酶解-高效液相色谱法检测麦片和啤酒中β-葡聚糖的含量

用纤维素酶将样品提取液中的β-葡聚糖酶解为葡萄糖,高效液相色谱-示差折光检测葡萄糖,从而确定样品中β-葡聚糖的含量.0.1g粉碎后的麦片用1mL80%乙醇洗涤,5mL 水提取,检测提取液中β-葡聚糖的含量.用该方法检测标准物质大麦,回收率大于72.0%,相对标准偏差为2.5%,检出限为2%.10mL 啤酒样品用40mL95%乙醇沉淀,离心,沉淀物于80℃烘干,用1.8mL水溶解,测定溶液中β-葡聚糖的含量.啤酒中β-葡聚糖的检出限为40mg/L.方法可对大麦和啤酒中β-葡聚糖含量进行检测.     

毛细管区带电泳高效分离和高灵敏检测α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白

α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白系由牛乳清提取的乳糖制品中的主要蛋白杂质,是引起食物及药物过敏的主要过敏原。因此,在食品安全及医药安全领域,对二者的分离及痕量检测是至关重要的。本研究建立了一种简单、快速、灵敏、重现性好的毛细管区带电泳(CZE)方法,使用简单的电泳体系和样品处理步骤,实现了α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的基线分离和痕量检测。CZE条件如下:25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.0),分析电压+30 kV,毛细管温度25℃,紫外检测波长205 nm,压力进样5 kPa"10 s。在此条件下,样品分析时间为2 min,α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的检出限(LOD)分别为3.0和12 mg/L;迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别小于1%和6%,符合实际样品检测要求。本方法已成功用于实际乳糖样品的分析,在相关领域也有很好的应用前景。     

α/β类蛋白折叠中π-π相互作用的特异性

以α/β类蛋白的2种典型折叠类型为研究对象,对205个低相似度蛋白样本中的π-π相互作用进行统计分析.计算结果表明,(α/β)8-barrel折叠中π-π相互作用的分布密度高于经典Rossmann折叠,且在关键的局部区域的差异更加显著;芳香族氨基酸在(α/β)8-barrel结构中更容易形成π-π相互作用;色氨酸对应的3种π-π相互作用组合在(α/β)8-barrel折叠中出现的几率显著高于经典Rossmann折叠;(α/β)8-barrel折叠中π-π相互作用形成复杂π网络的能力强于经典Rossmann折叠.上述结果表明,π-π相互作用在α/β类蛋白的不同折叠类型中存在特异性,其在稳定(α/β)8-barrel结构中的作用强于经典Rossmann折叠.     

α-亚甲基-γ-丁内酯类GPR52拮抗剂的设计与合成研究

GPR52是一种孤儿G蛋白偶联受体,在纹状体中高度表达,与神经退行性疾病亨廷顿舞蹈症(HD)的发生相关.变异亨廷顿蛋白(mHTT)的蓄积是亨廷顿舞蹈症的主要发病原因.通过拮抗GPR52活性降低m HTT的水平是一种有潜力的新型治疗手段.通过高通量筛选,发现天然产物E7作为共价拮抗剂对GPR52具有一定的抑制作用(IC₅₀=12.0μmol/L).本工作通过保留关键母核α-亚甲基-γ-丁内酯,对E7进行结构简化并改造,设计合成了34个新型α-亚甲基-γ-丁内酯衍生物,其中(±)-4-甲氧基苯甲酸-[(2S,3R)-4-甲亚基-5-氧亚基-2-(噻吩-2-基)四氢呋喃-3-基]甲基酯(10m)对GPR52具有较好的拮抗活性(IC₅₀=0.58μmol/L).同时,初步确定了此类新型GPR52拮抗剂的构效关系,并验证了α-亚甲基-γ-丁内酯母核的必要性.     

基于拟肽仿生催化作用的α,β-不饱和环酮合成及机理研究

首次通过人工合成的具有β-转角结构的拟肽,模仿脱水酶催化β-羟基环酮化合物的分子内脱水,制备α,β-不饱和环酮,实验结果表明：在生理温度(37℃)条件下,拟肽催化剂对于β-羟基环酮衍生物具有优异的催化性能和反应收率。其中,β-羟基环戊酮类化合物的催化脱水产率最高可达96%,β-羟基环己酮类化合物的催化脱水产率最高可达97%。同时,对β-羟基酮仿生催化脱水形成α,β-不饱和酮的反应机理进行了研究。     

基于乙烯基环氧构建雄甾6β,7β-亚甲基的方法

设计了简便构建甾体分子中6β,7β-亚甲基结构的合成路线.以4,6-雄二烯-3,17-二酮为起始原料,依次经硼氧化钠还原、间氯过氧苯甲酸环氧化、氢化铝锂还原性开环、Simmons-Smith加成等4步反应得到目标结构化合物6β,7β-亚甲基雄甾-3β,5β,17-三醇.中间体4β,5β-环氧-6-雄烯-3β,17-二醇经C-4-O还原开环得到顺式产物6-雄烯-3β,5β,17β-三醇,产率93.0%.没有检测到C-5-O裂解产物,从而高效地得到了高立体选择性定位导向Simmons-Smith加成所需的5β-羟基-6-甾烯结构.中间体和目标物经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、质谱及元素分析确证了其化学结构.     

Competitive Protein Binding Assay of Camp1 Using Thyroid Cytosol

Abstract

We describe here a competitive protein-binding assay (CPBA) of cAMP which employs a crude thyroid cytosol preparation as the ligand-binding reagent. The affinity constant (Ka) of the binding of cAMP to the thyroid receptor varied between 1 and 4 × 10⁹ M^?1 in the assay. ATP, ADP and AMP did not interfere in the assay. Cross -reaction of cGMP, 1.8%, and that of cIMP, 36%, were comparable to those observed with previously described CPBAs of cAMP. The range of the assay standard curve was 0.5—20.0 pmoles per tube. Coefficient of variation was 8.3% within an assay and 8.7% between assays. The assay was applied to measurement of cAMP in biologic fluids and tissues. The results were comparable to those obtained with previous methods.     

Further Studies on the Interaction of Immobilized Folate Binding Protein and Enzyme-Folate Conjugates; An Enzyme-Linked Competitive Binding Assay for Folate

Abstract

The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the folate interaction with immobilized folate binding protein (FBP) are examined. The use of enzyme-rather than radio-labeled folate provides insight into the complex binding mechanism of folate with FBP and indicates that polymerization of the binding protein (evident for FBP-folate association in solution) is not a prerequisite for the cooperative behavior observed. An enzyme-linked competitive binding assay for folate based on this interaction is described and dose-response curves demonstrate the sensitivity and selectivity of the method. The accuracy of the assay is tested by determining folate in infant formula.     

Organic Ligand Binding by a Hydrophobic Cavity in a Designed Tetrameric Coiled‐Coil Protein

The design and characterization of a hydrophobic cavity in de novo designed proteins provides a wide range of information about the functions of de novo proteins. We designed a de novo tetrameric coiled‐coil protein with a hydrophobic pocketlike cavity. Tetrameric coiled coils with hydrophobic cavities have previously been reported. By replacing one Leu residue at the a position with Ala, hydrophobic cavities that did not flatten out due to loose peptide chains were reliably created. To perform a detailed examination of the ligand‐binding characteristics of the cavities, we originally designed two other coiled‐coil proteins: AM2, with eight Ala substitutions at the adjacent a and d positions at the center of a bundled structure, and AM2W, with one Trp and seven Ala substitutions at the same positions. To increase the association of the helical peptides, each helical peptide was connected with flexible linkers, which resulted in a single peptide chain. These proteins exhibited CD spectra corresponding to superhelical structures, despite weakened hydrophobic packing. AM2W exhibited binding affinity for size‐complementary organic compounds. The dissociation constants, K_d, of AM2W were 220 nM for adamantane, 81 μM for 1‐adamantanol, and 294 μM for 1‐adamantaneacetic acid, as measured by fluorescence titration analyses. Although it was contrary to expectations, AM2 did not exhibit any binding affinity, probably due to structural defects around the designed hydrophobic cavity. Interestingly, AM2W exhibited incremental structure stability through ligand binding. Plugging of structural defects with organic ligands would be expected to facilitate protein folding.     

A Simple,But Reliable Assay of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin

Abstract

The likelihood of erroneous results is very high when a single dose of ligand (e.g. dihydrotestosterone) is employed in the assay of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) using precipitation with ammonium sulfate. However, correct results will be obtained if several ligand doses are used and the calculations are based on a Scatchard plot from which non-specific binding has been eliminated. The reliability of such a multiple-dose SHBG assay was tested. As established by an analysis of variance, the results of the measurements were independent of the volume assayed. Furthermore, by assaying 25 plasma sample in duplicate, an average within-assay coefficient of variation of 5.5% was obtained. The assay of the same samples on different occasions gave an estimate of between-assay variation ranging from 3.5% to 8.9% for various types of plasma. Moreover, the results of the assay of 170 plasma samples were well correlated (r = 0.8) with those obtained by a steady state electrophoresis. Thus the multiple-dose precipitation assay gives reliable results and is suitable for routine measurements of SHBG.     

Assembling DNA through Affinity Binding to Achieve Ultrasensitive Protein Detection

Recent advances in DNA assembly and affinity binding have enabled exciting developments of nanosensors and ultrasensitive assays for specific proteins. 1 – 6 These sensors and assays share three main attractive features: 1 , 4 , 7 1) the detection of proteins can be accomplished by the detection of amplifiable DNA, thereby dramatically enhancing the sensitivity; 2) assembly of DNA is triggered by affinity binding of two or more probes to a single target molecule, thereby resulting in increased specificity; and 3) the assay is conducted in solution with no need for separation, thus making the assay attractive for potential point‐of‐care applications. We illustrate here the principle of assembling DNA through affinity binding, and we highlight novel applications to the detection of proteins.     

快速检测心型脂肪酸结合蛋白的荧光免疫微流体测试卡

研制出一种以时间分辨荧光微球作为标记,自驱动快速检测H-FABP的荧光免疫微流体测试卡.利用激光切割法在双面胶上简便、快速地切割出所设计的微通道结构,并采用激光切割法制作出聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)测试卡底板及上盖.使用提拉涂膜的方法在PMMA底板表面修饰马来酸酐官能团,有效地解决了捕获抗体在PMMA表面的固定问题.使用等离子体处理测试卡上盖改善其亲水性,使液体能够在微通道内自行流动.使用此测试卡可以实现对心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)的快速检测,线性检测范围为0.5～ 100 ng/mL,检出限为0.1 ng/mL(S/N=3),检测时间少于10 min,批内相对标准偏差(RSD) ＜10％,批间RSD＜15％.本方法具有灵敏度高、检测时间短、结果准确等优点,可以满足临床检测的需求,具有良好的应用前景.     

Local Unfolding of Fatty Acid Binding Protein to Allow Ligand Entry for Binding

Fatty acid binding proteins are responsible for the transportation of fatty acids in biology. Despite intensive studies, the molecular mechanism of fatty acid entry to and exit from the protein cavity is still unclear. Here a cap‐closed variant of human intestinal fatty acid binding protein was generated by mutagenesis, in which the helical cap is locked to the β‐barrel by a disulfide linkage. Structure determination shows that this variant adopts a closed conformation, but still uptakes fatty acids. Stopped‐flow experiments indicate that a rate‐limiting step exists before the ligand association and this step corresponds to the conversion of the closed form to the open one. NMR relaxation dispersion and H‐D exchange data demonstrate the presence of two excited states: one is native‐like, but the other adopts a locally unfolded structure. Local unfolding of helix 2 generates an opening for ligands to enter the protein cavity, and thus controls the ligand association rate.     

毛细管电泳电化学发光用于丙吡胺及其与血浆蛋白结合率的测定

本实验利用透析袋平衡透析、毛细管电泳Ru(bpy)2+3电化学发光检测技术测定了丙吡胺和人血浆蛋白的结合率.在恒电位1.3 V;进样电压10 kV持续10 s,分离电压15 kV,运行缓冲液30 mmol/L 磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.5),检测池中为5 mmol/L Ru(bpy)2+3 稀释于50 mmol/L 磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.5)中等最优化的条件下,丙吡胺的检出限为10 μmol/L(S/N=3).对蛋白结合率的测定结果表明,人血浆中的药物浓度为1.6～8.2 mmol/L,丙吡胺与血浆蛋白的结合是呈线性的,其线性回归方程为y=-0.07+0.93x,线性相关系数r为0.9999,丙吡胺与人血浆蛋白的结合率约为90.4%.     

毛细管电泳技术分析PDGF-B基因启动子与蛋白质的复合物

 利用 1.0 %T ,0 %C的线性聚丙烯酰胺 (即丙烯酰胺和双丙烯酰胺的总质量分数是 1.0 % ,交联度为 0 % )作为筛分介质 ,对人体血小板长生因子 (PDGF) B基因启动子与核蛋白形成的复合物进行了分析。结果显示主要有两种核蛋白与PDGF B基因启动子具有较强的结合能力 ,能形成DNA蛋白质复合物。所得结论与传统凝胶电泳相似。该方法具有较高的分离度和良好的重现性 ,整个分析可在 5 0min内完成。该方法不失为一种基于PDGF为研究目标、用于PDGF与蛋白质复合物形成及抑制行为分析的快速、准确的实用方法。     

Asymmetric Modulation of Protein Order–Disorder Transitions by Phosphorylation and Partner Binding

As for many intrinsically disordered proteins, order–disorder transitions in the N‐terminal oligomerization domain of the multifunctional nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (Npm‐N) are central to its function, with phosphorylation and partner binding acting as regulatory switches. However, the mechanism of this transition and its regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, single‐molecule and ensemble experiments revealed pathways with alternative sequences of folding and assembly steps for Npm‐N. Pathways could be switched by altering the ionic strength. Phosphorylation resulted in pathway‐specific effects, and decoupled folding and assembly steps to facilitate disorder. Conversely, binding to a physiological partner locked Npm‐N in ordered pentamers and counteracted the effects of phosphorylation. The mechanistic plasticity found in the Npm‐N order–disorder transition enabled a complex interplay of phosphorylation and partner‐binding steps to modulate its folding landscape.