煤-溶剂相互作用参数测定及在溶胀剂选择中的应用

通过反气相色谱(IGC)技术,在160~200℃的温度区间范围,测定了原煤与44种有机溶剂间相互作用参数。通过煤-溶剂相互作用参数判据进一步判定煤在丙酮、戊酮、乙醚、异丙醇、仲丁醇、异丁醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、1,4-二氧六环、环氧丙烷、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、乙腈、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯及丙酸甲酯中溶胀显著;在丁酮、噻吩、四氢呋喃溶剂中溶胀效果一般;煤在正构烷烃、芳烃、丁醚、叔丁醇、丙酸乙酯、环己酮、己烯、辛烯中溶胀不显著。采用体积法研究了煤在所选溶剂中的溶胀行为,总体呈现煤在极性溶剂中的溶胀度较大,而在非极性溶剂中溶胀度较小规律。结果表明,煤在有机溶剂中的实际溶胀效果与煤-溶剂相互作用参数判据得出结论基本一致。     

液晶冠醚、碳纳米管、水溶性杯芳烃在分析化学中的应用

综述了液晶冠醚、碳纳米管、水溶性杯芳烃在分析化学中应用的新进展。介绍了液晶冠醚在离子传输、分子识别、色谱分析、LB膜等各方面的应用;讨论了碳纳米管在扫描显微镜探针针尖、气体传感器、化学修饰电极和化学分离与检测方面的应用,以及水溶性杯芳烃在光度法、电化学、色谱分离方面的应用。     

酿酒酵母细胞的共振散射光谱研究

酿酒酵母在磷酸缓冲溶液中与培养基中都有很强的共振瑞利散射,在缓冲溶液中最大散射峰在392 nm处,在310 nm、420 nm、445 nm、457 nm、469 nm、482nm处也有弱的散射峰;在培养基中最大散射峰在483 nm处,在507 nm、527 nm、541 nm处有弱的共振散射峰.在最大散射峰处,共振散射强度与细胞浓度有良好的线性关系,线性范围分别是0～2.2×106个/mL、0～1.3×107个/mL,检出限分别为4.7×104个/mL、1.0×105个/mL.将共振瑞利散射技术应用于检测细胞数,具有操作简便、灵敏度高等的优点.     

三元络合物在分析化学中的应用(续)

三、三元络合物在分析化学中的应用三元络合物在分析化学甲的应用,近年来获得迅速的发展,不仅可以应用于定性检定,而且也能应用于重量分析、容量分析、催化分析、色谱分析、原子吸收分光光度法、活化分析等定量分析,特别在萃取分离、分光光度法和萃取-光度法等方面的应用,优点更为突出,范围更为广泛。因此,我们在这里重点介绍在这些方面的应用。     

稀土在钢铁中应用研究的新进展

本文从稀土在钢铁中的物理化学、Fe—RE相图、稀土铸铁和铸钢、稀土对钢的力学性能的影响稀土在晶界上的偏聚、稀土对钢的抗蚀,抗氧化及在钢表面处理中的应用等七方面概述了近四、五年来稀土在我国钢铁中应用研究工作的新进展。     

原子光谱分析三十年

引言原子光谱分析,解放前在我国基本上是个空白,只有江安才、葛庭燧等在国外从事过这类工作。建国以来,随着社会主义建设的发展,在生产和科研的推动下,原子光谱分析无论在理论、应用、仪器装置的研究和生产,以及教学等方面都有了较大的发展。目前这种分析方法已在我国国民经济以及科学、文教、卫生、公安等等各个部门中得到广泛的应用。本文试就     

肿瘤细胞的原子力显微术成像及表征研究

本文简单介绍了原子力显微镜的发展史,以及原子力显微镜的工作原理、工作模式、活细胞在生理状态下的成像方式等,特别介绍了生物型原子力显微镜、高速原子力显微镜在生物学领域的研究及应用。原子力显微镜在扫描速度、扫描范围、扫描精度方面的不断改进将为肿瘤细胞学研究提供源源不断的动力。本文着重阐述了原子力显微术在肿瘤领域的研究进展,包括原子力显微镜在肿瘤细胞形貌学特性、硬度、粘弹性方面的研究现状,并对原子力显微镜在肿瘤诊断及抗肿瘤药物研发方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

生物质气化发电厂灰渣中微量元素的分布与富集规律

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,研究了生物质气化发电厂灰渣中元素As、Al、Br、Ca、Cd、Cl、Cr、Cu、F、Fe、Ga、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S、Si、Sr、Ti、Zn在气化器底灰、淋洗器灰和旋风分离器灰中的质量分数,并分析了这些元素在不同粒径3种灰渣中的分布规律。结果表明,大部分极易挥发的元素,如卤族元素、碱金属元素主要在淋洗器中存在,表明了它们在飞灰颗粒中的富集。旋风分离器灰在灰渣中所占比例为10%左右,以粗灰为主,灰中Fe、Si、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd为多;表明了此灰中重金属元素积累。在气化炉底灰中以K、S、Mn、Cu为主。元素随颗粒物粒径大小和元素性质的不同,呈现不同的富集规律。     

在盐的水溶液中非电解质的活度系数的研究——Ⅵ.二氧六环在苯和具大离子的盐的水溶液间之分配

在25℃下,将二氧六环分配在苯相和水盐溶液相中,然后用干涉仪测定它在水相中的浓度。所用的盐有氯化钠、乙酸钠、丁酸钠、苯甲酸纳、苯磺酸钠、溴化四甲基铵、溴化四乙基铵和六氢呲啶盐酸盐。     

煤中痕量元素在循环流化床锅炉中的迁移行为与富集特性

对天津市某电厂循环流化床(CFB)锅炉燃用的原煤及燃烧产物底灰、飞灰、细飞灰(≤50 μm)进行痕量元素含量的测定,分析了Be、Zn、Hg、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Se、Cd、Pb 13种痕量元素在燃烧过程中的迁移行为,揭示了痕量元素在CFB锅炉中的分配、富集特性。结果表明,CFB锅炉中,较低的炉温对于痕量元素的迁移富集产生了较大的影响。由相对富集系数得知,Be、V、Co、Se在底灰中耗散,在飞灰中富集,Zn、Mn倾向于在底灰中富集,元素Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu挥发性较强,在底灰和飞灰中均是耗散。As受钙氧化物影响,挥发性表现并不明显。Hg在底灰和飞灰中相对富集系数均很低,表明Hg在整个燃烧过程中以气态形式排放;Hg、As、Se、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb均有向小颗粒物中富集的趋势。根据相对富集系数以及研究的13种元素在低温CFB锅炉中的迁移行为,将这些元素分为三类:A类(E_R<0.1),主要是以气态形式排放元素Hg;B类(0.1R≤0.85),较易挥发元素As、Be、Ni、Cu、Se、Cd、Pb、Co、V;C类(E_R>0.85),主要残留在固体产物中元素Zn、Mn、Cr。     

两性高分子的溶液性质

两性高分子是分子链上同时含有正负电荷基团的一类高聚物、具有独特的溶液性质。本文就两性高分子等电点的构象状态、影响等电点的因素、两性高分子的溶解性以及高分子结构和组成、ｐＨ、溶液离子强度、混合溶剂、温度对流体力学行为的影响进行了综述。     

Natural and Synthetic Polyampholytes, 2

The ability of natural and synthetic polyampholytes to exist in globular, coil, helix, stretched, and ordered conformations is reviewed and transformations and transitions between the respective states upon variation of conditions are highlighted. The properties of polyampholytes in solution, condensed, and gel state as well as at various interfaces are discussed in order to clarify the principles of the structural organization of proteins, model the function of biomembranes, and study the biocompatibility of modified materials. Application aspects of polyampholytes in protein separation, desalination, catalysis, the oil industry, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and medicine are given.

     

Self‐Consistent Theory of Structures and Transitions in Weak Polyampholytes

Weak polyampholytes are charged polymers, where the charge asymmetry can be tuned by varying the solution pH. We determine the size of a randomly charged weak polyampholyte in dilute solution as a function of charge asymmetry, Bjerrum length, salt concentration, pH, and degree of polymerization, using a self‐consistent method. It is known that in the limiting cases of low and high charge asymmetries, polyampholytes behave as neutral polyampholytes and polyelectrolytes, respectively. We explore in detail the regime of intermediate charge asymmetry where a polyampholyte show non‐monotonic change in the chain size as a function of Bjerrum length. A hierarchy of structures exists at different length scales, ranging from ideal coils at low Bjerrum length, extended rod‐like state at intermediate Bjerrum length to globular states at high Bjerrum length. The transition between ideal coil and rod‐like states is continuous, while that between rod‐like and globular states is discontinuous. The addition of salt changes the nature of the rod‐to‐globule transition from discontinuous to continuous. The effective free energy shows a double minimum at intermediate charge asymmetry, indicating the coexistence of globules and extended states. The size as a function of the solution pH shows a minimum at the isoelectric point. The size of neutral polyampholytes at the isoelectric pH increases with the increase in the salt concentration. The size of charge excess polyampholytes far away from the isoelectric pH decreases with the increase in the salt concentration.

     

良溶剂中接枝型聚两性电解质单链构象的布朗动力学模拟

采用布朗动力学研究了在良溶剂中荷电平衡的接枝聚两性电解质(GPA)的单链构象转变行为,讨论了主链链长、支链数及电荷密度对GPA分子链构象转变的影响.研究发现,随着静电相互作用的增强,GPA分子链构象转变过程由线团、主链与支链间的折叠、链段塌缩和电荷配对形成偶极子与四极子等4个阶段构成.与线型聚两性电解质不同,GPA存在的额外支链间空间排斥与静电排斥作用随着分子结构的变化而改变,并影响构象转变行为.在强静电相互作用下,良溶剂中的GPA链由于溶剂化作用会再伸展,以保证偶极子完全配对成四极子.减小主链长度或电荷密度或增加支链数目都会增大体系的排斥力和主链的刚性,阻滞分子链的塌缩,并使得分子链再伸展的幅度增大.     

New Polyampholytes Based on Derivatized Polysaccharides:Synthesis,Aqueous Solution Properties and Applications

Synthetic polyampholytes combining both anionically and cationically charged species have been the focus of a number of studies due to their many potential applications^[1].However, there are few works that studied the polyampholytes derived from modified natural polymers. Recent work in our group has dealt with the grafting of a cationic monomer or a cationic monomer coupled with a neutral or anionic monomer onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as well as the grafting of a zwitterionic monomer onto hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) by using various initiation systems^[2-7]. Depending on the nature of used monomers, these modified polysaccharides can carry functional acidic and basic groups of different strengths.     

两性高分子与小分子及大分子的相互作用（下）

2 两性高分子与染料及表面活性剂的相互作用文献中对阳离子聚电解质、阴离子聚电解质及非离子性高分子与染料、去污剂、表面活性剂等小分子物质的相互作用有较多报道,而有关两性高分子与这些小分子物质相互作用的报道极少。本节就合成两性高分子与染料等小分     

Modeling the Conformational Rearrangement of Polyampholytes on the Surface of a Prolate Spheroidal Metal Nanoparticle in Alternating Electric Field

High Energy Chemistry - The molecular dynamics method has been used to study the rearrangement of the conformational structure of polyampholytes adsorbed on the surface of a prolate spheroidal...     

Polyampholytes from chloromethylated diphenyl oxide-formaldehyde oligomer,polyamines, and pyridinecarboxylic acids and their nitriles

Conclusions The optimum conditions were found for the synthesis of some new polyampholytes from a chloromethylated diphenyl oxide-formaldehyde oligomer, polyamines, and either pyridinecarboxylic acids or their nitriles, and their properties were studied.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1652–1654, July, 1978.     

A Novel Class of Betaine‐Type Polyampholytes with Stimuli‐Responsive and Complexing Properties

Linear and crosslinked betaine‐type polyampholytes based on ethyl 3‐aminocrotonate and unsaturated carboxylic acids have been synthesized by very fast polymerization in bulk and solution. Bulk polymerization occurred exothermically even at room temperature and without adding an initiator. The polyampholytes showed stimuli‐responsive properties with respect to pH, ionic strength, water/organic solvent mixtures, and metal ion complexation.

Temperature profile of the polymerization reaction for an equimolar mixture of CRO and AA with time in the absence of initiator.