The isotope altitude effect reflected in groundwater: a case study from Slovenia

This paper presents the stable isotope data of oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δ²H) in groundwater from 83 sampling locations in Slovenia and their interpretation. The isotopic composition of water was monitored over 3 years (2009–2011), and each location was sampled twice. New findings on the isotopic composition of sampled groundwater are presented, and the data are also compared to past studies regarding the isotopic composition of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater in Slovenia. This study comprises: (1) the general characteristics of the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater in Slovenia, (2) the spatial distribution of oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) and d-excess in groundwater, (3) the groundwater isotope altitude effect, (4) the correlation between groundwater d-excess and the recharge area altitude of the sampling location, (5) the relation between hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in groundwater in comparison to the global precipitation isotope data, (6) the groundwater isotope effect of distance from the sea, and (7) the estimated relation between the mean temperature of recharge area and δ¹⁸O in groundwater.     

Vibroacoustic processes and structural variations in muscular tissue

This paper reviews the problems and results obtained in the course of experimental and theoretical investigations of the vibroacoustic activity of contracting muscles. Two types of such processes are examined: (1) acoustic vibrations due to the macromolecular recombinations of muscle proteins, which are responsible for the muscle contraction, and (2) acoustic vibrations associated with the finite accuracy and speed of the receptor-effector system that controls the muscle contraction. By investigating the acoustic vibrations, we examine structural recombinations (conformation variations) in macromolecules during mechanochemical reactions. Since chemical reactions of macromolecules are always accompanied by conformational recombinations, the generation mechanism, which is responsible for the contraction processes in a muscular tissue, can also be extended to other macromolecular media. Investigation of infrasound vibrations makes it possible to explore the quality and error of control for the processes in the muscle under different types of loading. Since a living body is controlled via perceptions, the latter can be quantitatively estimated by the parametess of infrasound vibrations.Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 38, Nos. 3–4, pp. 357–367, March–April, 1995.     

Power flow transmission influenced by vibration source impedance for a compound system

I.IntroductionVeryofteninengineeringpracticemachinesareusuallyinstalledonflexiblestructures.Buildingfloors,shipdecks,aircraftfuselages,carortrainChassisarebutafewexamplesthatfallintothiscategory.Themachinetransmitsvibrationtothereceivingstructureandresultsinstructure-bornesoundtransmission.Especiallywhenaheaviermachinerunningathighspeedismoulltedonaflekib1efoundation,thesourceandthereceiverwillpresentsimilardynamiccharacteristicsattheirinterface.Asaresult,theconventionalanalysiscannotbeappli…     

Electron transfer controlled by conformational variations of a strongly dissipative system

In this paper, there is given a formulation of electron transfer in the system where the conformational transitions are present. The conformation changes were described as classical telegraphic noise. In the work it was assumed that electron transfer reaction can be completely interrupted by the fluctuation of the electronic coupling. A functional-integral formalism to the dynamics of a two-state system was used. The results have been derived within the noninteracting blip approximation with respect to the quantum fluctuations of the heat bath.     

Measurement of stable isotope activities in saline aqueous solutions using optical spectroscopy methods

The requirement to measure the stable isotopic compositions of saline pore fluids by optical methods has prompted a re-evaluation of the isotopic salt effect for common salts. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic salt effects were measured at room temperature (21°C) by optical methods. For hydrogen isotopes, our results agree well with those of previous studies and better define these effects at low temperatures. In contrast, measured oxygen isotope salt effects disagree within error for NaCl and CaCl₂ solutions from those reported previously. Subtle differences between measurement methods may account for the discrepancy. In studies that involve highly saline fluids, the isotopic salt effect must be taken into account because modern methods that measure stable isotopic compositions as activities or concentrations may be not directly comparable to historical data sets.     

Estimation of lake water - groundwater interactions in meromictic mining lakes by modelling isotope signatures of lake water

A method is presented to assess lake water-groundwater interactions by modelling isotope signatures of lake water using meteorological parameters and field data. The modelling of delta(18)O and deltaD variations offers information about the groundwater influx into a meromictic Lusatian mining lake. Therefore, a water balance model is combined with an isotope water balance model to estimate analogies between simulated and measured isotope signatures within the lake water body. The model is operated with different evaporation rates to predict delta(18)O and deltaD values in a lake that is only controlled by weather conditions with neither groundwater inflow nor outflow. Comparisons between modelled and measured isotope values show whether the lake is fed by the groundwater or not. Furthermore, our investigations show that an adaptation of the Craig and Gordon model [H. Craig, L.I. Gordon. Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperature, Spoleto, E. Tongiorgi (Ed.), pp. 9-130, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, Pisa (1965).] to specific conditions in temperate regions seems necessary.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in the stable C isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon and in physico-chemical water parameters in the Plitvice Lakes system

Plitvice Lakes waters were collected at 14 sampling points, including springs, tributaries and lakes, for the period 2002-2007. The results of the physical and chemical conditions of calcite precipitation as well as the δ(13)C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were used to study the processes influencing calcite precipitation. Significant differences between spring, lake and stream waters as well as changes in the downstream direction were observed. The correlation between δ(13)C(DIC) values and physico-chemical conditions for calcite precipitation showed that calcite precipitates in lake waters which are oversaturated with respect to CaCO(3) (I (sat) values 4-10) and with δ(13)C(DIC) values between-11.5 and-8.5 ‰. In spring waters, the δ(13)C(DIC) values were more negative, from-14 to-12 ‰, and I (sat) values of 1-2 indicated that equilibrium conditions for calcite precipitation were not attained. The downstream increase in δ(13)C(DIC) correlated with the increase in the δ(13)C values of calcite in the lake sediments, suggesting that the freshwater calcite was mainly of autochthonous origin and precipitated within the water column in isotopic equilibrium with DIC.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in the stable C isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon and in physico-chemical water parameters in the Plitvice Lakes system

Plitvice Lakes waters were collected at 14 sampling points, including springs, tributaries and lakes, for the period 2002–2007. The results of the physical and chemical conditions of calcite precipitation as well as the δ¹³C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were used to study the processes influencing calcite precipitation. Significant differences between spring, lake and stream waters as well as changes in the downstream direction were observed. The correlation between δ¹³C_DIC values and physico-chemical conditions for calcite precipitation showed that calcite precipitates in lake waters which are oversaturated with respect to CaCO₃ (I _sat values 4–10) and with δ¹³C_DIC values between?11.5 and?8.5 ‰. In spring waters, the δ¹³C_DIC values were more negative, from?14 to?12 ‰, and I _sat values of 1–2 indicated that equilibrium conditions for calcite precipitation were not attained. The downstream increase in δ¹³C_DIC correlated with the increase in the δ¹³C values of calcite in the lake sediments, suggesting that the freshwater calcite was mainly of autochthonous origin and precipitated within the water column in isotopic equilibrium with DIC.     

Nonstationary effects in the system of coupled quantum dots influenced by Coulomb correlations

We investigate the time evolution of filling numbers of localized electrons in the system of two coupled single-level quantum dots (QDs) connected with the continuous-spectrum states in the presence of Coulomb interaction. We consider correlation functions of all orders for electrons in the QDs by decoupling higher-order correlations between localized and band electrons in the reservoir. We analyze different initial charge configurations and consider Coulomb correlations between localized electrons both within the dots and between the different dots. We reveal the presence of a dynamical charge trapping effect in the first QD in the situation where both dots are occupied at the initial instant. We also find an analytic solution for the time-dependent filling numbers of the localized electrons for a particular configuration of the dots.     

MWECR CVD等离子体系统梯度磁场对沉积a-Si:H薄膜特性研究

分别研究了磁场线圈电流为115.2和137.7A以及137.7A并在加热台下加放SmCo永磁体的方法，来改变单磁场线圈分散场MWECR CVD系统等离子体室及沉积室磁场形貌.用洛伦兹拟合定量地得到了三种磁场形貌的磁场梯度.研究了磁场梯度对沉积a-Si:H薄膜性能的影响.研究表明：在衬底附近，高的磁场梯度可以获得高的沉积速率；在温度不很高时，高的磁场梯度可得到光敏性较好的a-Si:H薄膜. 关键词： 梯度磁场 洛伦兹拟合 a-Si:H薄膜 MWECR CVD系统     

Velocity tuned two- and three-photon processes in a three-level system

Doppler-free velocity-tuned two- and three-photon resonances occurring in the excitation fluorescence spectrum of a three-level system with a nearly resonant (i.e. within the Doppler width) intermediate level are analyzed through perturbation theory.     

The quickest detection of jump-like variations in parameters of random processes

We have formulated the rules for determining optimal stop times for various functions of losses in the problem of the quickest detection of jump-like variation in signal parameters in continuous time. We have found expressions for the functions of a posteriori losses. It is shown that to solve the problem of the quickest detection of detuning one can use the algorithms for optimal r.m.s. estimation of the jump appearance time. N. I. Lobachevskii State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1260–1276, October, 1997.     

Plasma potential influenced by a dielectric material in cylindrical geometry

The effects of a dielectric material inserted inside the cylindrical plasmas on the plasma potential have been investigated. It is assumed that a high-voltage anode is placed inside the plasma and that the grounded wall plays the role of the cathode. It is found that plasma potential strongly depends on the dielectric constant and the dimension of the dielectric material. It is also noticed that the geometrical effect slightly enhances electric fields in the plasma compared to the case of the slab geometry. Plasma potential and electric fields are studied in terms of the dielectric constant and the thickness of the dielectric material.     

Partitioning of a two component particle system and the isotope distribution in nuclear fragmentation

The general problem of partitioning a finite system consisting of two kinds of particles is solved. Average frequencies of clusters are calculated under the assumption that all partitions are equally probable. Some restrictions to this assumption are considered. In the nuclear case where we have protons and neutrons we have utilized a method of generating partitions in order to calculate the isotopic yields of fragmenting nuclei. The results imply that the neutron/proton and dineutron/diproton ratios might be good probes for the excitation energy of an asymmetric fragmenting nuclear system.     

Non-adiabatic transitions for random processes in a two-level system

Non-adiabatic transitions in two-level systems are investigated theoretically for a random time dependence of ?ω, the energy difference, between the levels. We assumed that ω = ω(x) and the coordinate x = x(t) is a random function of time. Diffusion and Poisson processes (both homogeneous and with a source) for x(t) were assumed. The cases of linear crossing terms (ω = γx) and non-linear terms (ω = ω _e exp (- αx) + ω₀) were considered. Values of the non-adiabatic transition probability per unit time were obtained by perturbation theory for ω₁τ _c ? 1 where τ _c is the correlation time and ω₁ is the off-diagonal matrix element.     

Stable H and O isotope variations reveal sources of recharge in Dhofar,Sultanate of Oman

Due to the ability of stable water isotopes to characterize the origin of water and connected processes of groundwater recharge, we used the isotope variations of hydrogen and oxygen in different water sources for assessing the recharge process in the Dhofar region. δ¹⁸O and δ²H of precipitation, spring water, and groundwater cover a range from ?10 to +2 and from ?70 to +7?‰ (vs Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water), respectively, and correlate in a linear relationship close to the Global Meteoric Water Line. No obvious evaporation processes are detected. A clear signal of the recent precipitation is given by the annual monsoon. The monsoon signal is confirmed by several springs existing in the south at the foot of the Dhofar mountains and sources at Gogub above 450?m and Tawi Atir at 650?m above sea level. They occur here first in the form of water intercepted by trees as stemflow and throughflow. The isotope signature of groundwater in the Dhofar mountains reflects the climatic conditions at the time of recharge and the lithological features of the limestone matrix. To the north, the isotope patterns of the groundwater are continuously depleted from the monsoon signal along the outcropping aquifer D (Lower Umm Er Radhuma). Here, a more negative signature towards the wells in the Najd desert region was observed. Cyclone water that flooded wadis in the Dhofar region occasionally, as observed in November 2011, falls isotopically into the same range as we observed in the fossil groundwater. Taking into account the different sources of precipitation and groundwater and thus a clear distinction of the isotopic composition of the water sources, we conclude a recharge process divided into a southward and a northward component in the Dhofar region.     

A groundwater separation study in boreal wetland terrain: the WATFLOOD hydrological model compared with stable isotope tracers

Monitoring of stable water isotopes (18O and 2H) in precipitation and surface waters in the Mackenzie River basin of northern Canada has created new opportunities for researchers to study the complex hydrology and hydroclimatology of this remote region. A number of prior studies have used stable isotope data to investigate aspects of the hydrological regime of the wetland-dominated terrain near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada. The present paper compares estimates of groundwater contributions to streamflow derived using the WATFLOOD distributed hydrological model, equipped with a new water isotope tracer module, with the results of conventional isotope hydrograph separation for five wetland-dominated catchments along the lower Liard River. The comparison reveals highly promising agreement, verifying that the hydrological model is simulating groundwater flow contributions to total streamflow with reasonable fidelity, especially during the crucial snowmelt period. Sensitivity analysis of the WATFLOOD simulations also reveals intriguing features about runoff generation from channelized fens, which may contribute less to streamflow than previously thought.