loading has been studied. The dislocation density functions and the Fourier integral transform method have been employed to eliminate the problem of singular integral equations. The normalized energy release rate, stress and electrical displacement intensity factors, G/G₀,K_III/K_III0 and K_D/K_D0, respectively, were determined for different geometric and property parameters by use of two different crack surface electric boundary conditions, i.e. impermeable and permeable. It has been shown that the effects of the thickness and material constants of the piezoelectric layer on all the three parameters, i.e. G/G₀,K_III/K_III0 and K_D/K_D0 were significant.     

Dynamic melt flow of nanocomposites based on poly-ɛ-caprolactam

 The dynamic flow behavior of polyamide-6 (PA-6) and a nanocomposite (PNC) based on it was studied. The latter resin contained 2 wt% of organoclay. The two materials were blended in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 wt% PNC. The dynamic shear rheological properties of well-dried specimens were measured under N₂ at T=240 °C, frequency ω=0.1–100 rad/s, and strains γ=10 and 40%. At constant T, γ, and ω the time sweeps resulted in significant increases of the shear moduli. The γ and ω scans showed a complex rheological behavior of all clay-containing specimens. At γ=10% the linear viscoelasticity was observed for all compositions only at ω>1 rad/s, while at γ=40% only for 0 and 25 wt% of PNC. However, the effect was moderate, namely decreasing G′ and G′′ (at ω=6.28 rad/s; γ=50%) by 15 and 7.5%, respectively. For compositions containing >25 wt% PNC two types of non-linearity were detected. At ω≤ω_c=1.4 ± 0.2 rad/s yield stress provided evidence of a 3-D structure. At ω > ω_c, G′ and G′′ were sensitive to shear history – the effect was reversible. From the frequency scans at ω > ω_c the zero-shear relative viscosity vs concentration plot was constructed. The initial slope gave the intrinsic viscosity from which the aspect ratio of organoclay particles, p=287 ± 9 was calculated, in agreement with the value calculated from the reduced permeability data, p=286. Received: 24 May 2001 Accepted: 27 August 2001     

Product inhibition in packed-bed immobilized enzyme reactors for complex processes: Modelling of two-substrate processes

An analytical model was developed for describing the performance of packed-bed enzymic reactors operating with two cosubstrates, and when one of the reaction products is inhibitory to the enzyme. To this aim, the compartmental analysis technique was used. The relevant equations obtained were solved numerically, and the effect of the main operational parameters on the reactor characteristics were studied.Notation C _infa,i ^sup* local concentration of products in the pores of stage i - C _j,i concentration of substrate j in the pores of stage i - D _infa ^sup* internal (pore) diffusion coefficient for the reaction product a - D _j internal (pore) diffusion coefficient of substrate j - J _infa,i ^sup* net flux of product a, taking place from the pores of stage i into the corresponding bulk phase - J _j,i net flux of substrate j, taking place from the bulk phase of stage i into the corresponding pores - K _b inhibition constant - K _m,1, K _m,2 Michaelis constants for substrate 1 and 2, respectively - K _q inhibition constant - n total number of elementary stages in the reactor - Q volumetric flow rate throughout the reactor - R _j,i, R _infa,i ^sup* local reaction rates in pores of stage i, in terms of concentration of substrate j and product a respectively - S _infa,i ^sup* , S _infa,i-1 ^sup* bulk concentration of the reaction product a, in the stages i and i — 1, respectively - S _j,0 concentration of substrate j in the reactor feed - S _j,i-1, S _j,i concentration of substrate j in the bulk phase leaving stages i — 1 and i, respectively - V total volume of the reactor - V _m maximal reaction rate in terms of volumetric units - y axial coordinate of the pores - y ₀ depth of the pores - ^* dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (22) - ₁ dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (6) - ₂ dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (6) - ₁ dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (6) - ₂ dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (6) - ^* dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (22) - ₁ dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (6) - ₂ dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (6) - ^* dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (22) - ^* dimensionless parameter, defined in Equation (22) - volumetric packing density of catalytic particles (dimensionless) - porosity of the catalytic particles (dimensionless) - V _infi ^sup* dimensionless concentration of reaction product in pores of stage i, defined in Equation (17) - j,i dimensionless concentration of substrate j in pores of stage i; defined in Equation (6) - _j,i-1, _j.i dimensionless concentration of substrate j in the bulk phase of stage i; defined in Equation (6) - dimensionless position along the pore; defined in Equation (6)     

Experimental investigations of the stability limit of the helical flow of pseudoplastic liquids

The stability of the laminar helical flow of pseudoplastic liquids has been investigated with an indirect method consisting in the measurement of the rate of mass transfer at the surface of the inner rotating cylinder. The experiments have been carried out for different values of the geometric parameter = R ₁/R ₂ (the radius ratio) in the range of small values of the Reynolds number,Re < 200. Water solutions of CMC and MC have been used as pseudoplastic liquids obeying the power law model. The results have been correlated with the Taylor and Reynolds numbers defined with the aid of the mean viscosity value. The stability limit of the Couette flow is described by a functional dependence of the modified critical Taylor number (including geometric factor) on the flow indexn. This dependence, general for pseudoplastic liquids obeying the power law model, is close to the previous theoretical predictions and displays destabilizing influence of pseudoplasticity on the rotational motion. Beyond the initial range of the Reynolds numbers values (Re>20), the stability of the helical flow is not affected considerably by the pseudoplastic properties of liquids. In the range of the monotonic stabilization of the helical flow the stability limit is described by a general dependence of the modified Taylor number on the Reynolds number. The dependence is general for pseudoplastic as well as Newtonian liquids.Nomenclature C _i concentration of reaction ions, kmol/m³ - d = R ₂ –R ₁ gap width, m - F _M () Meksyn's geometric factor (Eq. (1)) - F ₀ Faraday constant, C/kmol - i _l density of limit current, A/m³ - k _c mass transfer coefficient, m/s - n flow index - R ₁,R ₂ inner, outer radius of the gap, m - Re = V _m ·2d·/µ _m Reynolds number - Ta _c = _c ·d^3/2·R ₁ ^1/2 ·/µ _m Taylor number - Z _i number of electrons involved in electrochemical reaction - = R ₁/R ₂ radius ratio - µ apparent viscosity (local), Ns/m² - µ _m mean apparent viscosity value (Eq. (3)), Ns/m² - µ _i apparent viscosity value at a surface of the inner cylinder, Ns/m² - density, kg/m³ - _c angular velocity of the inner cylinder (critical value), 1/s     

Travel-time analysis of tracer tests in two geothermal fields

The most important results from a tracer test are whether or not tracer is detected at each observation well and the travel times to the wells that respond. A method developed by the authors for accurately calculating travel times for tracer movement in general flow fields enables the locations of major fractures in a reservoir to be deduced from the travel-time data. The procedure is applied here to data from Wairakei, New Zealand, and Palinpinon, Philippines.Notation H reservoir thickness, m - porosity, dimensionless - Q _c characteristic well volume flow rate, m³ s^-1 - R _c characteristic length, m - t _d time, s - t dimensionless time - t _td tracer travel time (without dispersion), s - t _t dimensionless tracer travel time - v _d background fluid speed, m s^-1 - v dimensionless background fluid speed - x _d Cartesian coordinate, m - x dimensionless Cartesian coordinate, m - y _d Cartesian coordinate, m - y dimensionless Cartesian coordinate     

Spatiotemporal breather in diffraction decreasing media

The similarity transformation between the (3+1$3+1$)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with different distributed transverse diffraction and the standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation is found, and a spatiotemporal breather solution is given based on this transformation. The control for the evolutional behaviors of a spatiotemporal breather is discussed. Our results manifest that the relation between the maximum accumulated time _Tm$T_m$ and the accumulated time, _T0$T_0$, with the maximum amplitude, is the basis to realize the control and manipulation of propagation behaviors of breathers, such as fast and slow excitations, sustainment and restraint. These results are potentially useful for future experiments in the optical communications and Bose–Einstein condensations.