Separation of rhenium from molybdenum and vanadium by extraction with amyl alcohol

Summary A method is described for the separation of rhenium from molybdenum and vanadium by extraction with amyl alcohol. The sample solution containing Re^VII, Mo^VI, and V^V is boiled with hydrazine sulphate in order to obtain Mo^V and V^IV (Re remains in the heptavalent state). Rhenium is quantitatively extracted into amyl alcohol from this solution, along with very slight amounts of molybdenum and vanadium. After back-extraction, the residual molybdenum is completely removed by extraction of its thiocyanate with amyl acetate. The accompanying vanadium is usually too small to interfere in the thiocyanate method of rhenium estimation. The method is simple, rapid and applicable to all Mo:Re ratios generally met with.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung des Rheniums von Molybdän und Vanadium durch Extraktion mit Amylalkohol wird beschrieben. Rhenium soll als Re^VII, Molybdän als Mo^V und Vanadium als V^IV vorliegen (Mo^VI und V^V werden mit Hydrazinsulfat reduziert). Geringe Mengen Mo und V werden mitextrahiert. Nach Rückextraktion wird Mo vollständig durch Extraktion des Thiocyanats mit Amylacetat entfernt. Die vorhandenen Vanadiummengen sind zu gering, um die nachfolgende Rheniumbestimmung (nach der Thiocyanatmethode) zu stören. Das Verfahren ist einfach und rasch durchführbar und für alle üblichen Mo:Re-Verhältnisse anwendbar.

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Our sincere thanks are due to Prof. S. M. Mukherji, Head of the Chemistry Department, for facilities.     

Separation of boric acid from radioactive wastes by liquid-liquid extraction

The extraction of boric acid from a solution modeling radioactive waste has been studied. Different aliphatic alcohols were used as extractants. Factors affecting the distribution ratio of boric acid and the behaviour of some other components of the solution under conditions of boric acid extraction were investigated. The composition of species extracted was determined from distribution data of n-hexanol and H₃BO₃.     

Separation of rhenium from molybdenum and other heavy metals by solvent extraction

Summary Two methods are presented for the extractive separation of rhenium from molybdenum and other heavy metals in hydrochloric acid solution. In the first method, Mo(VI) and Re(VII) are reduced by hydrazine in strong hydrochloric acid solution to Mo(V) and Re(IV). The former is then extracted intoiso-amyl acetate. The Re(IV) remaining in the aqueous phase is oxidised to Re(VII) and determined by known procedures. In the second method, Re(VII) and other ions in 1–1.3N HCl are boiled with hydrazine sulphate for 5 minutes. After adding EDTA to complex Mo(V) and adjusting the solution to 0.33N HCl, rhenium is extracted into chloroform containing 1% tribenzylamine, and is recovered by shaking with water having sufficient ammonia to neutralise the acid and a little hydrogen peroxide.

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Zusammenfassung Zwei Arbeitsweisen für die extraktive Trennung des Rheniums von Molybdän und anderen Schwermetallen in salzsaurer Lösung wurden angegeben. Bei dem ersten Verfahren werden Mo(VI) und Re(VII) mit Hydrazin in stark salzsaurer Lösung zu Mo(V) und Re(IV) reduziert. Ersteres wird dann mit Isoamylacetat extrahiert. Re(IV) verbleibt in der wäßrigen Phase, wird zu Re(VII) oxydiert und auf bekannte Art bestimmt. Beim zweiten Verfahren werden Re(VII) und die anderen Ionen in 1- bis 1,3-n Salzsäure 5 Minuten mit Hydrazinsulfat gekocht. Nachdem man ÄDTA zur Komplexierung des Mo(V) zugesetzt und die Lösung auf 0,33-n an Salzsäure eingestellt hat, wird Rhenium mit einer 1%igen Lösung von Tribenzylamin in Chloroform extrahiert. Die Rückextraktion erfolgt mit Wasser, worin Ammoniak (zur Neutralisation der Säure) und etwas Wasserstoffperoxid gelöst sind.

     

Separation of rhenium by extraction with crown ethers and flow-injection extraction—spectrophotometric determination with Brilliant Green

The extraction behavior of perrhenate with crown ethers was studied and methods for the separation and determination of rhenium were developed. The distribution ratio of perrhenate with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) increases with increases in the dielectric constant of organic solvents and in the potassium ion concentration of aqueous solution. The molar ratios of crown ether to KReO₄ in the extracted species are probably 1:1 for DC18C6, dibenzo-18-crown-6 and 18-crown-6 and 2:1 for benzo-15-crown-5 and 15-crown-5. Microgram amounts of rhenium were satisfactorily separated from large amounts of molbdenum(VI) by extraction with DC18C6 in 1,2-dichloroethane from 2 M potassium hydroxide solution containing tartrate and by back-extraction with sodium phosphate buffer solution after the addition of a twofold volume of hexane to the organic phase. Rhenium was determined by the flow-injection extraction-photometric method with Brilliant Green. Rhenium was satisfactory determined in molybdenite and other ore samples.     

Separation of tungsten from molybdenum by liquid-liquid extraction and extraction chromatography using thiocyanate and a quaternary ammonium salt

Methods were developed for the separation of tungsten from molybdenum by liquid-liquid extraction and extraction chromatography using thiocyanate and a quaternary ammonium salt, Zephiramine. Tungsten was extracted into chloroform as an ion associate of tungsten(V)-thiocyanate complex and Zephiramine cation was retained on a column of Teflon powder coated with Zephiramine, but molybdenum(III) was neither extracted nor retained. The extraction chromatographic method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of tungsten in molybdenum by neutron activation analysis.     

Separation of technetium(VII) from irradiated MoO3 sample by solvent extraction with tri-iso-octylamine

Summary A solvent extraction method for the separation of technethim and molybdenum is outlined. After irradiation of MoO₃ and dissolution in sodium hydroxide, the short-lived ^99mTc isotope is extracted from 1 M hydrochloric acid into a solution of tri-iso-octylamirie in 1,2-dichloroethane. The percentage of ⁹⁹Mo in organic phase is less than 0.5%.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Extraktionsmethode zur Trennung von Technetium und Molybdän wird beschrieben. Hierbei wird nach Neutronenbestrahlung von MoO₃ und Auflösung in Natronlauge das kurzlebige ^99mTc-Isotop aus 1 m salzsaurer Lösung in eine Tri-iso-octylaminlösung in 1,2-Dichloräthan extrahiert. Weniger als 0,5% ⁹⁹Mo finden sich in der organischen Phase.

     

Separation of trace rare earths and other metals from uranium by liquid-liquid extraction with quantitation by inductively-coupled plasma/mass spectrometry

N,N-Dihexylacetamide in toluene was used to extract uranium selectively from an aqueous phase containing 30 elements at 10 or 100 μg l^?1 concentrations. After three extractions, the uranium level fell from 119 000 mg l^?1 (0.5 M) to less than 3 mg l^?1. An inductively-coupled plasma/mass spectrometer (i.c.p./m.s.) was used to determine recoveries of the trace elements in the aqueous phase, which, in most cases, were in the range 90–110%. This combination of liquid-liquid extraction with i.c.p./m.s. offers determinations at the 10 ng g^?1 level in uranium for most of the elements studied.     

Separation of poly(ethylene glycols) into fractions by sequential liquid-liquid extraction

Poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG) are the major metabolites of non-ionic surfactants (NS). Chains of PEG may be shortened due to further biodegradation. The separate determination of short- and long-chained PEG (SC- and LC-PEG) may be useful to control the biodegradation of NS and PEG. A scheme for the separation of a whole mixture of PEG into SC- and LC-fractions and their subsequent determination is developed. A sequential extraction of a water sample with n-hexane and ethyl acetate is used to separate NS and other interferents as well as dichloromethane and chloroform for the separation of PEG into LC- and SC-fractions. The indirect tensammetric technique (ITT) is used for the final quantification of PEG into separated fractions as well as for the control of every separation step. The boundary between fractions is not sharp due to the similarity of the properties of neighbouring homologues which may be approximately 15 oxyethylene subunits. The developed scheme is successfully used for the separation into fractions of PEG from river water and raw and treated sewage. An initial separation of PEG from these samples by extraction with chloroform is carried out.     

Separation and concentration of technetium using a Tc-selective extraction chromatographic resin

For⁹⁹Tc separation from environmental samples, liquid-liquid extraction, ion-exchange chromatography and coprecipitation, have been described. Although these methods are removing matrix elements, some combinations of them is necessary for purification and concentration of Tc. Besides, the procedures are time-consuming and generally a week or more is needed to purify Tc in the samples. In this study, a novel extraction chromatographic resin for the separation and preconcentration of Tc from several kinds of solutions is described. The material is shown to retain Tc efficiently and selectively from these solutions. Sorbed Tc is readily recovered using 5 ml of 12M HNO₃ and the recoveries with^95mTc are more than 97% for all sample solutions.     

Substoichiometric determination of selenium with potassium ethyl xanthate

A substoichiometric radiochemical method has been developed for the determination of selenium with potassium ethyl xanthate. The selenium ethyl xanthate complex formed was extracted into chloroform from borate buffer at pH 5. The effect of foreign ions on the extraction was studied. Microgram quantities of selenium could be conveniently determined with a fair degree of accuracy. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of selenium content in food stuffs such as Jaggery and Wheat powder.     

Substoichiometric determination of zinc with potassium ethyl xanthate

A rapid radiochemical method has been designed for the determination of microgram quantities of zinc, based on the substoichiometric isotope dilution, using potassium ethyl xanthate as the extraction reagent. pH 5.5 in acetate buffers and chloroform as the extractant were found to be suitable for quantitative substoichiometric extraction. The influence of the diverse ions on the extraction was studied. The zinc contents of a medicinal preparation and biological samples were determined by the present method.     

Aryl and NHC compounds of technetium and rhenium

Air- and water-stable phenyl complexes with nitridotechnetium(V) cores can be prepared by straightforward procedures. [TcNPh(2)(PPh(3))(2)] is formed by the reaction of [TcNCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)] with PhLi. The analogous N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) compound [TcNPh(2)(HL(Ph))(2)], where HL(Ph) is 1,3,4-triphenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene, is available from (NBu(4))[TcNCl(4)] and HL(Ph) or its methoxo-protected form. The latter compound allows the comparison of different Tc-C bonds within one compound. Surprisingly, the Tc chemistry with such NHCs does not resemble that of corresponding Re complexes, where CH activation and orthometalation dominate.     

Substoichiometric radiochemical determination of antimony with potassium ethyl xanthate

A rapid and sensitive substoichiometric radiochemical method has been developed for the determination of microgram amounts of antimony employing potassium ethylxanthate as a reagent and chloroform as an extractant from sulfuric acid medium. The effect of associated ions on the extraction was studied. The method developed was successfully applied to determine the antimony content in standard solutions and synthetic mixture with an average error ±2.07%     

Chiral separation by enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction

The literature on enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction (ELLE) spans more than half a century of research. Nonetheless, a comprehensive overview has not appeared during the past few decades. Enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction is a technology of interest for a wide range of chemists and chemical engineers in the fields of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrances and foods. In this review the principles and advances of resolution through enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction are discussed, starting with an introduction on the principles of enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction including host-guest chemistry, extraction and phase transfer mechanisms, and multistage liquid-liquid extraction processing. Then the literature on enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction systems is reviewed, structured on extractant classes. The following extractant classes are considered: crown ether based extractants, metal complexes and metalloids, extractants based on tartrates, and a final section with all other types of chiral extractants.