Long time-base temporal holography using fiber-optic tapped delay line diffractive arrays

We propose a temporal holography technique for realizing matched filter structures for arbitrary, narrow-band optical signals. By utilizing the extraordinarily large angular dispersion of a fiber-optic tapped delay line array, we show that it is possible to achieve temporal filtering of optical signals whose coherence times can exceed nanoseconds. This represents a significant improvement in the temporal reach of holographic filters, compared to grating-based methods.     

利用海浪噪声自相关实现散射体无源探测

提出了一种利用海浪噪声自相关实现散射体无源探测的新方法.将各接收器记录噪声信号的自相关减去所有接收器记录噪声信号自相关的平均值,得到散射信号的到达结构,然后结合基尔霍夫移位算法实现对散射体的探测.与利用背景噪声互相关提取格林函数从而实现散射体探测的方法不同,自相关无需考虑各个接收器之间的大量数据传输及时间同步问题,这为相距较远的多接收器和移动平台目标探测提供了极大的方便.将所提出的方法应用于实验数据中,最终探测结果与实际测量结果相比差别不大,验证了方法的有效性.     

Underwater surf noise near sea coasts of different types

Data on underwater surf-generated noise measured near stony, rocky, and sandy coasts of the Black Sea and the Pacific Ocean are presented for a frequency band of 0.03–16 kHz and distances of 0.01–30 km from the coastline. The frequency-power spectra and the excess coefficients in the distributions of the instantaneous values of sound pressure in surf-generated noise are considered for coasts of different types. At surface wave heights of 0.5–0.8 m, the surf-generated acoustic noise near pebble-type coasts is higher than the noise of the open sea at a distance of 10 km from the coast, while the excess coefficients are positive at distances of up to 2.7 km from the coast.     

A model for the horizontal directionality of breaking wave noise in the surf zone

A model is presented for the horizontal directionality of the noise generated by individual breaking waves in the surf zone. The model is based on the interaction between sound radiated by ringing bubbles created in a breaking wave crest and the population of acoustically quiescent bubbles left on the seaward side of the wave in the shallow water waveguide. The effect of the quiescent bubbles is to absorb sound from all but the very ends of the breaking crest, resulting in the formation of "acoustic hot-spots." The model calculations are in good agreement with observations of the horizontal directionality of noise from individual breaking waves in the surf zone.     

Long time measurements of noise from wind turbines

Noise is an important environmental factor at windmill sites and hence there is a need for reliable methods to control the exposure situation. It is difficult and time consuming to make field measurements that cover a large variety of metrological situations. A measurement station for long time noise measurements have been developed which makes it possible to make noise registrations and recordings at different weather situations.     

Long term sleep disturbance due to traffic noise

This contribution to the evaluation of the effects of traffic noise on sleep disturbance is focused on the responses of people living near a main road. Experiments were carried out in the homes of subjects who had habitually been exposed to noise for periods of more than four years. The chronic changes in overall sleep patterns and the temporary sleep responses to particular noise events caused by traffic are demonstrated. Young people show mainly stage 3 and 4 deficits whilst older people show REM sleep deficits. The cardiac response to noise during sleep was also examined. These results highlight that both long term average and peak levels are important in assessing sleep disturbance. The threshold levels, measured inside the bedroom and above which sleep quality starts to become impaired, are 37 L_eq(A) and 45 dB (A)L_{p max}, respectively. For the type of traffic studied these two levels are coherent and it is therefore possible that a single noise index, L_eq(A), is sufficient to scale sleep disturbance.     

Traffic noise spectrum analysis: Dynamic modeling vs. experimental observations

This paper compares two traffic representations for the assessment of urban noise frequency spectrum: (i) a static one, based on mean vehicle speeds and flow rates, (ii) a dynamic one, which considers vehicle interactions along the network. The two representations are compared on their suitability to match real on-field noise levels, recorded on a three lane quite busy street. Representation (i) fails in reproducing spectra envelopes that correspond to this site. In particular, it underestimates low frequencies, what can conceal the real impact of traffic flow on urban sound quality. Representation (ii) greatly improves estimation. It guarantees accurate environmental noise assessment, since it reproduces all traffic situations that are encountered in the site. Moreover, its 1s-based structure allows for the evaluation of spectra variations, with a good accuracy.     

Effect of noise on chaos synchronization in time-delayed systems: Numerical and experimental observations

We discuss the constructive role of noise (white and colored) in chaos synchronization in time-delayed systems. We first numerically investigate noise-induced synchronization (NIS) between two identical uncoupled Ikeda and Mackey–Glass systems. We find that synchronization occurs above a critical noise intensity that differs for different colors of noise. Synchronization onset is characterized by the value of the maximum transverse Lyapunov exponent. We then discuss the enhancement of chaos synchronization between two time-delayed systems when they are coupled unidirectionally. The effect of parameter mismatch for NIS is described in detail. We provide experimental evidence of NIS for a Mackey–Glass-like system in an electronic circuit using different colors of noise. An integration scheme for time-delayed systems in the presence of additive white and colored noise is discussed.     

A low noise heterodyne receiver for astronomical observations operating around 0.63 mm wavelength

A heterodyne receiver is described in which an InSb hot electron bolometer is used as a mixer. The local oscillator power is obtained by doubling the frequency of a backward wave oscillator. The receiver operates between 460 and 500 GHz (0.65–0.6 mm). Noise temperatures amount typically to 1000 K.     

Determination of acoustic attenuation in the Hudson River Estuary by means of ship noise observations

Analysis of sound propagation in a complex urban estuary has application to underwater threat detection systems, underwater communication, and acoustic tomography. One of the most important acoustic parameters, sound attenuation, was analyzed in the Hudson River near Manhattan using measurements of acoustic noise generated by passing ships and recorded by a fixed hydrophone. Analysis of the ship noise level for varying distances allowed estimation of the sound attenuation in the frequency band of 10-80 kHz. The effective attenuation coefficient representing the attenuation loss above cylindrical spreading loss had only slight frequency dependence and can be estimated by the frequency independent value of 0.058 dBm.     

Collective bubble oscillations as a component of surf infrasound

Plunging surf is a known generator of infrasound, though the mechanisms have not been clearly identified. A model based on collective bubble oscillations created by demise of the initially entrained air pocket is examined. Computed spectra are compared to infrasound data from the island of Kauai during periods of medium, large, and extreme surf. Model results suggest that bubble oscillations generated by plunging waves are plausible generators of infrasound, and that dynamic bubble plume evolution on a temporal scale comparable to the breaking wave period may contribute to the broad spectral lobe of dominant infrasonic energy observed in measured data. Application of an inverse model has potential to characterize breaking wave size distributions, energy, and temporal changes in seafloor morphology based on remotely sensed infrasound.     

Nonparametric estimation of functionals from observations with additive dependent noise when additionala priori information is available

Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 13–19, September, 1995.     

Some observations on employing a panel's cill and reveal to enhance noise reduction

The cill and reveal of a panel or window are known to influence the Normalised Noise Reduction. Reported here are additional observations upon their effect which may be employed to increase the sound insulation of rooms within the built environment.     

改进的SURF彩色遥感图像配准算法

为了进一步提高彩色遥感图像的配准精度,针对遥感图像配准过程中色彩信息利用率低以及误匹配率高的问题,提出一种改进的SURF(Speeded Up Robust Feature)彩色遥感图像配准算法。该算法首先在对彩色遥感图像进行特征点检测基础上,对特征点描述算子进行改进,以使颜色空间变换后得到的特征点色彩信息添加到原描述算子中,并对特征点描述算子进行归一化处理,以增加算子的独特性和对旋转、尺度、光照的鲁棒性;其次,结合单向匹配和双向匹配的比值,提出了一种最优化阈值选择准则,如果欧氏距离比率小于最优化阈值,完成特征点匹配,得到正确匹配点对,再通过变换矩阵得到配准图像。实验结果表明,在保证实时性的条件下,该算法相比于原SURF算法,准确性和稳定性都有一定提高,具有一定的理论和应用价值。     

The modelling of short waves in shallow waters and in the surf zone

Summary Two different flow models of the surf zone wave current dynamics based on Boussinesq and Serre equations have been implemented and tested. Good results were obtained while testing the models against many different wave and current data sets. Highly satisfactory reproduction of the experimental current patterns have been obtained by the model based on the Serre equations. Paper presented at the IX Congresso del Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica dell'Atmosfera e dell'Oceano, June 8–10, 1992, Rome.     

An analysis of quasi-frequency-modulated noise and random-sideband noise as comparisons for amplitude-modulated noise

Experiments were performed to determine under what conditions quasi-frequency-modulated (QFM) noise and random-sideband noise are suitable comparisons for AM noise in measuring a temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF). Thresholds were measured for discrimination of QFM from random-sideband noise and AM from QFM noise as a function of sideband separation. In the first experiment, the upper spectral edge of the noise stimuli was at 2400 Hz and the bandwidth was 1600 Hz. For sideband separations up to 256 Hz, at threshold sideband levels for discriminating AM from QFM noise, QFM was indiscriminable from random-sideband noise. For the largest sideband separation used (512 Hz), listeners may have used within-stimulus envelope correlation in the QFM noise to discriminate it from the random-sideband noise. Results when stimulus bandwidth was varied suggest that listeners were able to use this cue when the carrier was wider than a critical band, and the sideband separation approached the carrier bandwidth. Within-stimulus envelope correlation was also present in AM noise, and thus QFM noise was a suitable comparison because it made this cue unusable and forced listeners to use across-stimulus envelope differences. When the carrier bandwidth was less than a critical band or was wideband, QFM noise and random-sideband noise were equally suitable comparisons for AM noise. When discrimination thresholds for QFM and random-sideband noise were converted to modulation depth and modulation frequency, they were nearly identical to those for discrimination of AM from QFM noise, suggesting that listeners were using amplitude modulation cues in both cases.