固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的研究进展

柠檬酸三丁酯是一种新型绿色无毒环保型增塑剂，被认为是传统非环保、有毒增塑剂——邻苯二甲酸酯的替代品，已经被广泛应用在高分子材料和石油化工等行业。本文综述了近年来固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的研究进展，涉及到的催化剂包括固体超强酸、分子筛、杂多酸、负载型固体酸、离子液体，对它们的催化性能和催化机理进行了概述。固体酸克服了传统液体酸腐蚀性强、分离困难、后处理复杂等缺陷。并对固体酸催化剂的发展方向及前景进行了展望。     

酸性离子液体中铂纳米粒子的制备、表征及应用

基于功能化离子液体的特性,开发出不使用聚合物保护剂制备铂纳米粒子并同时获得具有金属和酸活性中心双功能催化剂的新方法。首先,设计并合成出了一种新型季铵型质子(Br?nsted)酸性离子液体(N, N, N-三甲基-N-磺丁基硫酸氢铵([HSO₃-b-N(CH₃)₃]HSO₄)),然后,利用化学还原方法在该离子液体中制备了金属铂纳米粒子,并采用紫外光谱、傅立叶红外光谱、X-光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射等方法对所制备的金属铂纳米粒子进行了结构表征。结果表明,所制备的铂纳米粒子具有面心立方结构,离子液体作为修饰剂修饰在铂纳米粒子的表面,有效地阻止了铂纳米粒子的团聚;将该含有铂纳米粒子的酸性离子液体作为双功能催化剂,直接用于硝基苯加氢合成对氨基苯酚反应,发现其具有良好的催化性能,在85 ℃、4 h、0.4 MPa条件下,硝基苯转化率为98.6%,对氨基苯酚收率为75.8%,回收的酸性离子液体纳米铂双功能催化体系中铂纳米粒子依然具有很好的分散性和稳定性。     

助剂改性活性炭担载Pt催化剂催化硝基苯加氢制对氨基苯酚

以改性活性炭担载的Pt为催化剂催化硝基苯经加氢重排一步合成对氨基苯酚，收率54．70％，选择性可达91.40%。     

磁性固体酸的设计制备及其催化应用

液体酸催化剂在化学化工领域发挥巨大作用的同时伴随着分离回收困难、反应器腐蚀及废酸处理繁琐等明显缺点,寻求有潜在工业应用前景的替代型催化剂已成为当前催化领域的重要研究方向。磁性固体酸作为一种高效的新型多相催化剂,在提供酸催化能力的同时具有磁控分离的特性,符合绿色化学化工的发展理念,正在逐步取代液体酸发挥重大作用,是当前固体酸研究的热点之一。本文对不同制备方法、不同种类酸的磁性固体酸研究进行了综述,分析了各种方法的优缺点,阐述了磁性固体酸在催化领域的应用研究现状,并对磁性固体酸未来的研究方向作了展望。     

Pt／活性炭催化剂催化硝基苯加氢制备对氨基酚

Ｐｔ／活性炭催化剂催化硝基苯加氢制备对氨基酚刘东志陈昌藻（天津大学应用化学系，天津３０００７２）关键词硝基苯，催化氢化，对氨基苯酚，复合催化剂，铂，钯，活性炭对氨基酚（ＰＡＰ）是一种重要的化工中间体，广泛应用于染料、橡胶及感光材料等工业，同时也是消炎...     

改性γ-Al2O3担载Pt催化剂用于硝基苯加氢制对氨基苯酚

对氨基苯酚(PAP)是一种重要的有机化工原料,广泛用于医药、染料、感光材料等有机合成工业[1,2],如用于合成扑热息痛、对苯二胺类防老剂,分散染料、硫化染料及酸性染料,也可用于甲醛贮藏阻聚、抑制金属腐蚀及丙烯二聚催化剂等.在酸性介质中催化硝基苯加氢制备对氨基苯酚是工业上一种有较强竞争力的生产工艺.国内外学者对Pt/C和Pt/γ-Al2O3等催化剂进行了大量的研究工作[3～5],但由于催化剂的寿命短、回收难和PAP收率低等问题,未能广泛应用.本文以稀土氧化物和TiO2等改性的γ-Al2O3作载体制备了担载Pt催化剂,考察了不同还原剂及活性组分含量等因素对催化剂性能的影响.     

SAPO-5 分子筛的制备及其催化合成对氨基苯酚

 采用水热法在常规无氟和含氟体系中制备了磷酸硅铝 (SAPO-5) 分子筛, 并运用 X 射线衍射、扫描电镜、固体核磁共振、红外光谱和氨程序升温脱附等方法对样品进行了表征, 考察了初始凝胶硅含量及 HF 的加入对分子筛结构、硅插入方式、酸性及其在硝基苯加氢合成对氨基苯酚 (PAP) 反应过程中催化苯基羟胺重排反应活性的影响. 结果表明, 含 HF 体系中合成的分子筛中 Si 的取代以 SM3 机理为主, 产生了较多的 Si(4Si) 纯硅区, 导致分子筛表面酸量降低, 酸强度增加. HF 的存在提高了 SAPO-5 分子筛晶化的完整度, 抑制了高硅含量条件下凝胶态 SiO2 的产生, 促进了 Si 在分子筛结构中的插入. 在硝基苯加氢合成 PAP 反应过程中, 含氟体系中合成的分子筛催化重排反应性能明显高于无氟体系合成的分子筛样品, PAP 最高收率达 53.2%.     

Ni/HZSM-5的结构及催化木糖醇水相加氢合成液体烷烃的性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了Ni/HZSM-5双功能催化剂,采用BET、XRD、NH3-TPD、H2-TPR、FTIR和TG等方法表征了催化剂比表面、孔结构、酸性、还原能力及骨架结构等信息,研究了其催化木糖醇水相加氢合成液体烷烃的性能及催化剂失活的原因。结果表明,在优化的金属中心/酸中心的协同作用下,木糖醇可通过水相加氢高选择性地合成C5-C6烷烃;过高的金属中心或酸中心均会导致C-C键断裂形成轻质烷烃,以2%Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上木糖醇水相加氢活性最高,木糖醇C转化率为94%液体烷烃总收率可达90%,这与其具有较大的比表面积、合适的孔径分布、较多的金属活性中心、适中的酸量和强酸量有关。催化剂6次重复使用后活性明显降低,其骨架部分脱铝和表面积碳是其失活的主要原因。     

Ni/SiO2和SO3H-C/SBA-15复合催化剂上硝基苯加氢制对氨基苯酚

将Ni/SiO2催化剂与磺酸功能化的C/SBA-15固体酸(SO3H-C/SBA-15)混合用于催化硝基苯制对氨基苯酚的反应,考察了二者的质量比、反应压力和温度、搅拌速度和反应时间等对反应性能的影响,采用X射线衍射、H2程序升温脱附、透射电镜、N2吸附-脱附、红外光谱和热重分析对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,Ni/SiO2上活性中心分布均匀,碳含量为40%的SO3H-C/SBA-15上固体酸酸值最大.当Ni/SiO2和SO3H-C/SBA-15质量比为1:6时,反应活性较好;在120oC,0.6MPa和搅拌速度1200r/min的条件下反应3h,硝基苯转化率为85.1%,对氨基苯酚选择性为23.8%.与文献中大多数采用Pt和固体酸混合用作催化剂时相当.     

固体酸催化剂S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2-ZrO_2合成马来酸二辛酯

马来酸二辛酯是合成琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠的主要中间体 ,琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠因具有特别强的渗透力、分散性和良好的乳化性而广泛用于印染、制革、涂料、石油钻探等行业 [1 ] 。目前工业上生产马来酸二辛酯大多数用污染和腐蚀性严重的 H2 SO4 作催化剂 ,副反应多 ,并产生有毒的硫酸酯 ,用固体酸代替液体无机酸作为催化剂可避免以上缺点 ,而且具有酸强度高 ,对水稳定 ,制备过程简单等优点 [2 ,3] 。为此人们对其进行了大量的研究。前人曾对 WO3/Zr O2 、Mo O3/Zr O2 体系进行了研究 [4～ 7] ,发现用 SO2 - 4浸渍时促进作用最佳 ,寻找更多…     

新型Brnsted-Lewis酸性催化剂LaPW_(12)O_(40)/SiO_2制备及其在催化酯化反应合成生物柴油中的应用

以十二磷钨杂多酸(Tungstophosphoric acid,H_3PW_(12)O_(40))为基体,分别通过普通浸渍法、溶胶凝胶法和超声浸渍法进行了La3+改性作用,合成了三种固体酸催化剂A-LaPW_(12)O_(40)、B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2和C-LaPW_(12)O_(40)。采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、孔径比表面积测定、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重(TG)、N2吸附-脱附、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对合成的催化剂进行了表征,并比较了以上催化剂在用于催化以油酸和甲醇为反应物经酯化反应合成生物柴油时的活性和稳定性。结果表明,B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2具有最高催化活性,当甲醇与油酸的物质的量比为8∶1,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2%,反应温度为65℃,反应1 h后,油酸的转化率即高达93%。循环使用B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2催化剂六次后,油酸的转化率仍高达86.4%。B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2的高催化活性和稳定性可归因于在溶胶凝胶的转化过程中,作为硅源材料的四乙氧基硅(TEOS)易在酸性条件下发生水解反应形成Si O2网络,进而Si O2网络中的硅醇键与H_3PW_(12)O_(40)中的H+发生配位作用,生成具有强静电吸附力的(≡Si-OH2+)(H2PW12O-40)络合物。随着该络合物的形成,促进了La3+在Si O2表面的吸附而堵塞了H_3PW_(12)O_(40)的孔道结构,抑制了H_3PW_(12)O_(40)颗粒在焙烧过程中进一步聚集长大。Si O2将作为载体并以干凝胶状态存在于B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2催化剂中,由于Si O2凝胶的高比表面积而使B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2具有了较大的比表面积,从H_3PW_(12)O_(40)的1.4 m2/g增加至31.3 m2/g。并且,通过吡啶吸附红外光谱确定B-LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2为Br9nsted-Lewis酸型固体酸,由于Br9nsted酸位易与酯化反应过程中生成的水发生水合反应而失活,因而Lewis酸位的形成有助于减少催化剂的失活现象发生。Lewis酸位的出现可归因于(≡Si-OH2+)(H2PW12O-40)与吸附在其表面的具有强吸电子作用的La3+发生键合作用后生成了LaPW_(12)O_(40)/Si O2。     

Synthesis of Dehydroabietic Acid (2-Acryloyloxy) Ethyl Ester in Ionic Liquids

A simple ionic liquid methodology for the synthesis of a novel derivative of dehydroabietic acid is described. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmim]BF₄, a typical ionic liquid, was used as an efficient and environmentally benign solvent in the synthesis of dehydroabietic acid (2-acryloloxy) ethyl ester by O-acylation reaction of dehydroabietic acid chloride with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. This new method showed the advantages of mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, good yields, and recyclable solvent.     

In situ FTIR spectra of pyridine adsorbed on SiO2–Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and CeO2: general considerations for the identification of acid sites on surfaces of finely divided metal oxides

Exposure of strong Lewis (coordinatively unsaturated metal atoms) and Bronsted (proton donor OH-groups) acid sites on solid surfaces is a prime demand for potential adsorptive and catalytic applications. In situ FTIR spectroscopy of small adsorbed base molecules, often NH₃, pyridine, CH₃CN, NO or CO molecules, has been well established as a powerful surface analytical technique for characterization of nature, strength and concentration of acid sites. Pyridine (Py) has been preferred as an IR probe molecule of finely divided metal oxide surfaces at room (RT) and higher temperature regimes, since it is (i) more selective and stable than NH₃; (ii) much more strongly adsorbed than CO and CH₃CN; and (iii) relatively more sensitive to the strength of Lewis acid sites than NO. In the present work, in situ IR spectra of Py adsorbed at ≥RT on characterized alumina, silica, silica–alumina, titania, zirconia and ceria were measured, and compared with RT-spectra of liquid and gas phase Py obtained under identical spectroscopic conditions, in order to characterize spectral consequences of mutual Py–Py interactions in the adsorbed phase. It has been concluded that the availability of Lewis acid sites can be unequivocally monitored by formation of coordinated Py molecules giving rise to IR-absorption(s) due to the ν_8a mode of νCCN vibrations at 1630–1600 cm⁻¹, where the higher the frequency assumed, the stronger the acidity of the site. Formation of pyridinium surface species (PyH⁺) is identifiable by (i) an ν_8a-absorption at ≥1630 cm⁻¹; (ii) an ν_19b-absorption at 1550–1530 cm⁻¹; as well as (iii) νN⁺---H and δN⁺---H absorptions occurring, respectively, near 2450 and 1580 cm⁻¹, and, thus, the availability of Bronsted acid sites. Moreover, products and IR-characteristics of Py surface reactions at >RT have been identified, and used to imply nature of surface base sites (OH⁻and O²⁻) involved in formation of acid–base site pairs.     

Sulfonic acid supported on magnetic nanoparticle as an eco‐friendly,durable and robust catalyst for the synthesis of β‐amino carbonyl compounds through solvent free Mannich reaction

A simple, efficient and environmentally benign solid acid catalyst was prepared by anchoring a propyl sulfonic acid on the surface of silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles by low cost precursors. The catalyst has been then engaged in the efficient β‐amino carbonyl compounds production via three component Mannich reaction under solvent free reaction condition at room temperature. After the completing the reaction, the catalyst was readily separated by external magnet and reused for 10 successive rounds of reaction, without any significant loss in catalytic efficiency. The solid acidic system presented reusable strategy for the efficient synthesis of β‐amino carbonyl compounds, simplicity in operation, and green aspects by avoiding toxic conventional catalysts under solvent‐free condition.     

Highly efficient preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from sucrose using ionic liquids and heteropolyacid catalysts in dimethyl sulfoxide–water mixed solvent

Several types of ILs and solid acids were used as catalysts in one-pot conversion of sucrose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (abbreviated as 5-HMF) in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water mixed solvent under hydrothermal conditions. A remarkable 5-HMF yield of 91.8% was achieved catalyzed by the cesium salt of dodecatungstophosphoric acid (Cs_2.3H_0.7PW₁₂O₄₀) within 3 h at 180 ℃. The ionic liquid N-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Hmim][HSO₄]) gave the 5-HMF in 82.0% yield from sucrose. To the best of our knowledge, it was almost the highest yield of HMF from sucrose by now. Various reaction parameters including reaction temperature and time and catalyst dosage were optimized. A possible mechanism for this catalytic process was proposed. Furthermore, fructose and glucose were also investigated, good yields of 5-HMF was obtained respectively. This increases the possibility of large-scale production of 5-HMF from carbohydrates.     

微波条件下固体酸催化剂催化酯化生物油的研究

以乙醇和乙酸的酯化作为反应模型,考察固体酸催化剂阳离子交换树脂、SO₄²-/ZrO₂和分子筛在微波加热条件下的酯化活性。结果表明,三类固体酸催化剂的活性顺序为Amberlite树脂﹥SO₄²-/ZrO₂﹥HZSM-5,催化剂活性与酸度一致;酯化反应中水的含量对催化剂的活性有不同程度的影响,水含量较高时催化剂SO₄²-/ZrO₂酯化活性明显变差,而阳离子交换树脂仍具有较高的酯化活性。采用阳离子交换树脂对生物油进行微波催化酯化提质后,原生物油中含有的大量不同种类的羧酸被有效地转化成各种酯类,酯类化合物由原油中的4种增加到13种。与传统加热条件下生物油催化提质比较,生物油微波提质具有明显优势,提质后生物油组分得到优化。     

NMR studies of solid state—solvent and H/D isotope effects on hydrogen bond geometries of 1:1 complexes of collidine with carboxylic acids

¹H and ¹⁵N NMR spectra of 10 complexes exhibiting strong OHN hydrogen bonds formed by ¹⁵N-labeled collidine and different proton donors, partially deuterated in mobile proton sites, have been observed by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy using a low-freezing CDF₃/CDF₂Cl mixture as polar aprotic solvent. The following proton donors have been used: HCl, formic acid, acetic acid, various substituted benzoic acids and HBF₄. The slow hydrogen bond exchange regime could be reached below 140 K, which allowed us to resolve ¹⁵N signal splittings due to H/D isotopic substitution. The valence bond order model is used to link the observed NMR parameters to hydrogen bond geometries. The results are compared to those obtained previously [Magn. Reson. Chem. 39 (2001) S18] for the same complexes in the organic solids. The increase of the dielectric constant from the organic solids to the solution (30 at 130 K) leads to a change of the hydrogen bond geometries along the geometric correlation line towards the zwitterionic structures, where the proton is partially transferred from oxygen to nitrogen. Whereas the changes of spectroscopic and, hence, geometric parameters are small for the systems which are already zwitterionic in the solid state, large changes are observed for molecular complexes which exhibit almost a full proton transfer from oxygen to nitrogen in the polar liquid solvent.     

Identification and structural characterization by LC‐ESI‐IONTRAP and LC‐ESI‐TOF of some metabolic conjugation products of homovanillic acid in urine of neuroblastoma patients

The levels of urinary catecholamine metabolites, such as homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid, are routinely used as a clinical tool in the diagnosis and follow‐up of neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Recently, in the Clinical Pathology Laboratory Unit of G. Gaslini Children Hospital, a commercial method that employs liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection (LC‐EC) has been introduced for the measurement of these metabolites in the routine laboratory practice. Using this LC‐EC method, an unknown peak could be observed only in samples derived from NB patients. To investigate the nature of this peak, we used a combination of liquid chromatography‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐TOF‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐IT‐MS). The first approach was used to obtain the elemental composition of the ions present in this new signal. To get additional structural information useful for the elucidation of unknown compounds, the ion trap analyzer was exploited. We were able to identify not just one, but three unknown signals in urine samples from NB patients which corresponded to three conjugated products of HVA: HVA sulfate and two glucuronoconjugate isomers. The enzymatic hydrolysis with β‐glucuronidase confirmed the proposed structures, while the selective alkaline hydrolysis allowed us to distinguish the difference between phenol‐ and acyl‐glucuronide of HVA. The latter was the unknown peak observed in LC‐EC separations of urine samples from NB patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

InCl3·4H2O Promoted Green Preparation of Xanthenedione Derivatives in Ionic Liquids

Xanthenediones derivatives have attracted considerable interests in recent times because they constitute a structural unit in a number of natural products1 and have been used as versatile synthons due to the inherent reactivity of the inbuilt pyran ring2. The conventional syntheses of xanthenediones were acid or base catalyzed condensation of appropriate active methylene carbonyl compounds with aldehydes3. However, many of these procedures involved longer reaction times,low yields and side reactions of aldehydes. In recent years, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been used as novel green reaction media4. Considering that InCl3 is an efficient Lewis acid catalyst used in promoting many organic reactions, especially in several condensation processes, we herein wish to report a very simple and green method for the preparation of poly-hydrogenated xanthenediones through InCl3·4H2O promoted cascade reaction of aldehydes and 5,5-dimethyl-l,3-cyclohexanedione in ionic liquid,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]). The preparative process presented here is operationally simple, environmentally benign and has the advantage of enhanced atom utilization. Furthermore, the solvent and the catalyst used can be recovered easily and reused efficiently.     

微波促进无溶剂条件下酯键型猪去氧胆酸分子钳的快速有效合成

在微波辐射无溶剂条件下, 以固体K2CO3为载体, 猪去氧胆酸甲酯与芳酰氯反应合成了11个猪去氧胆酸分子钳人工受体. 所有化合物的结构均经1H NMR, IR, MS及元素分析所确证. 同传统方法相比, 该法具有简单、快速、 有效、 对环境友好等优点. 同时考察了这类受体对芳胺和手性分子的识别性能. 结果表明, 这类分子钳受体不但对芳胺具有优良的识别性能, 而且对D/L-氨基酸甲酯具有对映选择性识别性能.