氮掺杂碳包埋钴纳米粒子电催化合成过氧化氢

电催化还原氧是一种新兴的可持续生产过氧化氢(H2O2)的合成技术,寻找低成本、高活性和高选择性的电催化剂是该技术实际应用的关键.钴氮掺杂的碳材料因含有钴氮(Co-Nx)催化活性位,成为一类新兴的可促进H2O2电化学合成的材料.本文采用低能耗干式球磨外加控制热解的方法来制备包含许多Co-Nx结构的钴氮掺杂碳材料.该方法使用材料廉价,即将醋酸钴、2-甲基咪唑和Ketjenblack EC-600JD高纯度且导电的碳黑分别作为金属、氮和碳的前体.在酸性介质中的电化学测试结果表明,该材料的氧还原反应电流密度明显增加,同时起始电位向正方向移动.该催化剂在较大电位范围内对H2O2的选择性约为90％.H2O2整体电解实验表明,H2O2产率达到100mmol gcat?1 h?1,H2O2法拉第效率达到85％(0.3Vvs.RHE条件下2h).耐久性测试(在0.3Vvs.RHE条件下6h)表明,催化剂表现出相对稳定的性能,且在整个测试循环中,法拉第效率达到约85％,表明催化剂在实际应用中具有良好的耐久性.催化剂表现出较高的电催化合成H2O2活性和选择性可能是由于形成了Co-Nx活性位,以及酸性环境和应用电位等其它因素的影响.     

氮掺杂碳包埋钴纳米粒子电催化合成过氧化氢

电催化还原氧是一种新兴的可持续生产过氧化氢(H2O2)的合成技术,寻找低成本、高活性和高选择性的电催化剂是该技术实际应用的关键.钴氮掺杂的碳材料因含有钴氮(Co-Nx)催化活性位,成为一类新兴的可促进H2O2电化学合成的材料.本文采用低能耗干式球磨外加控制热解的方法来制备包含许多Co-Nx结构的钴氮掺杂碳材料.该方法使用材料廉价,即将醋酸钴、2-甲基咪唑和Ketjenblack EC-600JD高纯度且导电的碳黑分别作为金属、氮和碳的前体.在酸性介质中的电化学测试结果表明,该材料的氧还原反应电流密度明显增加,同时起始电位向正方向移动.该催化剂在较大电位范围内对H2O2的选择性约为90％.H2O2整体电解实验表明,H2O2产率达到100mmol gcat?1 h?1,H2O2法拉第效率达到85％(0.3Vvs.RHE条件下2h).耐久性测试(在0.3Vvs.RHE条件下6h)表明,催化剂表现出相对稳定的性能,且在整个测试循环中,法拉第效率达到约85％,表明催化剂在实际应用中具有良好的耐久性.催化剂表现出较高的电催化合成H2O2活性和选择性可能是由于形成了Co-Nx活性位,以及酸性环境和应用电位等其它因素的影响.     

铜,硫掺杂对铁氮碳氧还原催化剂性能的提升作用

采用FeCl₃·6H₂O,Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O,KSCN,氧化BP-2000和三聚氰胺分别作为铁源、铜源、硫源、碳源和氮源,制备了一系列非贵金属氧还原电催化剂.通过透射电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、X射线光电子能谱和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱等表征了催化剂的形貌和结构,并通过旋转圆盘和旋转环盘测试研究了催化剂的性能,分析了铜,硫掺杂对于催化剂性能的提升作用.结果表明,与铜掺杂相比,硫掺杂能更大幅度地提高催化剂的周转率(TOF),并有效降低过氧化氢产率;同时铜,硫双掺杂的催化剂具有更高的TOF和更低的过氧化氢产率.     

高分散钴氮共掺杂碳纳米纤维氧还原催化剂

过渡金属氮掺杂碳基催化剂已成为替代铂基氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂的理想选择。本文通过静电纺丝技术制备了高比表面、高度分散的钴原子配位氮掺杂的碳纳米纤维催化剂(Co-N/C)。X射线衍射(XRD)和高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)结果证实Co元素高度分散于制备的Co-N/C催化剂中。X射线光电子能谱结果表明N元素主要以吡啶N和石墨N形式存在。该Co-N/C催化剂对ORR反应呈现出较高的电催化活性,其氧还原起始和半波电位分别为0.92 V和0.80 V(相对于标准氢电极),接近于商业化Pt/C催化剂的性能。以制备的Co-N/C催化剂作为阴极,25℃下锌空气燃料电池的开路电位1.54 V、最大功率密度达到了190 m V·cm~(-2)表明该催化剂具有良好的应用前景。     

纳米四氧化三钴催化剂的制备及其电催化性能

四氧化三钴（Co3O4）作为一种重要的电极催化材料,具有催化活性高,价格低廉等特点,可有效解决过度依赖储量少,成本高的Pt系贵金属催化剂等问题。实验采用化学沉淀法结合热分解法,以Co(NO3)2·6H2O为钴源,沉淀剂为NH4HCO3,聚乙二醇（PEG）为表面活性剂,在45℃条件下反应,分别选择室温和水热环境陈化处理,洗涤干燥后,350 ℃的马弗炉里煅烧3 h,通过调控陈化场所和时间可制备出块状、球状及杆状的Co3O4,其中球状的最小粒径达8.54 nm,然后把制备出均相高纯度的Co3O4作为直接甲醇燃料电池阴极催化剂来测试电催化活性,结果显示Co3O4具有良好的电催化性能,在1 mol/L的KOH的氧化还原峰的电位1.34 V,比商用Pt/C(20 wt%)的高0.05 V。在氧气饱和的1 mol/L的KOH电介质溶液中加入20000 ppm的无水甲醇,250s后两种材料的电流密度衰减为0.0051 mA/cm2与0.0136 mA/cm2,半波电位分别为1.025 V和1.113 V,虽然Co3O4的催化活性不及Pt/C(20 wt%)材料,但对甲醇的耐受性及稳定性要优于商用Pt/C(20 wt%)材料。     

炭载Ir金属催化剂的制备及其对氨氧化的电催化性能

利用乙醇-水二元体系制备含质量分数为30%Ir的碳载Ir(Ir/C)催化剂.X射线衍射(XRD)谱和电化学测试分别表明,该催化剂Ir粒子的平均粒径约为2.2 nm.在NaC lO4电解液中,Ir/C催化剂对氨氧化的电催化活性与纯Ir催化剂的相似,但稳定性有明显增加.同时,NH3氧化的电流密度与NH3浓度呈现良好的线性关系,有望在定电位电解型NH3传感器中得到应用.     

S掺杂Fe-N-C高活性氧还原反应催化剂

采用微波加热和高温碳化技术, 以ZIF-8为前驱体, 在甲醇-水双溶剂体系中先后引入Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O和KSCN, 制备了一系列S掺杂的Fe-N-C催化剂（Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC）, 并通过X射线粉末衍射、 扫描透射电子显微镜和氮气吸附-脱附测试等表征手段进行分析. 结果表明, Fe和S两种元素的合理掺杂使Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC催化剂具有明显的分级多孔结构, 比表面积达到673 m²/g, 在酸、 碱电解质中均表现出了优异的氧还原催化性能. 在0.1 mol/L KOH中, Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC催化剂的半波电位达到0.880 V(vs. RHE), 高于商业Pt/C催化剂, 且表现出了比商业Pt/C更优的稳定性. 在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄中, Fe₃C/Fe-SAS@SNC电催化氧还原的性能也与商业Pt/C催化剂相当.     

非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂的最新进展

氢气具有环境友好、含量丰富、高能量密度等特点,是一种可以替代化石能源的绿色环保可再生能源. 电解水是制备氢气最有效途径之一. 但在电解水过程中,动力学过程非常缓慢,过电位较大的阳极析氧半反应严重限制了阴极析氢反应效率. 因此,研究高效、稳定和低成本的催化剂来降低析氧反应的过电位,从而提高析氢反应效率受到了广泛关注. 基于非贵金属催化剂本身特性及其在高浓度OH-条件下具有较高OER催化活性等原因,本文首先简要介绍碱性条件下析氧反应机理及其性能的评价方法,然后重点讨论非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂的最新研究进展. 最后对如何深入研究催化机理、设计高效、双功能及新型非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂进行了展望.     

树脂包覆ZIF-67衍生物制备Co-基氮掺杂多孔碳材料作为ORR催化剂的研究

高稳定性、高性能、低成本的氧还原反应（ORR）非贵金属催化剂对碱性燃料电池的发展具有重大意义。本研究利用杂原子（N,S）掺杂多孔碳材料和ZIF-67中非贵金属的协同作用制备出性能优良的非贵金属催化剂Co-N/S@CET。物理表征得出炭化后的催化剂表面具有介孔结构,且Co和N进行了大量配位,并且通过XPS测试揭示了催化剂中具有大量Co-N_x活性位点。电化学测试结果表明,Co-N/S@CET具有良好的ORR活性和稳定性,极限电流密度达5.0mA/cm²,半波电位达0.85V,且具有优异的稳定性（10000s后仅衰减4%）。     

镍氮掺杂石墨炔用作高效氧还原电催化剂

氧还原反应是燃料电池中至关重要的一环。常规的氧还原反应催化剂是贵金属铂,但鉴于铂的高成本,研究者希望寻找一种低成本的替代催化剂,它更便宜并且具有相当于铂的催化效果。在前期研究中,已经对铁氮共掺杂石墨炔和钴氮共掺杂石墨炔进行了研究,它们均表现出了高效的氧还原反应活性,而与之具有相似电子结构的金属镍尚未研究。因此,此工作以氢取代石墨炔为基底,设计并合成了多种镍氮掺杂的石墨炔电催化剂,并进行了氧还原电化学测试,其中,镍质量分数2%并加入三聚氰胺进行烧制的镍氮掺杂石墨炔催化剂表现出最佳的氧还原电催化性能。对催化剂进行了一系列的物理表征：X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,进一步分析了其结构和形貌。从物理表征及电化学测试结果可以看出,氮原子是构建催化活性位点的关键,而镍原子在提高催化剂性能方面起着至关重要的作用,氮和镍的协同作用使得镍氮掺杂石墨炔催化剂表现出优异的催化性能,这使其具有良好的应用前景。     

PtNi Alloy Coated in Porous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

The development of low platinum loading hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts with high activity and stability is of great significance to the practical application of hydrogen energy. This paper reports a simple method to synthesize a highly efficient HER catalyst through coating a highly dispersed PtNi alloy on porous nitrogen-doped carbon (MNC) derived from the zeolite imidazolate skeleton. The catalyst is characterized and analyzed by physical characterization methods, such as XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, and LSV, EIS, it, v-t, etc. The optimized sample exhibits an overpotential of only 26 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², outperforming commercial 20 wt% Pt/C (33 mV). The synthesized catalyst shows a relatively fast HER kinetics as evidenced by the small Tafel slope of 21.5 mV dec⁻¹ due to the small charge transfer resistance, the alloying effect between Pt and Ni, and the interaction between PtNi alloy and carrier.     

Highly Conductive Cobalt Perthiolated Coronene Complex for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

Metal-bis(dithiolene) is one of the most promising structures showing redox activity, excellent electron transport and magnetic properties as well as catalytic activities. Perthiolated coronene (PTC), an emerging highly symmetric ligand containing the smallest graphene nanoplate was employed to manufacture a hybrid material with fused metal-bis(dithiolene) and graphene nanoplate, and it has been demonstrated as an efficient strategy for the construction of multifunctional materials recently. Herein, Co-PTC, a 2D MOF containing Co-bis(dithiolene) and coronene units is prepared via a homogeneous reaction for the first time as powder samples, which are bar-shaped microparticles composed of nanosheets. A neutral formula of [Co₃(C₂₄S₁₂)]_n is verified for Co-PTC. Co-PTC plays an ultrahigh conductivity of approximately 45 S cm⁻¹ at room temperature as compressed samples, which is among the highest value ever reported for the compressed powder samples of conducting MOFs. Moreover, Co-PTC exhibits good electrocatalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a Tafel slope of 189 mV decade⁻¹ and an operating overpotential of 227 mV at 10 mA cm⁻¹ with pH=0, as well as a remarkable stability in the extremely acidic aqueous solutions, which is the best hydrogen evolution properties among metal–organic compounds.     

Highly Active Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of cobalt phosphide, CoP, have been prepared and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under strongly acidic conditions (0.50 M H₂SO₄, pH 0.3). Uniform, multi‐faceted CoP nanoparticles were synthesized by reacting Co nanoparticles with trioctylphosphine. Electrodes comprised of CoP nanoparticles on a Ti support (2 mg cm^?2 mass loading) produced a cathodic current density of 20 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of ?85 mV. The CoP/Ti electrodes were stable over 24 h of sustained hydrogen production in 0.50 M H₂SO₄. The activity was essentially unchanged after 400 cyclic voltammetric sweeps, suggesting long‐term viability under operating conditions. CoP is therefore amongst the most active, acid‐stable, earth‐abundant HER electrocatalysts reported to date.     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanoribbons: Graphene‐Assisted Formation and Synergic Function for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

The development of new promising metal‐free catalysts is of great significance for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a rationally assembled three‐dimensional (3D) architecture of 1D graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) nanoribbons with 2D graphene sheets has been developed by a one‐step hydrothermal method. Because of the multipathway of charge and mass transport, the hierarchically structured g‐C₃N₄ nanoribbon–graphene hybrids lead to a high electrocatalytic ability for HER with a Tafel slope of 54 mV decade^?1, a low onset overpotential of 80 mV and overpotential of 207 mV to approach a current of 10 mA cm^?2, superior to those non‐metal materials and well‐developed metallic catalysts reported previously. This work presents a great advance for designing and developing highly efficient metal‐free catalyst for hydrogen evolution.     

氮掺杂碳纤维负载镍钴硒化物的制备及其电催化析氢性能

以静电纺丝制备的纤维为前驱体,通过煅烧、硒化处理等工艺合成了负载双金属硒化物纳米粒子的氮掺杂碳纤维(NCF)材料((Ni,Co)Se2/NCF),并对其进行了一系列相关的表征,研究了其在酸性和碱性条件下的析氢性能.(Ni,Co)Se2纳米粒子被锚定于NCF中,有效地阻止了纳米粒子的聚集,提供了更多的催化活性位点.电催化...     

Enhanced Electron Penetration through an Ultrathin Graphene Layer for Highly Efficient Catalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Major challenges encountered when trying to replace precious‐metal‐based electrocatalysts of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media are related to the low efficiency and stability of non‐precious‐metal compounds. Therefore, new concepts and strategies have to be devised to develop electrocatalysts that are based on earth‐abundant materials. Herein, we report a hierarchical architecture that consists of ultrathin graphene shells (only 1–3 layers) that encapsulate a uniform CoNi nanoalloy to enhance its HER performance in acidic media. The optimized catalyst exhibits high stability and activity with an onset overpotential of almost zero versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and an overpotential of only 142 mV at 10 mA cm^?2, which is quite close to that of commercial 40 % Pt/C catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the ultrathin graphene shells strongly promote electron penetration from the CoNi nanoalloy to the graphene surface. With nitrogen dopants, they synergistically increase the electron density on the graphene surface, which results in superior HER activity on the graphene shells.     

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles-Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Evolution

As a promising metal-free photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is still limited by insufficient visible light absorption and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Here, we adjusted the microstructure of the pristine bulk-g-C₃N₄ (PCN) and further loaded silver (Ag) nanoparticles. Abundant Ag nanoparticles were grown on the thin-layer g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (CNNS), and the Ag nanoparticles decorated g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (Ag@CNNS) were successfully synthesized. The thin-layer nanosheet-like structure was not only beneficial for the loading of Ag nanoparticles but also for the adsorption and activation of reactants via exposing more active sites. Moreover, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect induced by Ag nanoparticles enhanced the absorption of visible light by narrowing the band gap of the substrate. Meanwhile, the composite band structure effectively promoted the separation and transfer of carriers. Benefiting from these merits, the Ag@CNNS reached a superior hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) yield of 120.53 μmol/g/h under visible light irradiation in pure water (about 8.0 times higher than that of PCN), significantly surpassing most previous reports. The design method of manipulating the microstructure of the catalyst combined with the modification of metal nanoparticles provides a new idea for the rational development and application of efficient photocatalysts.     

Distance Synergy of MoS2-Confined Rhodium Atoms for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

Perturbing the electronic structure of the MoS₂ basal plane by confining heteroatoms offers the opportunity to trigger in-plane activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The key challenge consists of inducing the optimum HER activity by controlling the type and distribution of confined atoms. A distance synergy of MoS₂-confined single-atom rhodium is presented, leading to an ultra-high HER activity at the in-plane S sites adjacent to the rhodium. By optimizing the distance between the confined Rh atoms, an ultra-low overpotential of 67 mV is achieved at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² in acidic solution. Experiments and first-principles calculations demonstrate a unique distance synergy between the confined rhodium atoms in tuning the reactivity of neighboring in-plane S atoms, which presents a volcanic trend with the inter-rhodium distance. This study provides a new strategy to tailor the activity of MoS₂ surface via modulating the distance between confined single atoms.     

石墨烯基催化剂的设计合成与电催化应用

为了解决能源匮乏和环境污染的问题,研究人员正致力于寻找清洁可持续的新能源。 其中,氧气还原、氧气析出、析氢反应等是紧密联系新型清洁能源获取和存贮的重要电化学反应。 为了提高其能量转化效率,电催化剂(如碳载铂Pt/C)被广泛地用于降低其反应活化能、提高能量转化效率。 近年来,石墨烯作为一种具有高比表面积和优异导电性的二维碳材料受到了广泛关注。 通过表面杂原子掺杂、缺陷调控和引入催化活性组分等方式,获得了催化性能与贵金属催化剂相媲美,且低价格和高稳定性的非贵金属石墨烯基催化材料。 针对氧气还原、氧气析出和析氢反应在燃料电池、金属-空气电池和电催化水分解中的应用,本文概括综述了通过表/界面结构性质调控提高石墨烯电催化性能和稳定性,获得具有双功能或复合催化性能的石墨烯基催化剂的最新研究进展。 最后总结和展望了亟待解决的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

Carbon Nanotube Supported Molybdenum Carbide as Robust Electrocatalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Molybdenum carbide is considered to be one of the most competitive catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) regarding its high catalytic activity and superior corrosion resistance. But the low electrical conductivity and poor interfacial contact with the current collector greatly inhibit its practical application capability. Herein, carbon nanotube (CNT) supported molybdenum carbide was assembled via electrostatic adsorption combined with complex bonding. The N-doped molybdenum carbide nanocrystals were uniformly anchored on the surfaces of amino CNTs, which depressed the agglomeration of nanoparticles while strengthening the migration of electrons. The optimized catalyst (250-800-2h) showed exceptional electrocatalytic performance towards HER under both acidic and alkaline conditions. Especially in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution, the 250-800-2h catalyst exhibited a low overpotential of 136 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm² (η₁₀) with the Tafel slope of 49.9 mV dec⁻¹, and the overpotential only increased 8 mV after 20,000 cycles of stability test. The active corrosive experiment revealed that more exposure to high-activity γ-Mo₂N promoted the specific mass activity of Mo, thus, maintaining the catalytic durability of the catalyst.