固体酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯——推荐一个绿色化学实验

以自制固体酸Zr(SO4)2/SiO2代替浓硫酸为催化剂改进乙酸正丁酯合成实验;通过吸附吡啶的红外光谱图FT-IR表征固体酸的酸类型;采用KOH标准溶液滴定反应混合物的酸值测定反应的酯化率。结果表明,固体酸Zr(SO4)2/SiO2为Brönsted酸,其制备简单,催化合成乙酸正丁酯的酯化率高达99%,反应后处理简便,无废液排放,催化剂可重复使用;改进型实验符合绿色化学要求,并涉及无机、有机、分析及物理化学的相关内容,具有显著的综合性化学实验特征。     

氨基磺酸/浓硫酸协同催化合成羧酸乙酯

以肉桂酸和无水乙醇为原料、廉价的氨基磺酸/浓硫酸为协同催化剂、环己烷为带水剂,合成了肉桂乙酯,收率90.0%。反应的优化条件为:氨基磺酸/浓硫酸/肉桂酸/无水乙醇=1.9/1/9.1/31.8(物质的量之比),时间3 h。利用该优化条件,共合成了9种羧酸乙酯,包括芳香酸、脂肪酸、二元酸、不饱和酸的乙酯。该法突出的优点有:催化剂价廉易得且可重复使用、产率高、后处理简便。     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)催化合成苯乙酸乙酯

苯乙酸乙酯 ,常作为修饰剂和主香剂 ,应用于烟草、食品、日用化妆品等行业 ,还可以用于生产巴比妥类催眠药鲁米那 ,也可作溶剂。工业生产中采用硫酸催化合成苯乙酸乙酯 ,但硫酸有脱水和氧化作用 ,生成众多副产物 ,产物后处理工艺复杂 ,污水排放量大 ,严重腐蚀设备。本文合成了稀土固体超强酸ＳＯ2 -4 /ＴｉＯ2 /Ｌａ3+催化剂 ,考察了影响催化活性的一些因数及催化合成苯乙酸乙酯的条件。此催化剂不仅克服了浓硫酸催化的一些缺点 ,而且酯化率高 ,反应时间缩短一半 ,反应温度降低 1 5℃ ,容易回收、可以多次重复使用 ,适宜工业生产。1　实验1 …     

固体酸催化合成马来酸二丁酯

制备了固体酸催化剂Zr(SO4)2/SiO2,并用于合成马来酸二丁酯,考察了Zr(SO4)2负载量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等催化剂制备条件对催化活性的影响。采用FTIR、XRD、TG等方法对催化剂进行了表征分析。通过正交实验设计优化了固体酸Zr(SO4)2/SiO2催化合成马来酸二丁酯的工艺条件。实验结果表明,Zr(SO4)2/SiO2是合成马来酸二丁酯的良好催化剂,适宜的催化剂制备条件为:硫酸锆负载量57%,焙烧温度400℃,焙烧时间2 h。适宜的催化合成反应条件为:酐醇物质的量比为1∶2.5,催化剂用量为马来酸酐质量的6%,带水剂甲苯8 mL,反应时间2.0 h。在此条件下马来酸二丁酯的酯化率为98.5%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+催化合成苯乙酸乙酯

苯乙酸乙酯,常作为修饰剂和主香剂,应用于烟草、食品、日用化妆品等行业,还可以用于生产巴比妥类催眠药鲁米那,也可作溶剂.工业生产中采用硫酸催化合成苯乙酸乙酯,但硫酸有脱水和氧化作用,生成众多副产物,产物后处理工艺复杂,污水排放量大,严重腐蚀设备.本文合成了稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+催化剂,考察了影响催化活性的一些因数及催化合成苯乙酸乙酯的条件.此催化剂不仅克服了浓硫酸催化的一些缺点,而且酯化率高,反应时间缩短一半,反应温度降低15℃,容易回收、可以多次重复使用,适宜工业生产.     

固体超强酸ZrO_2/S2O_8~(2-)催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

研究了在固体超强酸ZrO2/S2O2-8催化下,肉桂酸与甲醇作用合成肉桂酸甲酯的工艺.考查了催化剂的用量、酸醇摩尔比、反应时间及催化剂的性能对反应的影响.最佳反应条件为∶n(肉桂酸)∶n(甲醇)=1∶10,m(肉桂酸)∶m(催化剂)=3∶1,反应温度90～95℃,反应时间5h,酯化率为95.7%.     

推荐一个基础有机化学新实验——微波辐射合成肉桂酸酯

推荐一个基础有机化学实验———微波辐射合成肉桂酸酯,即在常压条件下以肉桂酸和醇为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,利用微波辐射技术快速合成肉桂酸甲酯、乙酯及丙酯,收率可达91%～95.2%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3 +催化合成丙酸苄酯

采用浸渍法制备了稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+,并运用IR、XRD和Hammett指示剂法对其进行了表征.以制备的固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO23+为催化剂、丙酸和苯甲醇为原料合成了丙酸苄酯.考察了催化剂的制备条件及合成条件对酯化率的影响,结果显示催化剂最佳制备条件:钛前体氧化物的浸渍液为含0.07 mol·L-1 La3+的硫酸溶液,焙烧时间3 h,焙烧温度500℃.最佳反应条件:醇酸摩尔比为1:2、催化剂用量为苯甲醇用量的9.3%、反应时间3 h、反应温度120℃,酯化率达84.0%以上.用IR、1H-NMR等手段对产品进行了表征.     

稀土固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3＋催化合成丙酸苄酯

采用浸渍法制备了稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+,并运用IR、XRD和Hammett指示剂法对其进行了表征.以制备的固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO23+为催化剂、丙酸和苯甲醇为原料合成了丙酸苄酯.考察了催化剂的制备条件及合成条件对酯化率的影响,结果显示催化剂最佳制备条件钛前体氧化物的浸渍液为含0.07 mol·L-1 La3+的硫酸溶液,焙烧时间3 h,焙烧温度500℃.最佳反应条件醇酸摩尔比为12、催化剂用量为苯甲醇用量的9.3%、反应时间3 h、反应温度120℃,酯化率达84.0%以上.用IR、1H-NMR等手段对产品进行了表征.     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)催化合成丙酸苄酯

采用浸渍法制备了稀土固体超强酸SO2 -4/TiO2 /La3 + ,并运用IR、XRD和Hammett指示剂法对其进行了表征。以制备的固体超强酸SO2 -4/TiO2 3 + 为催化剂、丙酸和苯甲醇为原料合成了丙酸苄酯。考察了催化剂的制备条件及合成条件对酯化率的影响 ,结果显示催化剂最佳制备条件 :钛前体氧化物的浸渍液为含 0 0 7mol·L-1La3 + 的硫酸溶液 ,焙烧时间 3h ,焙烧温度 5 0 0℃。最佳反应条件 :醇酸摩尔比为 1∶2、催化剂用量为苯甲醇用量的 9 3%、反应时间 3h、反应温度 12 0℃ ,酯化率达 84 0 %以上。用IR、1H NMR等手段对产品进行了表征。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。