Effect of Extremely Short-Sized MWCNT as Additive Material in High Surface Area Activated Carbon and Its Enhanced Electrical LIC Performance

Extremely short-sized multi-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) and high surface area activated carbon were used to increase the electrical performance of lithium-ion capacitors (LIC). After electrodes were synthesized using extremely short-sized CNTs and high specific surface area activated carbon, their electrochemical characteristics were evaluated by XRD, SEM, TEM, cyclic voltammetry, EIS, BET, adoption isotherm, t-plot, and pore size distribution. In the process of electrode preparation using extremely short-sized CNTs and high specific surface area activated carbon, CNTs certainly caused a space-filling effect between these two materials, which had a significant effect on the evaluation of electrical characteristics. These relationships were demonstrated by the results of adsorption–desorption isotherm, pore size distribution, t-plot, and BJH plot. Particularly, in the electrochemical cyclic test, as the content of CNT increased, the current density significantly increased with the formation of a near-perfect rectangular shape. This tendency also exhibited excellent characteristics in a t-I plot, Tafel plot, and LSV plot, which clearly affected the electrochemical oxidation–reduction reaction due to the densification of filling density and space structure by adding extremely short-sized CNTs to the active material. In addition, YP80_CNT3 formed a specific resistance value in the range of 7.2 to 6.2 Ω/cm², showing significantly reduced values compared to other samples. This research presented herein offers a promising route for the rational design of MWCNT and stable electrochemical reaction with LIC working mechanism.     

双相碳改性硅酸铁锂正极材料研究

以活化的天然石墨为碳源,采用固相辅助回流法成功合成了双相碳改性的Li2FeSiO4复合材料。采用XRD、SEM、HRTEM和Raman光谱分析了Li2FeSiO4/(C+G)复合材料的物相、形貌及其微观结构;并研究了活化石墨用量对Li2FeSiO4/(C+G)复合材料的电化学性能的影响。结果表明:活化石墨以石墨微晶和无定形碳的形态共存于Li2FeSiO4/(C+G)材料中,活化石墨用量为5%时所得样品的首次放电容量较高(170.3 mAh·g-1),循环50次后其容量保持率为88.7%,表现出了良好的电化学性能。     

双相碳改性硅酸铁锂正极材料研究

以活化的天然石墨为碳源,采用固相辅助回流法成功合成了双相碳改性的Li₂FeSiO₄复合材料。采用XRD、SEM、HRTEM和Raman光谱分析了Li₂FeSiO₄/(C+G)复合材料的物相、形貌及其微观结构;并研究了活化石墨用量对Li₂FeSiO₄/(C+G)复合材料的电化学性能的影响。结果表明：活化石墨以石墨微晶和无定形碳的形态共存于Li₂FeSiO₄/(C+G)材料中,活化石墨用量为5%时所得样品的首次放电容量较高(170.3mAh·g^-1),循环50次后其容量保持率为88.7%,表现出了良好的电化学性能。     

活性炭电极材料的表面改性和性能

以硝酸、双氧水、氨水三种化学试剂分别对活性炭进行表面改性, 用N2吸附法和FTIR表征炭材料改性前后孔结构和表面官能团的变化. 制备了以改性活性炭为电极材料, KOH溶液为电解质的模拟双电层电容器. 用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等方法考察了双电层电容器的电化学性能. 结果表明, 改性活性炭比表面积和平均孔径有所降低, 并且在炭材料表面引入了含氧或含氮官能团, 如—OH、>CO、—NH2等, 使炭材料的润湿性增强、电阻减小、电化学性能显著提高. 用65%硝酸改性后炭材料的比容量最高达到250 F·g-1, 比原样炭提高了72.4%; 实验电容器的漏电流急剧下降, 只有3-18 μA, 为原来电容器的漏电流(371 μA)的0.8%-4.9%.     

Surface Modification and Performance of Activated Carbon Electrode Material

A commercial activated carbon was modified by surface treatment using three chemicals, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia, respectively. The modified carbons were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms and FTIR spectroscopy. The resultant carbon electrode-based electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) were assembled with 6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH as the electrolyte. The influence of surface modification on the performance of EDLCs was studied by galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and alternating current impedance. The surface modification resulted in no big decrease in specific surface area and little decrease in average pore size, and introduced functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amidogen, on the carbon surface. These functional groups significantly improved the wettability and reduced the resistance of the activated carbon. As a result, the specific capacitance of the carbon modified with 65% HNO₃ reached 250 F·g⁻¹, 72.4% higher than that of original carbon. The leakage current of testing EDLCs decreased unexpectedly to 3-18 μA, only 0.8%-4.9% that of the original carbon electrode-based EDLC (371 μA).     

有序介孔磷酸钛锂离子电池正极材料制备及电化学性能

选用合适模板剂由溶胶凝胶法合成高度有序介孔结构的磷酸钛正极材料.研究煅烧温度对材料孔结构及材料的电化学性能的影响,合成样品的结构形貌和比表面分别用XRD、BET、TEM及元素分析仪表征.充放电测试结果表明,该介孔结构正极材料表现出优越的电化学性能,以150 mA/g充放电,首次放电容量高达94 mAh/g,而不含模板剂无孔结构的材料放电容量仅37 mAh/g.     

锂硫电池正极用硫/介孔碳复合材料的制备及电化学性能

制备了以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为模板的介孔碳,并将介孔碳和单质硫采用熔融渗透法复合制得硫/介孔碳复合材料。SEM、TEM和BET结果显示介孔碳成直径约为500 nm的大小均一的球体,存在孔径为2 nm的微孔;单质硫充分填充在介孔碳的微孔中。以硫/介孔碳复合物作为锂硫电池正极材料时显示出高的电化学性能。初始放电容量高达1519 mAh·g^-1,在200 mA·g^-1的电流密度下充放电200个循环后依然能保持在835 mAh·g^-1。硫/介孔碳复合材料的高倍率性能和优异的循环稳定性,源于介孔碳良好的导电性及其孔结构的固硫作用。     

普鲁士蓝正极材料的离子交换法制备及电化学储钾性能

采用氯化钾(KCl)和钠基普鲁士蓝(NPB)材料Na2-xMn[Fe(CN)6]z·yH2O为原料,通过离子交换法制备了掺钠钾基普鲁士蓝(NKPB)材料K1.9Na0.1Mn[Fe(CN)6]·0.4H2O。电化学测试表明,与用传统共沉淀法制备的钾基普鲁士蓝(KPB)材料K1.85Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.98□0.02·0.7H2O(□代表[Fe(CN)6]空位)相比,采用离子交换法制备的NKPB具有更高的容量(0.1C首次放电容量达136.3 mAh·g^-1)、较好的循环稳定性(0.5C经过100次循环,容量保持率为96.1%)和优异的倍率性能(5C和10C容量分别为87.6和68.4 mAh·g^-1)。NKPB优异的电化学性能与其高的钾含量、完整的晶体结构、钠离子掺杂、纳米级的颗粒尺寸,以及独特的开放框架结构有关。     

铜/活性炭复合材料的电化学性能研究

电极材料的开发与完善是提高电容器性能的主要途径之一.本文以烟煤为炭质原料、硝酸铜为添加剂催化制备了铜/活性炭复合材料,并对氧化铜电极、活性炭电极和铜/活性炭复合材料电极进行了循环伏安、交流阻抗和电压保持能力等电化学性能测试.结果表明,活性炭中含有适量的铜可与活性炭产生协同效应,铜/炭复合材料的电容量高于纯氧化铜电极和活性炭电极的电容量之和,含铜20%的活性炭比电容量可达67.5 F/g,是同样条件制得的无铜活性炭比电容量的1.72倍;含铜活性炭具有较好的循环性能、容量特性和较小的阻抗;但其开路电压的自保持性能有待进一步改善.     

锂电池正极材料1,4,5,8-四羟基-9,10-蒽醌的电化学性能

研究了一种新型有机醌类化合物1,4,5,8-四羟基-9,10-蒽醌(THAQ)及其氧化产物(O-THAQ)的电化学性能.循环伏安和充放电结果显示,在放电时材料中的羰基和羟基均被还原为烯醇锂盐(襒C—O-Li+)结构,其中羰基还原为烯醇锂盐结构的过程可逆.O-THAQ首次放电容量和循环性能都有显著提高,氧化产物的首次放电容量为250 mAh.g-1,20次循环容量为100 mAh.g-1.讨论了THAQ氧化前后性能差异的原因.     

锂硫电池硫膨胀石墨正极材料的电化学性能

应用高温气相扩散沉积法由单质硫制备硫膨胀石墨.该硫膨胀石墨正极可降低反应界面电荷传递阻抗,提高扩散阻抗抑制单质硫或多硫化物在充放电过程的穿梭.其首次放电容量达到972 mAh.g-1,容量保持率为78%,循环效率在80%以上.     

新合成方法制备的LiCoO2正极材料的结构和电化学性能研究

采用新合成方法制备了锂离子二次电池正极材料LiCoO₂。通过ICP-AES、XRD、SEM、电化学方法等测试分析了所合成材料的物理性质和电化学性能，并与商品LiCoO₂材料作了对比研究。同时分别以国产MCMB和石墨作负极活性物质、合成的LiCoO₂作正极活性物质做成锂离子电池，对其电化学性能进行了测试。实验结果表明，所合成的LiCoO₂材料的电化学性能优于其它两种商品LiCoO₂材料，其初始放电容量为155.0 mAh·g^-1，50次循环后的容量保持率达95.3%，而且以此为正极的锂离子电池也表现出优良的电化学性能。计时电位分析结果还表明，合成的材料在充放电循环过程中发生了三次相转变过程，但相变过程具有良好的可逆性。     

LiFePO4/C正极材料的液相合成及电化学性能研究

尝试对共沉淀法进行改进, 利用自制的加料装置合成了橄榄石型LiFePO₄/C复合正极材料. 应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、循环伏安(CV)以及恒电流充放电测试等方法对目标材料进行了结构表征和电化学性能测试. 实验结果表明采用该法得到的样品具有单一的橄榄石结构, 样品形貌规则, 粒径细小均匀. 改性后的材料具有较高的首放容量及良好的循环稳定性能. 0.1C倍率下充放电测试表明, 其首次放电比容量超过145 mAh•g^－1, 50次循环后, 容量没有明显衰减. 0.2C和0.5C倍率下的平均放电容量分别为130及120 mAh•g^－1, 循环过程中样品表现出较好的循环稳定性.     

Li3PO4表面修饰提高球形LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料的性能

通过共沉淀法制备了球形LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄@Li₃PO₄复合材料,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、循环伏安(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)及充放电测试研究了其结构与电化学性能。XRD和SEM表明,Li₃PO₄包覆影响了球形LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄的晶格常数。CV和EIS表明,质量百分数5% Li₃PO₄包覆的LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄具有比纯LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄更高的锂离子嵌脱可逆性,更大的锂离子扩散系数和更小的电荷转移电阻,说明在锂离子扩散过程中,质量百分数5%Li₃PO₄包覆的LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄具有更高的电子电导率。充放电测试表明,原位Li₃PO₄改性提高了材料的电子电导率、电化学活性,进而提高了高倍率放电容量。质量百分数5% Li₃PO₄包覆的LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄提高的电化学性能归因于Li₃PO₄的包覆、纳米颗粒组成球形的粒径引起的高的电子电导率和小的电化学极化。     

Li3PO4表面修饰提高球形LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料的性能

通过共沉淀法制备了球形LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄@Li₃PO₄复合材料,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、循环伏安(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)及充放电测试研究了其结构与电化学性能.XRD和SEM表明,Li₃PO₄包覆影响了球形LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄的晶格常数.CV和EIS表明,质量百分数5% Li₃PO₄包覆的LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄具有比纯LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄更高的锂离子嵌脱可逆性,更大的锂离子扩散系数和更小的电荷转移电阻,说明在锂离子扩散过程中,质量百分数5%Li₃PO₄包覆的LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄具有更高的电子电导率.充放电测试表明,原位Li₃PO₄改性提高了材料的电子电导率、电化学活性,进而提高了高倍率放电容量.质量百分数5% Li₃PO₄包覆的LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄提高的电化学性能归因于Li₃PO₄的包覆、纳米颗粒组成球形的粒径引起的高的电子电导率和小的电化学极化.     

Li1-xMxFePO4阴极材料的合成和电化学性能

应用聚丙烯酸盐热解法合成掺杂Cr3+或Mg2+、Mn2+、Ni2+的LiFePO4正极材料,研究掺杂离子对目标化合物电化学性质的影响.XRD和SEM实验表明,该材料微米级颗粒是由约200nm的粒子团聚而成的,具有橄榄石型结构,且未出现杂质相.电化学测试表明,掺Cr3+的LiFePO4在高倍率(3C)放电下的首周放电容量为97mAh/g,相当于0.15C率容量的66%,其循环性能优异,充分显示离子掺杂能显著改善材料的高倍率放电性能和循环性能.     

原位化学沉积法制备碳/聚苯胺复合材料作为超级电容器材料的研究

Polyaniline （PA） film was chemically deposited onto the surface of activated carbon （AC） uniformly. Chemical deposition was carried out in 0.1 mol/L aniline plus 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution adopting V2O5·nH2O coated on the surface of activated carbon as oxidant. The surface morphologies and structures of the composite materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectra. The electrochemical properties of the composite material electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge/discharge tests in 1 molFL H2SO4 solutions. The specific capacitance of composite materials was exhibited as high as 237.5 F/g at a current density of 1.0 A/g compared with a value of 120 F/g for pure carbon electrode. Good power characteristic and good stability of composite electrodes were also demonstrated.     

碳包覆LiFePO4的一步固相法制备及高温电化学性能

Carbon coated LiFePO₄ cathode material was synthesized by one-step solid-state reaction and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission-scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Electrochemical performances of the material as cathode in lithium-ion battery were investigated at medium and elevated temperature (30 and 55 ℃) by galvanostatic charge-discharge and A.C. impedance tests. The results show that carbon coated LiFePO₄ powder exhibits a well-crystallized olivine structure and spherical morphology with an average particle size of about 500 nm. Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests show that the reversible discharge capacity at 1 C and 1.5 C rates was improved from 121 and 105 mAh·g^-1 at 30 ℃ to 136 and 123 mAh·g^-1 at 55℃, respectively, while the enhancement of high temperature on electrochemical performance is less obvious at a rate lower than 0.5 C. Impedance spectra analyses indicate that the cathode material has a remarkably higher lithium-ion diffusivity at 55 ℃ than that at 30 ℃, which improves the electrochemical performance at high temperature.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiMn_(2-2x)Sm_xSr_xO_4的合成及电化学性能

采用高温固相反应合成了一系列的LiMn2-2xSmxSrxO4正极材料(0≤x≤0.1);采用X射线衍射仪分析了合成产物的晶体结构;利用充放电试验测定了产物的电化学性能,利用电化学阻抗谱分析了产物的电化学循环机理.结果表明,所合成的LiMn2-2xSmxSrxO4(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05)样品均保持尖晶石相,属于Fd3m空间群.LiMn1.9Sm0.05Sr0.05O4的电化学性能最佳,首次放电容量为96.8 mAh/g,在3.0~4.4 V区间内50次循环后容量保持率超过96%.与此同时,LiMn2O4和LiMn1.90Sm0.05Sr0.05O4的电极阻抗变化不同,进而影响其电化学性能.     

三氧化钼/活性炭钠离子电化学电容器

以三氧化钼(MoO3)作为负极材料,活性炭(AC)作为正极材料,组成混合型电化学电容器.研究电容器在1 mol/L NaPF6的碳酸丙烯酯(PC)中的电化学性能,其电位窗为0～3V,能量密度和功率密度分达到33.0 W·h/kg和595.6W/kg,经1000次循环后容量为第20次的93.8％,库仑效率在经过20次循环后到95.1％以上.