A hierarchically zeolite Y for the N-heterocyclic compounds synthesis

High activity and selectivity of the hierarchical H-Ymmm zeolite in the synthesis of practically important pyridines (by interaction of C₂–C₄ alcohols with formaldehyde and ammonia, cyclocondensation of acetaldehyde and propanal with ammonia), dialkyl quinolines (by reaction of aniline with aldehydes) and alkyl dihydroquinolines (by reaction of aniline with ketones- acetone, acetophenone) were revealed in the research.The advantages of the micro-meso-macroporous H-Ymmm zeolite over the microporous H-Y zeolite in the synthesis of pyridines and quinolines were demonstrated. In the products formed by the reaction of ethanol with formaldehyde and ammonia, picolines (up to 63%) and lutidine are predominant in H-Ymmm, Pb-H-Ymmm and Fe-H-Ymmm zeolites. The interaction of n-propanol (n-butanol) with formaldehyde and ammonia in the presence of H-Ymmm zeolite with high selectivity produced 3,5-lutidine (up to 90%) or 3,5-diethylpyridine (85%). H-Ymmm zeolite makes it possible to prepare 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine with 87% selectivity (reaction of acetaldehyde with ammonia) and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyridine with 58% selectivity (reaction of propanal with ammonia).The synthesis of dialkylquinolines and dialkyltetrahydroquinolines with a total selectivity of 65–73% by the interaction of aniline with C₃–C₅ aldehydes has been carried out. The dihydroquinoline derivatives with the selectivity of up to 70% have been synthesized by the reaction of aniline with ketones (acetone, acetophenone).     

Shape Selectivity in Enol Thioether Synthesis Catalyzed by Zeolites

The competitive reaction catalyzed by solid acid catalyst between two cyclohexanones (1a) and (1b) with thiophenol (2) has been studied. No selectivity was observed with the lamellar montmorillonite in contrast with microporous aluminosilicates (zeolites) where shape selectivity was observed, in particularly when the zeolites were saturated by thiophenol (2) before a competitive reaction.     

Direct synthesis, characterization of Cu-SBA-15 and its high catalytic activity in hydroxylation of phenol by H2O2

Transition metal copper substituted mesoporous silica (Cu-SBA-15) was synthesized using triblock copolymers surfactant as template agent under acidic condition. The result Cu-SBA-15 was characterized with XRD, ICP-AES, FT-IR and N₂ adsorption–desorption measurements, which prove that Cu(II) was mainly incorporated into the framework of Cu-SBA-15. Its catalytic activity was studied for phenol hydroxylation using H₂O₂ (30%). The substituting element (Cu²⁺) is incorporated into the framework position forming a new type of active site which raises the phenol conversion to 62.4% and the diphenol (the mixture of catechol (CAT) and hydroquinone (HQ)) selectivity to 97%. The Cu-SBA-15 has very high selectivity for catechol (about 71% selectivity), which is completely different from that of the microporous titanium silicalite zeolites (47.1% phenol conversion and about 50% selectivity to CAT under same reaction conditions). The results obtained indicate that the selective oxidation of phenol with H₂O₂ by a radical substitution mechanism.     

糖类对SAPO-34分子筛的结构以及MTO性能的影响

以廉价的木糖、蔗糖、淀粉和葡甘聚糖为硬模板剂成功合成出含多级孔道的SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD、BET、SEM、TEM、ICP和NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床上,研究了糖类硬模板剂对SAPO-34分子筛的结构以及MTO性能的影响。结果表明,糖类硬模板剂能够提升SAPO-34分子筛的比表面积、微孔和介孔体积。与常规SAPO-34分子筛相比,多级孔道SAPO-34分子筛的双烯选择性和寿命均高。介孔体积最大、酸量最少、酸性最弱的SAPO-34-z分子筛的寿命最长（130 min）,高出常规SAPO-34分子筛（100 min）30%,分子筛寿命从长到短顺序为SAPO-34-z > SAPO-34-h > SAPO-34-d > SAPO-34-m > SAPO-34 > SAPO-34-p。含多级孔道的SAPO-34分子筛的双烯选择性均高于常规SAPO-34分子筛。     

Selective N-Monoalkylation of aniline derivatives by use of alkali cation exchanged X- and Y-type zeolites

Alkali cation exchanged X- and Y-type zeolites are employed to promote the reactions of aniline derivatives with alkylating agents in organic solvent. The N-alkylation is accelerated by the cooperative function of the acid and base sites on the potassium cation exchanged X- and Y-type zeolites to give the N-monoalkylated product in very high selectivity. Especially the use of the zeolite is found to be effective for N-alkylation of deactivated aromatic amines like nitroaniline. The highly selective N-monoalkylation is attributed to the reaction occurring inside the homogeneous narrow cavities of zeolites.     

NaOH后处理对多级孔Hβ分子筛上木质素催化热解性能的影响

采用碱性条件下"后处理"脱硅的方法,制备了一系列多级孔Hβ分子筛,考察了Na OH浓度对Hβ分子筛上木质素催化热解性能的影响。结果表明,当Na OH浓度小于0.2 mol/L时,碱处理后的多级孔Hβ分子筛的介孔数量增加,木质素热解液体产物的收率随着Na OH浓度提高而显著增加。当Na OH浓度小于0.5 mol/L时,碱处理可以保持多级孔Hβ分子筛的微孔结构基本不被破坏,木质素催化热解具有较好的脱氧效果;产物以芳烃为主,含氧化合物的收率始终小于3%。当Na OH的浓度增加到1 mol/L时,会造成Hβ分子筛过度脱硅,骨架坍塌;由于Hβ分子筛的多级孔结构被破坏,此时不仅木质素热解液体产物的收率降低,而且脱氧效果变差。     

Ultrafast Encapsulation of Metal Nanoclusters into MFI Zeolite in the Course of Its Crystallization: Catalytic Application for Propane Dehydrogenation

Encapsulating metal nanoclusters into zeolites combines the superior catalytic activity of the nanoclusters with high stability and unique shape selectivity of the crystalline microporous materials. The preparation of such bifunctional catalysts, however, is often restricted by the mismatching in time scale between the fast formation of nanoclusters and the slow crystallization of zeolites. We herein demonstrate a novel strategy to overcome the mismatching issue, in which the crystallization of zeolites is expedited so as to synchronize it with the rapid formation of nanoclusters. The concept was demonstrated by confining Pt and Sn nanoclusters into a ZSM-5 (MFI) zeolite in the course of its crystallization, leading to an ultrafast, in situ encapsulation within just 5 min. The Pt/Sn-ZSM-5 exhibited exceptional activity and selectivity with stability in the dehydrogenation of propane to propene. This method of ultrafast encapsulation opens up a new avenue for designing and synthesizing composite zeolitic materials with structural and compositional complexity.     

Hierarchical ZSM‐5 Zeolites in Shape‐Selective Xylene Isomerization: Role of Mesoporosity and Acid Site Speciation

The isomerization of o‐xylene, a prototypical example of shape‐selective catalysis by zeolites, was investigated on hierarchical porous ZSM‐5. Extensive intracrystalline mesoporosity in ZSM‐5 was introduced by controlled silicon leaching with NaOH. In addition to the development of secondary porosity, the treatment also induced substantial aluminum redistribution, increasing the density of Lewis acid sites located at the external surface of the crystals. However, the strength of the remaining Brønsted sites was not changed. The mesoporous zeolite displayed a higher o‐xylene conversion than its parent, owing to the reduced diffusion limitations. However, the selectivity to p‐xylene decreased, and fast deactivation due to coking occurred. This is mainly due to the deleterious effect of acidity at the substantially increased external surface and near the pore mouths. A consecutive mild HCl washing of the hierarchical zeolite proved effective to increase the p‐xylene selectivity and reduce the deactivation rate. The HCl‐washed hierarchical ZSM‐5 displayed an approximately twofold increase in p‐xylene yield compared to the purely microporous zeolite. The reaction was followed by operando infrared spectroscopy to simultaneously monitor the catalytic performance and the buildup of carbonaceous deposits on the surface. Our results show that the interplay between activity, selectivity, and stability in modified zeolites can be optimized by relatively simple post‐synthesis treatments, such as base leaching (introduction of mesoporosity) and acid washing (surface acidity modification).     

Hierarchical LTL Zeolite as an Efficient and Sustainable Solid Acid Catalyst for Replacing HCl in the Production of Polyurethane Intermediates

In many industrially important reactions, caustic mineral acid catalysts have been successfully replaced with green solid acids such as zeolites. In this context, extensive efforts have been devoted to replacing HCl to produce methylenedianiline (MDA), a key intermediate in polyurethane production. Unfortunately, limited success has been achieved thus far due to low activity, selectivity towards the desired 4,4′-MDA, and rapid catalyst deactivation. Here we report that meso-/microporous hierarchical LTL zeolite exhibits unprecedentedly high activity, selectivity, and stability. The one-dimensional cage-like micropores of LTL promote the bimolecular reaction between two para-aminobenzylaniline intermediates to selectively produce 4,4′-MDA and inhibit the formation of undesired isomers and heavy oligomers. Meanwhile, the secondary mesopores alleviate mass transfer limitations, resulting in a 7.8-fold higher MDA formation rate compared to solely microporous LTL zeolite. Due to suppressed oligomer formation and fast mass transfer, the catalyst exhibits inappreciable deactivation in an industrially relevant continuous flow reactor.     

Hydrolysis of Fructose and Glucose Precursors in the Presence of H-form Zeolites 1

We have recently reported on the advantages of the use of microporous catalysis like zeolites compared to macroporous catalytic systems, like ion-exchange resin, to achieve the selective transformation of fructrose or fructose precursors sucrose or inulin into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in water as the solvent.^2-4 However, specific properties of the catalyst (controlled acidity, crystallinity, micropore volume) were required for the reaction to take place with a high selectivity.

     

笼状烃金刚烷的新合成方法

笼状烃金刚烷的新合成方法米镇涛郭建维邱立勤（天津大学化工学院天津３０００７２）关键词金刚烷，沸石，催化异构金刚烷（三环［３．３．１．１［３，７］癸烷）是一种周正对称、非常稳定的笼状烃，是由１０个碳原子和１６个氢原子构成的环状四面体碳氢化合物，基本骨...     

多级孔ZSM-5分子筛的制备及催化噻吩烷基化性能研究

用不同浓度的Na₂CO₃溶液处理ZSM-5分子筛,采用XRD、XRF、SEM、N₂吸附脱附及NH₃-TPD方法对处理前后的ZSM-5分子筛进行表征,并考察了Na₂CO₃溶液处理对ZSM-5分子筛孔结构、酸性以及噻吩烷基化性能的影响。结果表明,Na₂CO₃溶液处理在保持ZSM-5分子筛微孔骨架结构的同时,增加了ZSM-5分子筛的比表面积、外表面积和介孔体积,并调变了酸性。Na₂CO₃溶液处理提高了ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化活性和噻吩选择性。一定反应条件下,随着Na₂CO₃溶液浓度增加,多级孔ZSM-5分子筛的噻吩烷基化性能逐渐提高,而噻吩选择性先增加后下降。当Na₂CO₃溶液浓度为2 mol/L时,分子筛的噻吩转化率和噻吩选择性分别为81.26 %和73.15%。当Na₂CO₃溶液浓度为3 mol/L时,噻吩转化率和选择性分别为90.57 %和72.59%。     

复合分子筛催化微晶纤维素水解

采用水热晶化法制备了HY/ZSM-5复合分子筛。通过XRD、SEM、N2-吸附脱附、NH3-TPD及吡啶吸附红外光谱等手段表征催化剂的结构和性质。结果表明,HY与HZSM-5复合后HY型分子筛完全被HZSM-5紧密包裹,形成致密的核壳结构。与机械混合物相比,复合分子筛微孔比表面积及孔体积均有所减少,总酸量略高,弱酸量小,而强酸量大,Br9nsted酸量与之相似,而Lewis酸量有所减少。将所制备的HY/ZSM-5复合分子筛催化剂应用于以离子液体氯化1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓([Emim]Cl)为溶剂的纤维素水解反应中,与HY催化的纤维素水解相比,HY/ZSM-5催化纤维素水解反应获得的最佳葡萄糖收率由28.04%提高到38.78%,葡萄糖选择性由28.91%提高至48.29%。     

Anchoring dyes into multidimensional large-pore zeolites: a prospective use as chromogenic sensing materials

A versatile procedure for anchoring dyes into the pores of multidimensional zeolites by including organic dye precursors in the synthesis gel has been developed. To prove the concept, an aniline-functionalised zeolite Beta was obtained by reaction of triethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetraethylammonium hydroxide, and N-methyl,N-(propyl-3-trimethoxysilyl)aniline (MPTMSA) in the presence of HF. Further extraction of the structure-directing agents resulted in a highly crystalline, white, functionalised zeolite Beta containing anchored aniline groups. Similar organic functionalised molecular sieves (OFMS) have been explored as novel catalysts, but, as far as we know, OFMS have never been used as precursors for dye-immobilisation or to design new solid-based host systems for selective molecular sensing processes as is reported here. In a second step the solids containing dyes were prepared by reaction of the hybrid material with the appropriate reactives to obtain tricyanovinylbenzene, triphenylpyrylium, azoic, and squaraine derivatives. All these reactions are straightforward and involve electrophilic aromatic substitution or diazotisation reactions at the electron-rich aniline ring. The final dye-functionalised solid materials were isolated by simple filtration and washing procedures and have been characterised by a number of techniques. In all cases the Beta structure of the solid remains unaltered. Among the large number of areas where dye-containing zeolites might be of importance, we were interested in testing their unconventional use as heterosupramolecular hosts in chromogenic protocols. To check their potential use as chemosensors, microporous solids with anchored triphenylpyrilium and squaraine dyes were selected and used as sensors for the chromogenic discrimination of amines. It was found that the response of both solids to amines was basically governed by the three-dimensional (3D) solid architecture that tuned the intrinsic unselective reactivity of the pyrylium dye. By using new solid-state supramolecular chemistry protocols we believe that these, and similar future dye-zeolite hosts, might be promising new sensor materials allowing the visible discrimination of selected target guests by size and/or polarity within families or closely related molecules.     

Skeletal Isomerization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-butenes over Solid Acid Catalysts

Conversion reactions of n-butenes over zeolites and amorphous catalysts have been investigated to deduce the factor that determines the selectivity for the skeletal isomerization producing isobutene. The effects of pore structure and acid site concentration on the selectivity for the skeletal isomerization are discussed on various catalysts. The pore structures of FER and CLI zeolites induce the distant locations of butene molecules, accelerating monomolecular skeletal isomerization. On the other hand, acid site concentration determines the preferred reaction path of n-butenes on amorphous catalysts. Oligomerization followed by cracking that produces various hydrocarbons is suppressed on the catalyst with low acid site concentration, resulting in high selectivity for isobutene. The feasibility of monomolecular skeletal isomerization on zeolites and amorphous catalysts is confirmed by its reversibility with high selectivity.     

Constructing Intrapenetrated Hierarchical Zeolites with Highly Complete Framework via Protozeolite Seeding

Creation of intrapenetrated mesopores with open highway from external surface into the interior of zeolite crystals are highly desirable that can significantly improve the molecular transport and active sites accessibility of microporous zeolites to afford enhanced catalytic properties. Here, different from traditional zeolite-seeded methods that generally produced isolated mesopores in zeolites, nanosized amorphous protozeolites with embryo structure of zeolites were used as seeds for the construction of single-crystalline hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with intrapenetrated mesopores (mesopore volume of 0.51 cm³ g⁻¹) and highly complete framework. In this strategy, in contrast to the conventional synthesis, only a small amount of organic structure directing agents and a low crystallization temperature were adopted to promise the protozeolites as the dominant growth directing sites to induce crystallization. The protozeolite nanoseeds provided abundant nucleation sites for surrounding precursors to be crystallized, followed by oriented coalescence of crystallites resulting in the formation of intrapenetrated mesopores. The as-prepared hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites exhibited ultra-long lifetime of 443.9 hours and a high propylene selectivity of 47.92 % at a WHSV of 2 h⁻¹ in the methanol-to-propylene reaction. This work provides a facile protozeolite-seeded strategy for the synthesis of intrapenetrated hierarchical zeolites that are highly effective for catalytic applications.     

Reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline with carbon monoxide and water

Modified catalytic system composed of selenium and cocatalysts such as pyridine and aniline, applied in the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline in the presence of carbon monoxide and water is described. The reaction proceeds at 150–200°C and 3–4 MPa gauge pressure. After 1–2 h the reaction is complete, reaching nitrobenzene conversions of up to 98% with selectivity to aniline near 100%.     

不同模板剂合成具有介微结构的ZSM-5分子筛及其甲醇制丙烯性能

分别采用四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH),十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和N-十八烷基-N'-己基-四甲基-1, 6-己二铵(C_18-6-6Br₂)作为模板剂,合成了具有不同介微结构的纳米ZSM-5分子筛(NZ),介孔ZSM-5分子筛(MZ)和纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛(NSZ).对合成的样品进行X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM), N₂吸附-脱附和氨程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)表征,并与传统微孔ZSM-5分子筛(CZ)对比.结果表明,样品的介孔孔容和外表面积大小的顺序为NSZ > MZ > NZ > CZ,强/弱酸之比的顺序为CZ > MZ > NZ > NSZ.在甲醇制丙烯(MTP)反应中,催化剂的介微结构特征影响MTP反应的产物选择性及稳定性,丙烯和总低碳烯烃选择性随着介孔孔容的增加而增加, NSZ样品具有最高的丙烯选择性(47.5%)及总低碳烯烃选择性(78.4%).此外,介孔的引入能适当延长催化剂的寿命,具有适宜酸性质的NZ样品的催化寿命最长(200 h).     

邻氯硝基苯在Pd/C催化剂上加氢反应机理及添加Cu对邻氯苯胺选择性的影响

本文研究了邻氯硝基苯在5%Pd/C催化剂上加氢为邻氯苯胺和苯胺的反应机理。结果表明,在常压下,邻氯苯胺和苯胺的选择性分别为~70%和~30%,且不随转化率增加而变化。在加压(1.0 Mpa)条件下,也有类似规律。因此,说明邻氯苯胺和苯胺分别是两个平行反应的产物。通过测定该反应各步骤的初始反应速率,进一步证实了这一结论。在认识反应机理的基础上,制备出可有效抑制脱氯的Cu-Pd/C双金属催化剂,在不加脱氯抑制剂的情况下,可使邻氯硝基苯加氢制备邻氯苯胺的选择性提高到96%以上。     

Glycerol Upgrading over Zeolites by Batch-Reactor Liquid-Phase Oligomerization: Heterogeneous versus Homogeneous Reaction

Glycerol upgrading to diglycerols in the presence of basic (Na⁺ or Cs⁺) ion-exchanged (FAU or BEA) zeolite catalysts was studied in a liquid-phase batch rector at 260 °C under normal pressure. Homogeneous NaHCO₃ and CsHCO₃ catalysts were studied for comparison. All the catalysts, including NaHCO₃ and CsHCO₃, displayed the same conversion–selectivity relationship. The selectivity to linear diglycerols decreased at higher conversions/reaction times owing to the consecutive formation of higher oligomers, with preferential further conversion of α,α′-diglycerol. The maximum yield of linear diglycerols was limited to about 30 %. The activities of the zeolites followed the order X>Y>Beta, independent of the alkali ion present. Catalysis by the zeolites starts with an induction period attributed to a slow leaching of alkaline cations from the zeolite. Thereafter, the reaction is characterized by a progressive loss of the microporous structure of the zeolite and increasing overlap of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, where, primarily, the activity depends on the cation content of the zeolite.