Potentiometric characterization of weak acids by multiple sample addition II. The effect of chemical interferences and the practical performance of linearization methods

Potentiometric multiple addition of a sample containing a pure weak acid to a solution of supporting electrolyte has been previously shown [C. Maccà and A. Merkoci, Talanta, 41 (1994) 2033] to be formally suitable for the determination of the dissociation constant and concentration of the sample acid. Linear equations have been developed for the treatment of experimental data to yield, simultaneously or separately, the chemical parameters of the acid solution. These equations are now tested on real samples together with analogous equations for titrations, and the results are compared with those obtained with rigorous statistical methods. For the determination of the acidity constant with samples of known concentration, multiple samples addition is comparable with titration. When the sample concentration is unknown and must be determined simultaneously to the acidity constant, the results obtained by linearized multiple sample addition can be seriously affected by impurities present, even at low level, either in the sample or in the supporting solution. Linear equations accounting for the effects of basic or acidic impurities in the sample or in the supporting solution are developed. Sample addition is confirmed to be a useful complement to pH-metric titration for the determination of acidity constants of moderately weak acids by non-linear regression; linearization of data is a convenient technique for screening purposes and a powerful means of detecting and correcting some common pitfalls, interferences and contaminations, whose effects are enhanced in linearized sample addition.     

褶合曲线分析法在临床检验中的应用——血清中尿酸含量的测定

研究利用尿酸的特异性反应 ,采用差示光谱采样 ,用褶合曲线分析法进行数据处理测定血清尿酸含量。结果表明 ,尿酸浓度在 0～ 2 0 0μg· ml-1范围内 ,线性方程 Qij=0 .2 1 0 4 5+0 .0 0 1 864C,平均回收率 99.86% ,RSD为 0 .2 9% ;样品测定结果与尿酸酶法无显著性差异。该法可消除背景干扰且简便、实用、结果准确。     

Reversed flow injection spectrophotometric determination of trace amount of ammonia in natural water by oxidation of ammonia to nitrite

A new sensitive flow injection method for determination of ammonia in natural water samples have been developed, based on the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by hypochlorite in the presence of large amount of potassium bromide. The oxidant solution obtained by on-line mixing of hypochlorite and potassium bromide was injected into a water carrier stream, and then mixed with sample stream. Ammonia in the sample solution was oxidized to nitrite. Nitrite was then determined by spectrophotometry with sulfanilamide and N-1-naphthylethylenediamine. By reversed injection of the oxidant solution, the interference of nitrite and turbidity of the sample can be removed. The linear range of the method for ammonia is 0.2-12 muM. The proposed method is simple and sensitive. It had been applied to the determination of ammonia in lake water samples. Recoveries of 95-104% were obtained.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定碘化铯晶体中铊

采用平台石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了碘化铯晶体中铊。研究了碘化铯对钯－硝酸镁基本改进剂中铊吸光度影响,用预混合钯－硝酸镁和样品溶液,由于在碘化物溶液中易析出金属钯而使测定结果降低。用样品溶液和基体改进剂分别加入到石墨炉中的标准加入法可得到满意的结果。     

Effect of NaOH on large-volume sample stacking of haloacetic acids in capillary zone electrophoresis with a low-pH buffer

Large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) is an effective on-capillary sample concentration method in capillary zone electrophoresis, which can be applied to the sample in a low-conductivity matrix. NaOH solution is commonly used to back-extract acidic compounds from organic solvent in sample pretreatment. The effect of NaOH as sample matrix on LVSS of haloacetic acids was investigated in this study. It was found that the presence of NaOH in sample did not compromise, but rather help the sample stacking performance if a low pH background electrolyte (BGE) was used. The sensitivity enhancement factor was higher than the case when sample was dissolved in pure water or diluted BGE. Compared with conventional injection (0.4% capillary volume), 97-120-fold sensitivity enhancement in terms of peak height was obtained without deterioration of separation with an injection amount equal to 20% of the capillary volume. This method was applied to determine haloacetic acids in tap water by combination with liquid-liquid extraction and back-extraction into NaOH solution. Limits of detection at sub-ppb levels were obtained for real samples with direct UV detection.     

淋洗剂凝胶渗透色谱法研究非缔合多组分溶液

A polyglycol solution containing different molecular weight PEG components was chosen as test solution. By comparing the results obtained by conventional gel permeation chromatography GPC(water as eluent, sample solution as injected solution)and Eluent-GPC (PEG sample solution as eluent, the concentrated sample solution ,diluted sample solution, water, and sample solution itself as injected solution respectively), the advantage and potential practical usage of Eluent-GPC were discussed.     

Pollution-free method for the determination of iron in iron ore

A method for the determination of total iron in iron ores and concentrates is described which avoids the use of mercuric chloride. The sample is decomposed either by an acid attack or by fusion with sodium peroxide. The hot sample solution in about 6M hydrochloric acid is treated with hot 10% stannous chloride solution till pale yellow, followed by addition of a slight excess of 2% titanous chloride solution; the excess is then oxidized with perchloric acid (1 + 1). The solution is rapidly cooled in ice-water, and the iron (II) is titrated with potassium dichromate (sodium diphenylsulphonate as indicator). The results show the same degree of precision, accuracy, and degree of interference as those obtained by the standard stannous chloride-mercuric chloride method.     

Titrimetric determination of silver,chloride and bromide in glasses

Titrimetric methods are described for the determination of total silver, free silver or free halide (Cl, Br and I), and bromide (or iodide) in glasses. Total silver is titrated potentiometrically with standard bromide solution after hydrofluoric—sulfuric acid sample decomposition followed by sodium hydrogensulfate fusion for volatilizing hydrogen halide. Free silver is determined similarly on a separate sample without the fusion step. For glasses containing excess of halide, free halide is titrated potentiometrically with standard silver(I) solution after dissolution of the sample in ice-cold hydrofluoric—nitric acid. Total bromide (or iodide) is determined by iodometric titration after oxidation to bromate (or iodate) with hypochlorite solution. The methods have been applied to a wide range of complex glass compositions and results are compared with values obtained by controlled-potential coulometry and x-ray fluorescence analysis.     

Pre-concentration of non-uniform field electrophoresis for sample introduction of capillary electrophoresis.

A new sample introduction method of capillary electrophoresis, in which field-amplified sample injection was combined with a pre-concentration of non-uniform field electrophoresis, is presented in this paper. With an additional pre-concentration voltage applied to sample solution, a non-uniform electric field was generated, with which analytical cations or anions were pre-concentrated around an electrode adjacent to the injection end of capillary. After the pre-concentration, analytical ions were injected into the capillary and stacked at the boundary between sample and buffer solution inside capillary by field-amplified injection technique. In contrast to the conventional field-amplified injection, larger concentration factor and higher analytical sensitivity were obtained with the improved pre-concentration method. Its concentration factor was about 10 approximately 15 fold as that of field-amplified sample injection.     

碱性溶液微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中锡

土壤样品先在烘箱内于(102±3)℃下干燥2h。称取此样品0.10g置于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)消解罐中,加入500g·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液2mL,按程序升温模式在微波消解仪中进行消解。消解完成后,加二次去离子水将溶液稀释至25.0mL,样品溶液经载流(1mol·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液)通过三通阀进入仪器,并在线被5%(体积分数)硫酸溶液中和后与由蠕动泵传送的还原剂硼氢化钾反应生成氢化锡,传送进入原子化器迅速原子化,在高性能空心阴极灯的作用下产生荧光,由检测器检测其峰面积。测得锡的标准曲线的线性范围在100μg·L^-1以内。以3倍空白值求得的标准偏差计算其检出限(3s)为0.062μg·g^-1。用此方法测定了7个GBW标准物质,所得结果与认定值之间的相对误差为-1.61%~3.07%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)为1.8%~3.2%。     

密胺餐具中三聚氰胺的迁移规律

密胺餐具样品用乙酸溶液浸泡后,采用高效液相色谱法测定其中三聚氰胺的迁移量。考察了浸泡液的种类、浸泡温度、浸泡时间、样品尺寸、浸泡次数等参数对三聚氰胺迁移量的影响。试验结果表明:三聚氰胺的迁移量随溶液酸性、浸泡温度、浸泡时间的增加及样品尺寸的减小而增大;随浸泡次数的增多,每次浸出量递减。     

On necessary precautions when measuring solid polymer linear viscoelasticity with dynamic analysis in torsion

Solid polymer linear viscoelasticity in shear is often characterized by applying torsion and using the Saint-Venant solution when rectangular prismatic specimens are considered. It is shown that experimental dynamic torsion tests can show a dependency of the storage modulus and damping factor on the dimensions of the rectangular prismatic specimen when linear temperature ramps are applied. While the discrepancy of damping factor is explained by temperature heterogeneities and can be corrected easily by applying temperature steps, the inconsistency of storage modulus is due to an invalid application of the Saint-Venant solution. Finite element simulations allowed definition of the sample dimensions for which the Saint-Venant solution provides a good approximation, and a coefficient is given to correct the results obtained with commercial instruments when other sample dimensions are used.     

Positive feedback compensation of iR-drop in modified normal pulse polarography of sodium ion in acid solution

The well-defined polarographic wave for sodium, obtained by modified normal pulse polarography in which the polarographic current is sampled after the fall of each pulse, shifts to more negative potentials with decrease in the pH of the solution. The shift is attributed to the effect of the uncompensated resistance of the sample solution, and can be compensated by a positive feedback circuit.     

Standard-addition determination of nitrogen in coal with an ammonia-sensitive electrode

After semimicro Kjeldahl digestion of the coal sample with a K(2)SO(4)-V(2)O(5)-Se catalyst and sulphuric acid, the digest is cooled, diluted with water, neutralized and then made alkaline with NaOH/EDTA solution. The ammonia thus formed is determined by measuring the potential of a properly conditioned ammonia-sensitive electrode containing an appropriate filling solution; a gravimetric standard-addition technique is used. Known additions of 1-2 mug of N per g to blank solutions enables all measurements of potential to be made in the linear region of the electrode-response curve. The electrode measurement procedure gives blank-corrected recoveries of between 99.0 and 101.0% for synthetic sample solutions. Results obtained for nitrogen in reference coal samples by the electrode procedure have been found to agree well with those obtained by other methods.     

Hadamard transform capillary electrophoresis combined with laser-induced fluorometry using electrokinetic injection

Hadamard transform capillary electrophoresis (HTCE) based on electrokinetic injection allows laser-induced fluorescence detection using a small laser, namely the laser-diode-pumped YAG laser, as an excitation source. A small hole is fabricated at the center of a capillary by laser ablation; this hole functions as an inlet port for a sample solution. Therefore, the sample solution can be introduced electrophoretically into the capillary through the small hole. Multiple sample injection is accomplished by introducing a buffer solution from the end of the capillary and the sample solution through the hole. Both solutions are injected using two sets of high-voltage power supplies and migrate toward the opposite end of the capillary. A fluorescent analyte, rhodamine B, is successfully detected in the case of both single and multiple injection according to the Hadamard sequence code. By transforming the data encoded by the Hadamard matrix, the decoded data showed an increase in the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio by a factor of 9.8. In the case of the sample containing two amino acids labeled with rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC), although the concentration of every component including free RBITC is lower than the concentration limit of detection obtained by single injection, a substantial improvement in the sensitivity is achieved and all components are identified by the Hadamard transform technique.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锌锭中铅铁镉铜

研究了有机试剂丙酮对火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锌锭中各元素的增敏作用,建立了混合酸直接溶样,丙酮为增敏剂,测定各种牌号锌锭中铅、铁、镉、铜的方法。试验结果表明,该方法简单、快速、准确、可靠。     

Coulometric titration with air transported sample

Air transported samples of a mixture containing the analyte and a supporting electrolyte are consecutively propelled into a microconduit system through a titration cell, a coil and a detector cell. Different amounts of electrochemically generated titrant are obtained in the separate samples while they are passing through the titration cell. Various quantities of the titrant are achieved by changing the duration of the titrant generating process that is done by various time for the sample solution staying in the titration cell (different sample movement rate). The titrated sample is then homogenised in the coil and detected in an electrochemical detector cell that supplies necessary data for the analyte determination. The declared method is experimentally verified on coulometric titration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) with electrogenerated sodium hydroxide and a titration of aniline with bromine generated in a bromide solution.     

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis with chemical microchip

A chemical microchip, which has a flat region on the surface, was recently designed for total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis. A sample solution was introduced from an inlet by a microsyringe and flowed into a microchannel. Finally it overflowed from the well-type microchannel on the flat region. The sample solution on this region was dried, and then measured by TXRF. The TXRF spectra could be measured with a low background level. This preliminary result indicated that the edge of the well-type channel would not cause a serious problem for TXRF analysis. In addition, a good linear relationship was obtained for Zn Kα in Zn standard solution. This suggests that quantitative analysis by TXRF is feasible in combination with a chemical microchip.     

离子选择性电极标准加入法的测量误差研究

研究了离子选择性电极标准加入法的测量误差与标准溶液加入量的关系。从理论上导出了离子选择性电极一次标准加入法测量结果的相对误差计算公式。当加入标准溶液使试液增加的浓度等于试液原来的浓度，测量结果的相对误差最小。     

Flow-injection chemical vapor-generating procedure for the determination of Au by atomic absorption spectrometry

Volatile Au species in an acidified medium were generated at room temperature by reduction with NaBH4 in acidified aqueous medium using a flow-injection chemical vapor-generation atomic absorption spectrometric (FI-CVG-AAS) system in the presence of micro amounts of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC). Precision of 2.0% RSD (n = 11, 2.0 mg L(-1) level) was obtained at a sample throughput of 180 h(-1). A detection limit of 24 ng mL(-1) (3sigma) was obtained with 300 microL sample solution. The method was used for the determination of gold in ore sample digests, and the results obtained agreed well with those obtained by flame AAS.