磁电弹性复合材料热接触特性研究

磁电弹性(Magneto-electro-elastic, MEE)复合材料在接触热载荷作用下将产生复杂热应力、热电和热磁多物理场响应.基于半解析法建立MEE复合材料热接触模型,其中,推导了单位集中法向力、切向力、电荷、磁荷和温升载荷下各物理量的频率响应函数,引入热流-温升影响系数计算摩擦热产生的温升,并采用离散卷积快速傅里叶变换和共轭梯度法加速其计算过程.将模型计算结果与有限元仿真进行对比,验证模型有效性.进一步利用所提模型分析热接触过程中摩擦热对各物理场的影响规律,结果表明：滑动速度、摩擦系数和表面形貌改变将影响摩擦热分布,进而显著影响应力、电势和磁势的大小和分布;弹性场和电场与摩擦温升呈负相关,而磁场与其为正相关,并且耦合场对温升的敏感程度由高至低为弹性场、电场和磁场.     

摩擦热对UHMWPE/钢摩擦副摩擦性能的影响

通过控制销盘试验中的散热条件测定了摩擦热对UHMWPE/钢摩擦副摩擦性能的影响;利用统计学相关系数理论对摩擦系数和表层温度的相关性进行定量比较,发现不良散热条件使其相关系数显著增大;根据Taylor Hobson轮廓仪测量试样表面形貌三维初始表面高度,尝试用元胞自动机方法进行了摩擦表面温度分布模拟计算,并结合磨损表面形貌分析探讨摩擦热对UHMWPE磨损机理的影响.结果表明:摩擦系统的热传导条件严重影响UHMWPE的摩擦性能;摩擦热效应使得局部接触表面温度超过熔点,摩擦热的积累效应使UHMWPE的磨损机理由粘着磨损变为熔融剪切磨损;在聚合物材料的摩擦试验及应用研究中必须考虑摩擦热的影响.     

磁头/磁盘滑动接触下磁盘温度及热退磁临界条件的研究

采用二维轴对称有限元模型计算磁头/磁盘滑动接触下,铝质磁盘的稳态温度和热应力场以及热退磁临界条件.结果表明:磁盘温度在极短时间内升至摩擦稳态值,然后缓慢线性升高到最终稳态值;经过充分热传导和热交换后磁盘的温度梯度较小,此时磁层内的热应力集中分布于磁盘固定端边缘附近;磁盘的稳态温度和热应力均随速度增大而增大,且载荷越大其值增大越快;热应力小于1.2 GPa时所对应的速度和载荷为安全工况;温升大于373 K时所对应的工况将导致磁盘退磁.     

轮轨滚动摩擦温升分析

利用有限元法,考虑轮轨间非稳态热传导、与环境的热对流以及热辐射的影响,建立了轮轨滚动接触热耦合计算模型来模拟轮轨滚滑摩擦温升;在模拟轮轨纯滑动条件下,计算分析了由磨损引起的滑动接触斑的尺寸增大对轮轨温度场的影响;在模拟轮轨接触斑部分滑动工况时,针对不同蠕滑率、摩擦系数以及轴重对轮轨温度场的影响进行了相应的计算分析.结果表明:接触斑材料的磨损速度只影响磨损过程中的温度场分布,其稳态温度场分布基本一致;热载荷随着纵向载荷、蠕滑率以及摩擦系数的增大而增大,进而影响轮轨滚动接触热疲劳.     

缠绕提升钢丝绳绕入冲击摩擦特性研究

为掌握多层缠绕提升钢丝绳层与层之间滑动摩擦磨损特性,在自制缠绕式矿井提升机钢丝绳层间摩擦试验台上,以6×19热镀锌钢丝绳为研究对象,对不同载荷、滑移速度、冲击速度下钢丝绳滑动摩擦磨损规律及接触区域温升变化规律进行试验探究.研究结果表明:摩擦系数变化分为快速增长阶段、过渡阶段、稳定阶段;摩擦系数随载荷增加小幅减小,随滑移速度增大总体呈降低趋势;缠绕钢丝绳滑动摩擦温升集中于接触区域,最大温升受滑移速度影响明显,随速度增加而增大;冲击摩擦系数明显低于稳定滑动摩擦系数,最大冲击摩擦系数随冲击速度、滑移速度增大而增大,随着冲击载荷增大出现多次冲击摩擦.     

孔隙度对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性影响研究

针对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性的影响因素,建立了摩擦副微观混合润滑模型.考虑了微凸峰接触和局部温升的影响,分析了孔隙度对湿式离合器局部压强分布、油膜和微凸峰承压比、实际接触面积、局部温升的影响.同时,利用摩擦磨损试验机(UMT)进行小试样销-盘试验,分析了不同孔隙度下离合器摩擦副局部摩擦系数的变化.结果表明:在混合润滑中,随着孔隙度的增大,润滑油膜动压作用减小,局部微凸峰接触压强增大,微凸峰法向压力承载比增大,摩擦副实际接触面积增加,因此摩擦系数增大.     

全制动工况下轮轨热-机耦合效应的分析

采用有限元法从摩擦热效应角度探寻轮轨表面破坏的原因,建立了轮轨热-机械载荷耦合接触模型,分析纯滑动接触过程中轮轨的温升以及热应力,模型中考虑了轮轨间非稳态热传导、与环境的热对流和热辐射以及轮轨间的接触计算,分析了滑动接触过程中应力场的分布特点以及速度的影响.结果表明:所采用的接触算法能够求解二维轮轨全制动工况下的热接触问题;轮轨摩擦热效应只存在于表层,其影响随着深度增加而减小;轮轨的相对滑动速度越高,其热效应越明显.     

滑动轴承二维动态摩擦接触的分析研究

应用边界单元法研究了滑动轴承动态摩擦时的接触力学性质,揭示了接触压力分布的不对称性;讨论了载荷,摩擦系数等因素对不对称性的影响,认为摩擦系数可使峰值接触压力降低和接触面积增加,增大载荷会使接触压力分布的不对称性更为明显,接触压力分布的不对称意味着磨损分布的不对称。同时分析了实际工作中滑动轴承摩擦副间的当量摩擦系数,指出在滑动试验研究中应采了当量摩擦系数。     

线接触状态下激光加工微造型表面摩擦特性研究

为了研究表面形貌对线接触弹流状态下摩擦副摩擦特性的影响,采用激光微造型技术,通过控制微造型的形状、深度、间距和面积占有率等参数制造了两组表面高度算术平均值Sa分别相同的试件.使用Talysurf CCI Lite非接触式三维光学轮廓仪对表面进行测量,采用ISO25178参数及连通性系数Us对测量表面进行表征,最后在JPM-1型双盘摩擦磨损试验机上对试件进行富油摩擦试验,得到不同转速、不同载荷工况下的摩擦系数.结果表明:线接触状态下,微造型形状、方向及深度均会对表面的摩擦特性产生影响,顺向箭头微造型表面表现出了最优的摩擦特性;试件摩擦系数随着转速的增大呈线性增长趋势,随着载荷的增大而减小,减小的幅度随载荷的增大逐渐变得缓慢;表面形貌三维表征参数Ssk、Sku、Vvv、Vvc、Us与摩擦特性均有一定的关联性.     

考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型

基于三维分形理论,建立了考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型,并且考虑了微凸体的弹性变形、弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形. 通过该模型,分析了摩擦系数、分形维数、分形粗糙度和接触载荷对热接触热导的影响. 研究结果表明:接触热导随着摩擦系数和分形粗糙度的增大而减小,随着分形维数和接触载荷的增大而增大. 该研究为开展接合面的热传递提供了一定的理论基础.      

FRICTIONAL TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELASTO-PLASTIC WHEEL-RAIL SLIDING CONTACT WITH TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES 1)

轮轨滑动接触温升的准确预测对于轮轨的磨耗和疲劳研究均具有重要意义. 目前的轮轨温升解析或半解析模型通常考虑Hertz弹性接触压力分布和单一材料属性的温度相关性, 与实际的轮轨传热状态尚有一定偏差, 因此在轮轨滑动温升计算模型中考虑接触压力的塑性修正和多种材料属性的温度相关性, 有望提高温升预测结果的准确性. 基于弹塑性接触理论, 同时考虑热导率、比热容和摩擦系数的温度相关性, 通过基尔霍夫变换方法以热导率温度相关性函数的积分作为待求量, 将复杂的非线性Fourier导热方程转化成含单个变系数的简单偏微分方程形式, 从而构建了一种不限制材料温度相关性函数形式的统一隐式差分求解格式, 分别讨论了对流换热系数、法向载荷、蠕滑率以及行车速度对钢轨表面滑动温升的影响. 结果表明, 当列车高速行驶时, 对流换热系数对轮轨滑动温升的影响甚微; 蠕滑率和行车速度的增大, 均会引起摩擦功率的增大, 进而导致钢轨表面温度的升高; 钢轨表面滑动温升的峰值随法向载荷的增大而近似线性上升. 此外, 在轮轨滑动温升计算模型中考虑材料属性的温度相关性可有效避免对滑动温升的过分高估, 且摩擦系数的温度相关性对温升的影响要显著强于热导率和比热容.     

考虑材料温度相关性的二维轮轨弹塑性滑动接触温升分析

轮轨滑动接触温升的准确预测对于轮轨的磨耗和疲劳研究均具有重要意义.目前的轮轨温升解析或半解析模型通常考虑Hertz弹性接触压力分布和单一材料属性的温度相关性,与实际的轮轨传热状态尚有一定偏差,因此在轮轨滑动温升计算模型中考虑接触压力的塑性修正和多种材料属性的温度相关性,有望提高温升预测结果的准确性.基于弹塑性接触理论,同时考虑热导率、比热容和摩擦系数的温度相关性,通过基尔霍夫变换方法以热导率温度相关性函数的积分作为待求量,将复杂的非线性Fourier导热方程转化成含单个变系数的简单偏微分方程形式,从而构建了一种不限制材料温度相关性函数形式的统一隐式差分求解格式,分别讨论了对流换热系数、法向载荷、蠕滑率以及行车速度对钢轨表面滑动温升的影响.结果表明,当列车高速行驶时,对流换热系数对轮轨滑动温升的影响甚微;蠕滑率和行车速度的增大,均会引起摩擦功率的增大,进而导致钢轨表面温度的升高;钢轨表面滑动温升的峰值随法向载荷的增大而近似线性上升.此外,在轮轨滑动温升计算模型中考虑材料属性的温度相关性可有效避免对滑动温升的过分高估,且摩擦系数的温度相关性对温升的影响要显著强于热导率和比热容.     

Two-dimensional thermoelastic contact problem of functionally graded materials involving frictional heating

The two-dimensional thermoelastic sliding frictional contact of functionally graded material (FGM) coated half-plane under the plane strain deformation is investigated in this paper. A rigid punch is sliding over the surface of the FGM coating with a constant velocity. Frictional heating, with its value proportional to contact pressure, friction coefficient and sliding velocity, is generated at the interface between the punch and the FGM coating. The material properties of the coating vary exponentially along the thickness direction. In order to solve the heat conduction equation analytically, the homogeneous multi-layered model is adopted for treating the graded thermal diffusivity coefficient with other thermomechanical properties being kept as the given exponential forms. The transfer matrix method and Fourier integral transform technique are employed to convert the problem into a Cauchy singular integral equation which is then solved numerically to obtain the unknown contact pressure and the in-plane component of the surface stresses. The effects of the gradient index, Peclet number and friction coefficient on the thermoelastic contact characteristics are discussed in detail. Numerical results show that the distribution of the contact stress can be altered and therefore the thermoelastic contact damage can be modified by adjusting the gradient index, Peclet number and friction coefficient.     

Thermoelastic contact mechanics for a flat punch sliding over a graded coating/substrate system with frictional heat generation

The problem of thermoelastic contact mechanics for the coating/substrate system with functionally graded properties is investigated, where the rigid flat punch is assumed to slide over the surface of the coating involving frictional heat generation. With the coefficient of friction being constant, the inertia effects are neglected and the solution is obtained within the framework of steady-state plane thermoelasticity. The graded material exists as a nonhomogeneous interlayer between dissimilar, homogeneous phases of the coating/substrate system or as a nonhomogeneous coating deposited on the substrate. The material nonhomogeneity is represented by spatially varying thermoelastic moduli expressed in terms of exponential functions. The Fourier integral transform method is employed and the formulation of the current thermoelastic contact problem is reduced to a Cauchy-type singular integral equation of the second kind for the unknown contact pressure. Numerical results include the distributions of the contact pressure and the in-plane component of the surface stress under the prescribed thermoelastic environment for various combinations of geometric, loading, and material parameters of the coated medium. Moreover, in order to quantify and characterize the singular behavior of contact pressure distributions at the edges of the flat punch, the stress intensity factors are defined and evaluated in terms of the solution to the governing integral equation.     

Heat dispersion in stationary mixed convection flow about horizontal surfaces in porous media

An analysis has been performed to study the influence of velocity dependent dispersion on transverse heat transfer in mixed convection flow above a horizontal wall of prescribed temperature in a saturated porous medium. The Boussinesq approximation and boundary layer analysis were used to numerically obtain gravity affected temperature and velocity distributions within the frames of Darcy's law and a total thermal diffusivity tensor comprising both of constant coefficient heat conduction and velocity proportional mechanical heat dispersion. Dependending on Pe_∞, the molecular Peclét number basing on the effective thermal diffusivity and the velocity of the oncoming flow, density coupling has distinct influences on heat transfer rates between the wall surface and the porous medium flow region. For small Peclét numbers, when heat conduction is the prevailing mechanism, wall heat fluxes are the higher the larger the density difference between the oncoming and the near wall fluid is. The opposite is true for larger Peclét numbers, when mechanical heat dispersion is the main cause of heat spreading. For Pe_∞ tending to infinity these wall heat fluxes approach finite maximum values in the total heat diffusivity model, they grow beyond any limit if only constant coefficient heat conduction is considered. Thus, the inclusion of mechanical heat dispersion effects yields physically more realistic predictions. Received on 18 September 1996     

共线式热电发电机在侧面散热情况下的性能

热电材料是一种环境友好型功能材料,其可以实现热能与电能的相互转化,在热电发电、热电制冷中具有许多应用.传统的热电发电机为$\pi$型结构,要求热电腿的长度相等,在某些情况该结构不利于热电发电机的优化设计.热电发电机在高温工况下会引起强烈的热应力甚至应力集中,从而缩短了其工作寿命.另外,热电发电机的工作温度于环境温度,这样必然会有一部分热量散失到环境中,从而影响热电发电机的性能.针对该现象,本文建立了考虑散热的新型共线式热电发电机模型,该模型的热电腿可以独立进行优化,基于有限元方法,对考虑侧面散热的共线式热电发电机进行了仿真模拟,分析了其在狄利克雷边界条件下的热电性能和力学性能,得到了热电发电机的温度场、电势场、应力场,探究了不同强度的对流散热系数对热电发电机热电性能和力学性能的影响.结果表明,对流散热会降低热电发电机的能量转化效率,当对流换热系数达到~100W/(m$^{2}\cdot$\textcelsius) 时,效率为~0.0479,该值比绝热状态的转化效率0.066 7 低28%.对流散热使热电发电机侧面热损失增加,降低了热应力.在实际应用中,应合理优化设计隔热系统,提高能量的转化效率.      

Closed-form solutions of the frictional sliding contact problem for a magneto-electro-elastic half-plane indented by a rigid conducting punch

This paper focuses on the study of a frictional sliding contact problem between a homogeneous magneto-electro-elastic material (MEEM) and a perfectly conducting rigid flat punch subjected to magneto-electro-mechanical loads. The problem is formulated under plane strain conditions. Using Fourier transform, the resulting plane magneto-electro-elasticity equations are converted analytically into three coupled singular integral equations in which the main unknowns are the normal contact stress, the electric displacement and the magnetic induction. An analytical closed-form solution is obtained for the normal contact stress, electric displacement and magnetic induction distributions. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of the friction coefficient and the elastic, electric and magnetic coefficients on the surface contact pressure, electric displacement and magnetic induction distributions for the case of flat stamp profile.