Continuous-wave measurement of the fiber nonlinear refractive index

We propose a technique for measuring the nonlinear refractive index of fiber based on transmission-coefficient measurements in a fiber Sagnac interferometer. In contrast with traditional methods, the proposed method uses a single optical source operating in cw mode and direct intensity measurement, enabling one to avoid the errors caused by fiber dispersion and uncertainty of spectral peak difference measurements that occur with pulse-based methods. The nonlinear refractive index in 20-mol. % GeO(2) fiber was measured to be (3.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-16) cm(2) W(-1) at 1064 nm.     

Rapid and accurate chromatic dispersion measurement of fiber using asymmetric Sagnac interferometer

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an advanced method for chromatic dispersion measurement of fiber. This technique is based on spectral interferometry by using an asymmetric Sagnac loop and broadband optical source. The chromatic dispersion can be directly obtained from the spectral interferogram seen from an optical spectral analyzer. This method is rapid (<1?s), accurate, simple, low cost, and can provide a large dispersion measurement range.     

基于自发辐射光谱的超声速流场测速技术

等离子体状态参数测量是研究等离子体特性,开展等离子体模拟再入环境、等离子体隐身、等离子体减阻以及边界层控制等研究的重要基础。利用等离子体射流的自发辐射光谱,提出了一种基于光学多普勒频移效应的等离子体超声速射流测速的方法。首先,测量了等离子体中Ar原子产生的自发辐射光谱,选择696.54 nm的特征谱线,作为等离子体发生器测速实验的运动光源;其次,使用光谱仪、传能光纤、EMCCD相机和高光谱分辨法布里-珀罗（F-P）干涉仪,设计了高温等离子体速度测量光路;最后,在氩壁稳电弧等离子体发生器上,开展了超声速射流速度测量实验。实验中,同一测点的Ar原子产生的自发辐射光谱,分别被与等离子体射流运动方向成49°和90°夹角的收集透镜收集进入光谱仪,经光谱仪分光后仅保留特征谱线696.54 nm附近自发辐射光进入传能光纤,从而消除其他波长的自发辐射光的影响;光谱仪输出的特征辐射光谱,经光纤传输及透镜整形成平行光后,精细度30、自由光谱范围6.6 GHz的F-P干涉仪,形成多光束干涉圆环,并由EMCCD相机采集,实现对特征谱线的超高精度分辨;根据多普勒原理,不同角度收集的同一测点处Ar 696.54 nm特征谱线的频移将有所不同,EMCCD采集的干涉圆环半径也将不同,通过测量同一级次不同收集方向特征谱线形成的干涉圆环半径改变量,可测得高温等离子体射流流动速度。针对同一喷管开展了两车对比试验,实验测得两车射流轴向速度分别为791和783 m·s-1,具有较好的重复性。结果表明基于多普勒效应,利用高温气体自发辐射光谱,结合高光谱分辨F-P干涉仪,能够实现高温等离子体射流速度的精确测量,该方法属于非接触测量,不干扰流场,尤其适用于传统传感器难以应用的高温流场测量。     

Hydrostatic pressure sensor based on a gold-coated thin-core fiber modal interferometer and ripple shift measurement

We propose a hydrostatic pressure sensor based on a gold-coated thin-core fiber modal interferometer (TCFMI). A thin-core fiber is spliced to a single mode fiber forming a single-end fiber modal interferometer (FMI) due to the core mismatch and the fiber end reflection. Relative reflection spectra of TCFMIs based on thin-core fibers with different lengths are investigated. The TCFMI is gold-coated to enhance the optical reflectivity, which also results in the ripple of the relative reflection spectra of TCFMI. A high hydrostatic pressure sensor test system is proposed and the performance of the pressure sensor has been experimentally investigated. A pure-ripple-shift measurement method is used to achieve the demodulation of the sensor. The proposed pressure sensor has a sensing range up to 40 MPa and a sensitivity of 44.8 pm/MPa.     

Direct measurement of group dispersion of optical components using white-light spectral interferometry

We present a simple white-light spectral interferometric technique employing a low-resolution spectrometer for a direct measurement of the group dispersion of optical components over a wide wavelength range. The technique utilizes an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a component under test inserted in one arm and the other arm with adjustable path length. We record a series of spectral interferograms to measure the equalization wavelength as a function of the path length difference. We measure the absolute group refractive index as a function of wavelength for a quartz crystal of known thickness and the relative one for optical fiber. In the latter case we use a microscope objective in front and a lens behind the fiber and subtract their group dispersion, which is measured by a technique of tandem interferometry including also a Michelson interferometer.     

An experimental investigation of the optical switching characteristics using an optical Sagnac interferometer incorporating one and two ring resonators

We present the use of a fiber optic Sagnac interferometer incorporating one and two fiber optic ring resonators to characterize experimentally the optical switching behaviors. These prototypes were formed by the Sagnac interferometer and serially connected to the ring resonators. The input optical signal was launched via one end of the interferometer, where the polarization control was employed to obtain the maximum optical transmission power. Results obtained have shown that the increasing in switching time (i.e. narrower spectral width) and power can be achieved.     

光纤激光模场及表征技术进展

在光纤通信、光纤激光器和光纤传感等领域的实际应用中,需要重点关注光纤中的模式问题。模分复用是提高光通信信息容量的有效方法,模间干涉是大多数光纤传感的基本方法,高功率光纤激光的光束质量控制的关键技术之一就是模式控制,因此,对光纤模式理论、模式产生及转换、模式表征技术开展研究具有重要的研究意义和实际应用价值。论文讨论了光纤的模式及光束质量,分析了多种模式发生及转换的方法,将模式表征方法归结为非相干、相干和低相干测量法。光纤模式表征是目前的研究热点,在多种表征方法中,空间和频谱成像法（S2）和双重傅里叶变换法（F2）具有显著的优越性,可不需要提前知道光纤的几何参数,就可获得模场分布、模式功率占比、群时延等特性。研究表明F2法更适合于表征高功率光纤激光的模场特性。     

Long period grating cascaded to photonic crystal fiber modal interferometer for simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index

We propose and demonstrate a novel and simple dual-parameter measurement scheme based on a cascaded optical fiber device of long-period grating (LPG) and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) modal interferometer. The temperature and refractive index (RI) can be measured simultaneously by monitoring the spectral characteristics of the device. The implemented sensor shows distinctive spectral sensitivities of -30.82 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 47.4 pm/°C by the LPG, and 171.96 nm/RIU and 10.4 pm/°C by the PCF modal interferometer. The simultaneous measurement of the temperature and external RI is experimentally demonstrated by the sensor. The temperature shift and RI shift calculated by the sensor matrix agree well with the actual temperature and RI change in the experiment.     

The PZT optical fiber phase modulator testing with varying amplitude modulation

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大模场双包层光纤光栅的光谱特性

在分析大模场双包层光纤的模式特性和测试光路中光功率分配的基础上,根据耦合波理论和传输矩阵法,对不同情况下大模场双包层光纤光栅的透射谱和反射谱进行数值分析,结果表明光谱形状取决于模式间的功率分配,通过基模的透射谱可以测量双包层光纤光栅的真实反射率。采用相位掩模法制作了基模反射率不低于99.7%的20/400μm大模场双包层光纤光栅,测试了不同情况下的反射谱和透射谱,实验结果和理论分析的结论一致。     

用傅里叶变换谱稳定法布里-珀罗型光纤水听器的工作点

介绍了闭环反馈控制法稳定法布里-珀罗型光纤水听器相位工作点的基本原理,给出了法布里-珀罗型光纤水听器的声压相移灵敏度的表达式,推导了法布里-珀罗干涉透射光强替代函数的傅里叶变换解析式,用MathCAD软件绘制了该式对应的傅里叶变换谱线,通过谱线可以直观地了解系统输出信号的组成和特点。在实验中用频谱分析仪器记录了法布里-珀罗型光纤水听器透射光强的傅里叶变换谱,与软件仿真的理论谱线较好地吻合。通过实验进一步指出反馈临界点频率的选择方法,检验了反馈控制法在法布里-珀罗型光纤水听器相位工作点稳定过程中的实际效果,证明了该方法的可行性。     

All-fiber incoherent frequency-to-time mapping method for microwave signal generation with baseband transmission and multicasting support

We present a proof-of-principle experiment for achieving simultaneous distribution of baseband radio-frequency data and up-conversion with broadcasting support over a passive optical network. The technique is based on an incoherent frequency-to-time mapping method for pulse shaping. Specifically, we synthesize the spectral density function of sliced ASE noise from an EDFA with a periodic Mach–Zehnder fiber interferometer optical filter. By using external intensity modulation combined with propagation in an optical fiber, after photodetection, the resultant averaged temporal pulse profile resembles the shape of the incoherent source. The photodetected signal contains both the baseband data and an up-frequency converted copy with central wavelength for the microwave carrier into the ultra-wideband range and tuning capability by selection of the fiber length.     

一种通道数可变的光纤光栅梳状滤波器

利用级联长周期光纤光栅与具有宽带反射功能的啁啾光纤光栅,构成了一种反射型的光纤光栅梳状滤波器.由于光在输出前经过两次干涉滤波作用,所以该梳状滤波器的消光比与透射输出型(即反射前)相比,增加了一倍.而且,通过调节啁啾光纤光栅的反射带宽,可以改变滤波器输出信道的数目.实验中利用弹性梁弯曲的方法,获得了两个可调的光纤光栅梳状滤波器,其信道数可分别在1～5和3～9之间的奇数间调谐(如果改变啁啾光纤光栅的初始中心波长,也可以获得偶数信道间的调谐).     

光纤连接器端面几何参量自动测量仪

报道了一种高精度测量光纤连接器端面几何参量的自动测量仪。叙述了光纤连接器的端面几何参量的测量原理。由光纤连接器端面形貌和纤芯中心坐标,可以高精度得到曲率半径、顶点偏移量、端面倾斜角和光纤高度等影响连接器性能的关键端面几何参量。该仪器体积小,自动化程度高,用户界面友好,使用方便,可测量物理接触、角度式物理接触等类型的光纤连接器端面几何参量。实际测量证明,该测量仪有很好的重复测量精度。该测量仪与美国Dorc公司ZX-1 mini PMS测量仪和Norland公司NC3000测量仪相比,测量精度水平相当。该仪器样机已通过华东国家计量测试中心的测试。     

光纤傅里叶变换光谱分析装置

报道了一种新的光谱测量方法-基于单模光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(FMZI)结构的傅里叶变换光谱分析法。在传统傅里叶变换光谱仪( FTS ) 中,用光纤代替传统光路;用光纤耦合器取代传统分束器;用压电光程调制器取代传统移动镜;从而构建了光纤傅里叶变换光谱仪(FFTS)。利用该FFTS测量了LD在阈值以下的发射光谱并与光栅光谱仪测量结果进行了比较,结果表明测量结果是相互吻合的。初步的实验中由于光程调制有限,光谱分辨率为～7 cm-1,改造光程调制器可进一步提高光谱分辨率,证明了FFTS用于分析光谱的可行性。     

基于薄芯光纤模态干涉技术的曲率光纤传感器

提出了一种新的基于薄芯光纤模态干涉技术的光纤曲率传感器。在单模光纤的中间部分插入薄芯光纤用于传感光路,没有插入薄芯光纤的单模光纤用于参考光路,以消除环境对曲率测量的影响。由于插入的薄芯光纤和单模光纤纤芯失配,导致包层的高次模被激发,并与纤芯模在单模光纤内形成干涉。当改变薄芯光纤的曲率时,沿纤芯和包层传播的模态和光纤长度会发生改变,使得干涉谷峰发生平移。将传感光纤的两端固定的平移台上,当调节平移台距离时,薄芯光纤的曲率发生改变,导致干涉谷峰向短波方向平移。通过观察谷峰的平移距离可以实现曲率的传感测量。实验表明,该装置具有低损耗、低成本和高灵敏度的特点。     

一个新型的基于全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪BOTDR系统

报道了新型的分布式传感测量布里渊光时域反射(BOTDR)系统.布里渊散射频移和强度均依赖于温度和应变,因此,BOTDR利用光纤中的自发布里渊散射作为测量信号可以实现分布式温度和应变测量.在BOTDR中,光源采用窄谱半导体激光器,并由声光调制器调制成脉冲光,经掺铒光纤放大器放大后,注入测试光纤以产生自发布里渊散射.利用双通Mach-Zehnder干涉仪分离光纤背向散射中的自发布里渊散射与瑞利散射信号,实现了自发布里渊散射的直接检测.实验结果表明基于全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪BOTDR方案是可行的.     

Measurement Accuracy in Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer with Two Optical Fibers

A phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) with point sources of two single mode optical fibers has been developed, which will be appropriate for the surface figure measurement of large aperture optics on a sub-nanometer scale. To reduce the measurement error factors, a fiber optic plate (FOP) is used as a projection plane for interference pattern. Errors caused by imperfection of optical alignment, such as position of point sources and tilt of FOP, are minimized by analyzing the measured phase data with an original method. Measurement accuracy in the PS/ PDI is estimated with the interference pattern produced by the two optical fiber sources. If inhomogeneity of the FOP and a systematic error of the PS/PDI are eliminated, the measurement accuracy of the present system is estimated to be less than 4nm P-V and 0.7nm rms, respectively, at a measurement wavelength of 632.8 nm.     

High precision micro-displacement fiber sensor through a suspended-core Sagnac interferometer

A sensing system for micro-displacement measurement based in a suspended-core fiber Sagnac interferometer is presented. The suspended-core fiber characterization was made through the use of an optical backscatter reflectometer, screening its multimodal and birefringent behavior. Its sensitivity to displacement measurements is shown to be due only to birefringence, being that core-cladding mode coupling is negligible. High precision (～0.45 μm) was obtained using three different measurement instruments, showing an extremely high stability and high insensitivity to temperature, demonstrating that the sensing system has the ability for low cost applications.     

Nulling interferometry for the DARWIN space mission

The DARWIN observatory will include an interferometric instrument dedicated to the search for and spectral analysis of extrasolar planets. This instrument is based on the principle of Bracewell's interferometric coronograph or nulling interferometer, proposed in 1978, but at present never experimentally demonstrated in the thermal infrared with high extinctions.We have shown that high interferometric extinctions can only be obtained with `classical' optical pieces if the beams are cleaned by optical filtering during the recombination. After a short reminder of the nulling interferometer, we present different techniques of optical filtering to perform it. Then, we present a laboratory experimental bench we have constructed, which allows us, at present, to exhibit a monochromatic stable interferometric extinction better than 10³. Finally, we discuss this method, applied to ground-based telescopes.