混凝土材料声发射技术研究综述

本对混凝土材料声发射技术研究的历史，现状及涉及的领域进行了概括与总结。对混凝土材料声发射机理，声发射参数与力学参数间的关系。声发射在断裂力学中的应用，混凝土材料的凯塞效应与应用以及现代非线性理论和方法与声发射技术的结合等问题进行了评价与展望。     

声发射技术在全尺寸飞机疲劳试验中的应用

过去九年,,在对两类三代机的全尺寸疲劳试验中实施了全程声发射监测。采用了以声发射为中心的裂纹综合监、检测方法,对一些关键构件的疲劳裂纹实施早期预报,并用其它无损检测方法加以验证,为试验的顺利进行奠定了重要基础,为确定和延长这两类飞机的机群寿命发挥了重要作用。在对第一类三代机的试验中,发展了过去所用的声发射信号处理技术,在大量获取试验中的声发射信号时,有意识地将信号分成一系列有序的信号子集,分别反映一定的飞机受力(载荷)状态,在此基础上再采用空间滤波等技术获得感兴趣结构位置处的信号子集。对子集再采取基于统计分析原理的趋势分析和相关分析技术,获取监测位置的状态,以及试验机的“健康状态”。这一方法在另一类三代机的试验中再次发挥作用,显示了生命力。最终结果是两类三代机的机群寿命均有50%以上的提高,说明声发射技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

以MCS—8098单片机为核心的声发射实验系统的研制

一、引言声发射是指材料或结构受外力或内力的作用发生变形或断裂，以弹性波的形式释放出应变能的现象”‘．声发射是一种常见的物理现象，大多数金属和非金属材料在一定条件下都有声发射发生，如在温度诱发的马氏体相变中就伴有声发射现象”‘．声发射检测是声学无损检测中的重要方法，它是使构件或材料的内部结构、缺陷或潜在缺陷处于运动变化的过程中进行无损检测，即动态无损检测”‘．所以，声发射检测系统在材料研究中具有重要作用．已有的声发射检测系统体积庞大，造价又高．本系统小巧轻便，造价低廉，为高校中的实验室或其他小单位…     

用埋入式光纤传感器探测建筑结构中的声发射

声发射技术已经应用于金属和混凝土结构中,作为探测内部裂缝的一种无损检测方法。目前用的技术都是由压电换能器来采集声发射信号。讨论了基于用光纤技术的声发射传感器的开发和测量方法。它是用埋入式光纤传感器来监测类似桥梁、高速公路、隧道和房屋建筑等混凝土结构中的开裂信号。     

神经网络在声发射信号模式识别中的应用

介绍了人工神经网络中的BP网络、RBF网络、Hamming网络、BP－Hamming网络在声发射信号模式识别中的应用现状，并对这些方法的优缺点进行了比较。     

金刚石单晶生长的声发射实时检测初探

采用声发射检测技术,对高温高压下人造金刚石单晶的生长过程进行了检测和分析。利用由PCI-8型声发射仪和LMD-800型铰链式六面顶压机组成的声发射检测系统,检测了金刚石单晶的生长过程。将金刚石单晶生长和不生长过程中检测到的声发射信号进行对比和频谱分析,结果表明:声发射信号与金刚石单晶生长过程存在对应关系;金刚石单晶生长对应的声发射信号是一种低频信号,可以利用声发射信号的变化规律研究金刚石单晶在高温高压条件下的原位反应机理。     

超声激发生物组织声发射的原理及应用

介绍一种利用双频共焦超声波获取组织内部特性信息的新方法一超声激发声发射(USAE)。本文着重说明了USAE的基本工作原理，然后介绍了USAE在医学成像和组织无损测温两方面的重要应用。最后指出了一些有待研究的问题。     

油罐声发射检测信号数据库研究及应用

分析了油罐声发射检测技术特点和弱点,基于对检测影响因素的分析研究提出了油罐声发射信号特征数据库系统。采用盐水腐蚀真实罐底板,模拟油罐腐蚀。以Matlab软件为基础,提取全波形文件中被识别为腐蚀类别的特定帧信号,选取合适的自适应阈值电压得到信号特征参数,将全波形信号和信号特征参数入库。根据数据库特征参数训练支持向量机分类器,应用到实际油罐检测中并与开罐检测结果作对比,达到预期油罐分类效果。     

Stabilized fiber-optic extrinsic Fabry–Perot sensor system for acoustic emission measurement

A fiber-optic Fabry–Perot (F–P) acoustic emission (AE) sensor system based on an improved double wavelength stabilization technique is described. Without stabilization, the sensor system drifts out of quadrature due to the presence of low-frequency dynamic strains. The stabilization is achieved by using a dense wavelength division multiplexer (DWDM) to generate two quadrature phase-shifted output signals. An optimum model of double wavelength stabilization is established. The filtering wavelengths of DWDM are calculated using an optimization design method. The performance of the developed sensor system was verified by two preliminary tests. One was a test on the stabilization of operating point of fiber-optic F–P sensor, and other was the detection of simulated AE signals generated by the impact and pencil lead breaking. The test results demonstrate that simulated AE signals are successfully detected using this stabilized sensor system, which solves the fade-out problem.     

Mechanical behavior and acoustic emission technique for detecting damage in sandwich structures

The present study investigates the mechanical behavior under static and dynamic loadings and assesses damage by the acoustic emission method of two types of sandwich composite materials. The sandwich structures under study are both made of cross-ply laminates as skins and PVC closed-cell as foam with different densities: 60 kg m⁻³ and 100 kg m⁻³. The mechanical behavior tests were conducted in static and cyclic fatigue loadings under 4-point bending. The sandwich structures considered in fatigue tests were damaged by a various number of shear damages in the foam. Static tests were performed to determine the failure parameters and characteristics used in fatigue tests. The damage density effect on the stiffness, hysteresis loops, dissipated energy and damping of sandwich structures, were studied for various numbers of cycles during cyclic fatigue tests. The acoustic emission method was used to identify and characterize the local damage in both types of sandwich materials under static 4-point bending tests.     

Defect detection and location in switch rails by acoustic emission and Lamb wave analysis: A feasibility study

An acoustic emission (AE) based approach is proposed in this study to identify and locate newly initiated defects or the propagation of existing defects in railroad switch rails. Defect-induced AE signals are identified through frequency analysis, as frequencies of these signals are much higher than those induced by structural vibration. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is employed to analyze the Lamb wave dispersion of the detected signal, so that two characteristic points can be selected on the CWT contour map to locate the defect. Using this approach, defects in a damaged switch rail can be located using a single sensor.     

Shaft angular misalignment detection using acoustic emission

Shaft angular misalignment (SAM) is a common and crucial problem in rotating machinery. Misalignment can produce several shortcomings such as premature bearing failure, increase in energy consumption, excessive seal lubricant leakage and coupling failure. Vibration analysis has been traditionally used to detect SAM; however, it presents some drawbacks i.e. high influence of machine operational conditions and strong impact of the coupling type and stiffness on vibration spectra. This paper presents an extensive experimental investigation in order to evaluate the possibility of detecting SAM, using acoustic emission (AE) technique. The test rig was operated at under different operational conditions of load and speed in order to evaluate the impact on the AE and vibration signature under normal operating conditions. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first attempt to use AE for the detection of SAM under varying operational conditions. A comparative study of vibration and AE was carried out to demonstrate the potentially better performance of AE. The experimental results show that AE technique can be used as a reliable technique for SAM detection, providing enhancements over vibration analysis.     

Detection of stress corrosion cracking of high-strength steel used in prestressed concrete structures by acoustic emission technique

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of high-strength steel used in prestressed concrete structures was studied by acoustic emission technique (AE). A simulated concrete pore (SCP) solution at high-alkaline (pH ≈ 12) contaminated by sulphate, chloride, and thiocyanate ions was used. The evolution of the acoustic activity recorded during the tests shows the presence of several stages related respectively to cracks initiation due to the local corrosion imposed by corrosives species, cracks propagation and steel failure. Microscopic examinations pointed out that the wires exhibited a brittle fracture mode. The cracking was found to propagate in the transgranular mode. The role of corrosives species and hydrogen in the rupture mechanism of high-strength steel was also investigated. This study shows promising results for an potential use in situ of AE for real-time health monitoring of eutectoid steel cables used in prestressed concrete structures.     

Proposed method of partial discharge allocation with acoustic emission sensors within power transformers

Employing acoustic emission sensors for detection of partial discharge, PD, introduces many advantages. Besides easy installation and replacement, they are non-invasive and immune to electromagnetic noise and interference and their sensitivity does not vary with object capacitance. For PD allocating utilizing AE sensors, distance calculations are based on the arrival time of acoustic waves to the sensors. Considering structure-borne waves of higher speed, the peaks of some of indirect path AE signals with significant contribution are mistakenly considered as peaks of direct path AE signals. Furthermore, the acoustic signals are propagating through certain parts of the transformer, such as the windings, and this complicates the partial discharge detection and allocation. These would imply an incorrect distance between the source and sensor. A method based on a heuristic algorithm has been proposed which considering all possible indirect paths with the relevant propagation times and all the barriers on the travel path of acoustic signal, calculates the more precise arrival times to sensors. A test chamber has been utilized and artificial PD signals are produced at various points. Output results of algorithm have been compared with results of classic method. It has been shown that proposed method significantly reduces the positioning errors.     

自来水铸铁管道泄漏声信号频率特征研究

针对基于声发射技术的自来水管网泄漏检测定位方法，研究因泄漏而形成的声信号频率分布及不同泄漏量对频率分布的影响。实际泄漏检测时，通常采用互相关法估计泄漏信号到达不同传感器间的时间延迟实现漏点定位，因此，借助互相关分析法研究了管道的不同口径及泄漏信号传播距离对泄漏信号频率分布的影响。同时，泄漏声信号的传播不可避免要经过管道间的接口，因此分析了两种管道接口对信号频率成分的影响。进而为设计合理的管道泄漏检测过程提供依据，并为泄漏声信号形成及多种因素对泄漏声信号特征产生影响的机制研究奠定基础。     

Investigation of fatigue failure prediction of Fe-Cr alloy coatings under rolling contact based on acoustic emission technique

The rolling contact fatigue (RCF) failure prediction of the coating Fe-Cr alloy coatings was investigated. The acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to monitor RCF tests of the coatings. The failure mechanism was investigated. Results showed AE signals sensitively detected the initiations and propagations of the fatigue cracks within the coatings before the obvious surface material losses. AE signals also reflected the cumulate damage procedure. So the coming RCF failures can be predicted by AE signal responses. Moreover, the micro-defects within the coatings were considered to be the fatigue crack origins.