Direct conversion of methane to methanol over Cu exchanged mordenite: Effect of counter ions

Direct conversion of methane(CH4)to methanol(DMTM)is a promising,but very challenging process for the utilization of abundant CH4 as a low carbon resource.In this context,Cu loaded zeolites,mordenite(MOR)in particular,were recognized as the most effective system to perform DMTM.In this work,different Cu salts were used to exchange with MOR,by which the effect of counter ions on the catalytic performance towards DMTM was investigated.The prepared catalysts were characterized and evaluated systematically.It was found that the counter ions affected the speciation of Cu sites,probably due to their capability in extraction of protons from MOR and the influence on the hydrolysis state of the Cu2+in aqueous solution.These behaviors adjusted the association between Cu2+and the exchangeable protons in MOR.As a result,varied DMTM performance was observed.Among the used Cu salts,Cu(CH3COO)2 exchanged MOR showed the highest performance,achieving stable CH3 OH yield of 117±28μmol/g in 5 consecutive cycles,these values are among the highest for Cu loaded MOR zeolites in open publications.     

Direct methane conversion to methanol by ionic liquid-dissolved platinum catalysts

Ternary systems of inorganic Pt salts and oxides, ionic liquids and concentrated sulfuric acid are effective at catalyzing the direct, selective oxidation of methane to methanol and appear to be more water tolerant than the Catalytica reaction.     

Catalytic conversion of methanol to olefins over rare earth (La, Y) modified SAPO-34

SAPO-34 modified with lanthanum and yttrium exhibited higher selectivity to light olefins, lower methane formation, and longer lifetime (prolonged by 20%) than the parent SAPO-34 in the process of methanol conversion to olefins. The modified catalytic performance could be ascribed to the incorporation of La³⁺ and Y³⁺ into the framework of SAPO-34.     

温和条件下甲烷在熔盐介质中的催化转化

利用硝酸根-硝酸钾(摩尔比0.62:0.38)的熔盐体系作反应介质,以CeO~2,Ce(SO~4)~2,Cu(CF~3CO~2)~2,Co(CF~3CO~2)等为催化剂,在160℃和6.0MPa条件下甲烷被氧化成丙酮和/或三氟醋酸甲酯。甲烷的氯化则可在含氯化铜的氯化铝-氯化钠(摩尔比1:1)的熔盐介质中进行,硫酸银的引入可提高甲烷转化率和一氯甲烷的选择性。     

Low temperature conversion of methane to syngas using lattice oxygen over NiO-MgO

The conversion of methane to syngas (H₂ and CO) is an important route to produce high value-added products. Oxidize methane into syngas in the absence of gaseous oxidants is an economical route. In this work, NiO-MgO composite is successfully synthesized via an impregnation method. At 764 K, methane is directly converted to syngas on the NiO-MgO without gaseous oxidants. A synergistic effect of NiO and MgO was observed, in which NiO induced lattice oxygen of MgO mobility to oxidize methane and suppressed the formation of intermediates for side reaction. As a result, NiO-MgO exhibited enhancement of catalytic activity with the H₂ production rate of 1241.0 µmol g^?1 min^?1, which was 3.4 times higher than that of pure MgO. This work provides a direct guidance to understand of methane oxidation via lattice oxygen under low temperature (< 773 K).     

Catalytic alkylation of phenol with methanol over zinc aluminate

Two samples (A and B) of zinc aluminate spinel were prepared and used as catalysts of phenol methylation. Both catalysts were synthesised at hydrothermal conditions from zinc acetate and from various aluminium precursors: aluminium isopropoxide (catalyst A) or basic aluminium nitrate (catalyst B). Catalyst A was pure ZnAl₂O₄ and B - besides ZnAl₂O4 contained traces of -Al₂O₃. Reactions of phenol alkylation with methanol were carried out in the gas phase under atmospheric pressure in a standard flow reactor with fixed bed. Catalysts indicated different properties in dependence on the aluminium precursor used during preparation. In the presence of catalyst A higher selectivity of ortho-methylation of phenol was obtained. Catalyst B was active both in O-alkylation and C-alkylation.     

Kinetics of methane conversion over microspherically grained nickel-alumina catalysts

Kinetics of methane conversion in a fluidized bed of microspherically grained nickel-alumina catalyst has been studied at pressures from 0.3 to 3.1 MPa. The rate equation shows that the reaction is inhibited by H₂O.

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0,3 3,1 . , .

     

Kinetic model for methanol conversion over Mg-ZSM-5 zeolite

The catalytic conversion of methanol to olefins over ZSM-5 zeolite modified by ion exchange with Mg exhibits an autocatalytic character. On this basis an overall kinetic model of the reaction was proposed which allowed the determination of rate constants and apparent activation energy.

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ZSM-5, Mg, . , .

     

改性H-ZSM-34上氯甲烷催化转化制低碳烯烃

比较了几种典型的沸石分子筛在氯甲烷转化制乙烯、丙烯和丁烯等低碳烯烃反应中的催化性能, 发现H-ZSM-34具有较佳的催化活性和选择性. 经乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na₂H₂EDTA)水溶液处理, 并经离子交换及焙烧后, H-ZSM-34上氯甲烷转化制低碳烯烃的催化性能显著改善. 当Na₂H₂EDTA浓度为0.1 mol/L, 反应温度为673 K, CH₃Cl分压9.2 kPa时, C₂-C₄烯烃选择性和收率分别达82%和61%. 研究还发现, Ce修饰H-ZSM-34催化剂同样可改善氯甲烷制低碳烯烃的选择性和收率. 表征结果表明, Na₂H₂EDTA处理和Ce修饰均降低了H-ZSM-34的酸性. 酸性的降低可抑制低碳烯烃的氢转移反应, 继而避免了其进一步转化为低碳烷烃.     

Catalytic conversion of fatty acid mixture to liquid fuels over mesoporous material

Summary The catalytic cracking activity of mesoporous materials for the production of biofuel from fatty acid mixture is reported. AlMCM-41 synthesized was ion-exchanged with calcium ions and this material showed better hydrothermal stability but was less selective in the yield of gasoline fraction. Aluminium-containing LPMM-41 showed improved hydrothermal stability with the optimum yield of 43 wt.&percnt; gasoline fraction in the liquid hydrocarbon fuel product.     

正丁烷在Au,Zn组合改性纳米HZSM-5上的催化转化

采用沉积沉淀和浸渍法制备了Au-Zn组合改性HZSM-5催化剂.并且对比研究了HZSM-5,Au/HZSM-5,Zn/HZSM-5和Au-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂的性质和催化性能.采用UV-Vis和XPS表征揭示出Au-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂中Au物种与Zn物种的相互作用.正丁烷探针反应结果表明,在Zn/HZSM-5催化剂中引入Au有效地提高了正丁烷的脱氢芳构化性能,同时抑制了正丁烷在Zn活性中心上的氢解副反应.在相同条件下,与Zn/HZSM-5催化剂相比,正丁烷转化率由49.1%增加到70.8%,烯烃和芳烃产物总选择性由57%增加到61.98%,干气的选择性由31%降低至28.4%.上述结果表明,Au-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂在轻烃芳构化反应中具有良好的催化性能.     

Catalytic conversion of nitrogen-containing compounds over monolithic oxide catalysts

Several reactions of nitrogen-containing compounds (NO+NH₃+O₂; NO+C₃H₈ +O₂; NH₃+O₂) on monolithic oxide catalysts studied at the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC) during the last few years are discussed. Effective catalytic systems for the reactions listed above are described.     

Catalytic combustion of methane over iron- and manganese-substituted lanthanum hexaaluminates

A series of hexaaluminates, LaMnFe _x Al_11−x O_19−δ samples (x = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8) as new catalysts were prepared by carbonate precipitation and calcined at high temperature. Fe and Mn ions were used as active components to replace part of aluminum ions in the hexaaluminate lattices. The structures and properties of these samples were characterized by XRD, BET, and XPS. The series of hexaaluminates exhibited significant catalytic activity and stability at high temperature. The LaMnFe₂Al₉O_19−δ retains a larger surface area and shows a good activity in methane combustion.     

负载型Pd/SnO2催化剂低温催化甲烷燃烧

天然气储量巨大,被广泛应用于发电和工业窑炉等.甲烷作为天然气中最主要的成分,是氢碳比最高的碳氢化合物,其温室效应显著.因此,不完全燃烧所引起的CH4排放,不仅导致能源浪费,同时也可造成环境污染.与传统火焰燃烧相比,CH4催化燃烧具有更高的燃烧效率,并可显著地减少大气污染物(CO,NOx和未完全燃烧的烃类)的排放.贵金属Pd催化剂对CH4催化燃烧表现出优异的催化性能,其中Pd颗粒的尺寸、Pd的化学状态、载体性质及其与Pd之间的相互作用等对其活性有显著影响.本文以不同温度(600,800,1000和1200℃)焙烧所得SnO2为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/SnO2催化剂,研究了SnO2焙烧温度对CH4催化燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的SnO2均为锐钛矿结构,并且随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,晶型愈加完美,晶粒尺寸显著增大.催化剂中引入的Pd以高分散形式存在,CH4催化燃烧反应活性随着载体SnO2焙烧温度的升高而显著提高,其中Pd/SnO2(1200)表现出最高的CH4燃烧活性,起燃温度和最低全转化温度分别为265和390℃.在反应温度为300℃时,Pd/SnO2(1200)上甲烷的反应速率是Pd/SnO2(600)的36倍.XPS等结果表明,随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,Pd的化学状态也有所差异:对于低温焙烧的SnO2(<800℃),Pd以Pd4+的形式进入到SnO2晶格内;随着焙烧温度的升高(>1000℃),Pd以Pd2+物种的形式存在于载体表面.结合活性评价结果推测,Pd的化学状态可能并非是影响催化剂活性的最关键因素.TEM等结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1000)上PdO的(101)晶面与载体SnO2的(101)晶面相近,分别为0.2641 nm和0.2638 nm.O2-TPD和CH4-TPR结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1200)催化剂上单位Pd原子上O2的脱附量是Pd/SnO2(600)的3倍,单位Pd原子上CH4的消耗量比催化剂Pd/SnO2(600)高出45%.因此,PdO和SnO2在构型上存在的晶面匹配可提高催化剂对O2的活化能力.综上所述,SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配有利于氧在Pd-SnO2界面的活化,同时载体SnO2中的晶格氧亦可以通过"氧反溢流机理"补充到表面PdO/Pd上,从而增强催化剂对O2的吸附和活化能力,并提高CH4催化燃烧反应性能.升高SnO2的焙烧温度可强化SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配,从而使催化剂活性随着SnO2焙烧温度升高而增大.     

铈改性Silicalite-1分子筛催化剂上甲醇制丙烯反应性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了Ce改性的Silicalite-1分子筛催化剂,利用XRD、N2吸脱附、Py-FTIR和NH_3-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征;针对甲醇转化制丙烯(MTP)反应,在常压、450℃和质量空速为9.6 h-1的反应条件下,利用连续流动固定床微型反应评价装置,考察了CeO_2负载量对CeO_2/Silicalite-1催化性能的影响。结果表明,与HZSM-5分子筛(SiO_2/Al_2O_3(molar ratio)=200)相比,Silicalite-1分子筛具有更高的丙烯选择性和催化稳定性。Ce的引入可有效调节Silicalite-1分子筛的酸性质和孔结构;合适浓度的Ce改性处理(CeO_2负载量(质量分数)为5.0%)使得Silicalite-1的强酸量降低,其丙烯选择性(质量分数)和催化稳定性分别由原来的31.9%和51 h增加到38.2%和72 h。     

醋酸溶液中Pd-CuPc/Y催化甲烷选择氧化制甲醇

以氯化铜、钼酸铵、苯酐、氯化铵、尿素和NaY分子筛为原料,采用苯酐-尿素法制备了酞菁铜/分子筛复合物CuPc/Y.采用等体积浸渍法将金属钯担载在CuPc/Y上制备了Pd-CuPc/Y催化剂,并在醋酸水溶液中考察了其催化甲烷选择氧化合成甲醇反应的性能,结果表明,催化性能与反应温度、溶剂中CH₃COOH与H₂O的混合比例、对苯醌用量、反应时间等因素有关,在0.5%Pd-0.5%CuPc/Y添加量0.5 g、CH₃COOH与H₂O体积比4∶1、对苯醌用量1 000 μmol、反应时间3 h、反应温度150 ℃的条件下,甲醇的最佳生成量为1 840 μmol.Pd-CuPc/Y催化剂可以多次循环使用,但由于催化剂流失和催化剂表面的钯粒子聚集的原因,循环使用后的催化剂催化活性有所下降.Pd-CuPc/Y在醋酸溶液中催化甲烷选择氧化合成甲醇是亲电取代反应和活性氧物种氧化共同作用的结果.     

镍基中空纤维催化剂实现甲烷高效电催化转化

随着天然气以及页岩气为代表的非常规天然气的大规模开采,甲烷作为化工原料的直接转化利用受到了越来越多的关注.然而,甲烷分子具有极其稳定的正四面体结构,其物理化学性质非常稳定,如具有高达439 kJ/mol的C-H键能、极弱的电子亲和力、相当大的离子化能量和低的极化率,这都使得甲烷分子C-H键的活化相当困难.如何实现甲烷直接高效催化转化被誉为催化领域的'皇冠式'课题.与经甲烷重整制合成气,然后通过F-T合成获取化学品的间接转化法相比,甲烷直接转化无论在物料、能量转换效率还是在设备成本、环境保护等方面都有着非常明显的优势.以甲烷氧化偶联以及非氧化偶联(如无氧芳构化等)为典型代表的甲烷直接转化研究不断取得突破,但其各自都存在一定的局限性.相比于热催化转化路径,电催化转化路径在许多方面存在着十分明显的优势:(1)反应条件温和,甚至在常温常压条件下也能实现甲烷电催化转化反应的发生;(2)可调控程度高,仅需调节关键实验参数如电压和电流等,就能实现对反应过程热力学以及动力学的调控;(3)能够利用可再生电能驱动甲烷转化反应的发生,可将低品阶的电能转化并存储为化学能.本文采用Ni中空纤维作为基底,在其表面构筑NiO活性层,将NiO@Ni中空纤维作为电极,实现了常温常压条件下的甲烷电催化转化.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等表征手段,确定了中空纤维特有的多孔三维结构、气体传输规律、NiO活性层分布状态等物化性质.通过电化学交流阻抗与循环伏安等测试手段,获得了电荷传递、电化学活性比表面积等电化学性质.恒电压电氧化甲烷研究发现,1%NiO@Ni中空纤维具有最优的催化活性,分别在1.44 V与1.46 V(vs.RHE)电势下获得54%的甲醇法拉第效率和85%的乙醇法拉第效率.