The role of lattice and adsorbed oxygen in the oxidation of n-butene-1 and furan with MnMoO4-based catalysts

In this paper the adsorption properties towards oxygen and the catalytic oxidation properties of furan and n-butene-1 on a MnMoO₄-based catalyst have been compared. Different forms of adsorbed oxygen are responsible either for the oxidation of furan to maleic anhydride or of furane and n-butene-1 to carbon oxides.

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--q MnMoO₄. , --1 .

     

Catalytic action of cation-substituted forms of oxidized charcoal in the liquid phase oxidation of cumene

The catalytic properties of cation-substituted forms of oxidized charcoal in the liquid-phase oxidation of cumene have been investigated. It has been shown that oxidized charcoal inhibits, and its salt forms catalyze the reaction. The catalytic activities of ion-substituted charcoals depend on both the nature of the metal and the amount of supported ions.

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. , , — . , .

     

Photoadsorption, photooxidation and photodecomposition of simple molecules on alkali halide surfaces

Data have been obtained on the activities of 19 alkali halides in photoadsorption of O₂ and CO₂, photooxidation of H₂ and CO and photodecomposition of H₂O and CO₂.

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19 O₂ CO₂, H₂ CO H₂O CO₂.

     

Reduction of carbon dioxide with methane over Ni-catalyst

The reaction CO₂+CH₄=2CO+2H₂+60 kcal/mol was carried out over some transition metal catalysts (Ni, Fe and Co) and Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst was then found to be the best for the reaction. The reaction rate expression and the apparent activation energy were also obtained over the Ni catalyst.

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CO₂+CH₄=2CO+2H₂+60 / (Ni, Fe Co). Ni/Al₂O₃ . Ni-.

     

Ru(III) catalyzed oxidation of some aliphatic alcohols by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). A kinetic study

Kinetics of Ru(III) catalyzed oxidation of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, isopropanol and iso-butanol by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of Hg(II) acetate have been studied in acid medium. The oxidation exhibits a fractional order in [alcohol] and first order in [NBS]. The applicability of Taft's equation was tested. The probable mechanism is discussed.

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, , -, -, - () Hg(II), Ru(III), . . . .

     

Fractal analysis of co hydrogenation over rhodium catalysts

A fractal scaling law has been applied to products of carbon monoxide hydrogenation over silica supported rhodium catalysts. The results indicate structure sensitivity and that the type of structural sensitivity is product dependent.

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, . , , .

     

Polyfunctional zeolite catalysts in the benzene-olefin-hydrogen system

Benzene alkylation by C₂–C₄ olefins in the presence of hydrogen over a steam-treated zeolite catalyst containing lanthanum and nickel, has been studied. The promoting action of hydrogen on benzene alkylation by propylene has been established.

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C₂–C₄ , . .

     

Physical properties of the catalyst used for partial oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone. II. Electron paramagnetic resonance study

Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on intermediates and final active catalyst material used for partial oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone are reported.

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, .

     

Catalytic activity of CaO?CaF2 binary systems in the Claus reaction

Activity of CaO–CaF₂ catalysts in the Claus reaction has been studied as a function of catalyst composition and of the time of catalyst operation in the reaction. Opposite effects of low and high fluoride content on the Claus activity have been found. A new type of reducing centers is suggested to be responsible for the increase in the activity observed in the case of fluorine-rich catalysts.

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CaO–CaF₂ . , . , , .

     

Specificity of hydrogen adsorption on chromia-supported platinum group metal catalysts

Hydrogen adsorption on chromia supported Pd, Rh and Pt was studied under various pretreatment conditions. The reduction temperature influences strongly the hydrogen uptake for all these metals. Platinum supported on chromia shows an unusually high hydrogen adsorption stoichiometry.

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Pd, Rh Pt, Cr₂O₃, . , . Cr₂O₃ .

     

Thermal studies on aluminium substituted CuCr2O4

Thermal studies on aluminium substituted copper chromite spinel oxide, CuCr_2–x Al _x O₄ (x=0.2 tox=0.8) by DSC show that with 20% replacement of Cr by Al, the phase transition temperature of the spinel is lowered but on further increasing the percentage of Al the phase transition temperature becomes higher than that of CuCr₂O₄. The enthalpy change for phase transition however decreases gradually with increasingx.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels DSC wurde ein aluminium-substituiertes Kupferchromitspinelloxid, CuCr_2–x Al _x O₄ mitx=0,2-0,8 thermisch untersucht. Wird 20% des Cr durch Al ersetzt, sinkt die Phasenübergangstemperatur ab, bei weiterem Anwachsen des Aluminiumgehaltes steigt sie jedoch über die von CuCr₂O₄ hinaus an. Die Enthalpieänderung des Phasenüberganges steigt mit anwachsendemx allmählich an.

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CuCr_2–x Al _x O₄ (x=0,2–0,8) , 20% , , , , CuCr₂O₄. , x.

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The authors thank Mrs P. P. De of Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur for her help with the DSC studies.     

Thermal analysis of manganese dioxide in controlled atmospheres

TG and DTA curves of-MnO₂ have been obtained in nitrogen, air and oxygen. The reactions MnO₂Mn₂O₃ and Mn₂O₃ Mn₃O₄ were observed in the ranges 450° to 600° and 750° to 1100° respectively, and the decomposition temperatures are affected by the partial pressure of oxygen. The endotherm at 1200° is unaffected by the atmosphere and is not accompanied by weight loss. It is, therefore, due to a polymorphic transformation of Mn₃O₄ rather than formation of MnO. Reaction to form MnO was observed by TG in nitrogen above 1400°, but did not occur on heating in oxygen to 1500°.

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Zusammenfassung Die TG und DTA Kurven von-MnO₂ wurden in Stickstoff, Luft und Sauerstoff ermittelt. Die Umwandlungen MnO₂ Mn₂O₃ und Mn₂O₃ Mn₃O₄ wurden im Temperaturbereich von 450° bis 600° bzw. 750° bis 1100° beobachtet. Die Zersetzungstemperaturen werden durch den partiellen Sauerstoffdruck beeinflußt. Der endendothermische Vorgang von 1200° bleibt von der Atmosphäre unbeeinflußt, ist mit keinem Gewichtsverlust verbunden. Er ist eher einer polymorphen Umwandlung von Mn₃O₄ als der Bildung von MnO zuzuschreiben. Die Bildung von MnO wurde thermogravimetrisch in Stickstoff oberhalb 1400° beobachtet, nicht jedoch in Sauerstoff bis zu 1500°.

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Résumé Etude de-MnO₂ par TG et par ATD, dans l'azote, dans l'air et dans l'oxygène. Entre 450 et 600° on observe la réaction MnO₂Mn₂O₃ et entre 750 et 1100° Mn₂O₃ Mn₃O₄. La pression partielle de l'oxygène influence la température de la décomposition. A 1200°, il apparaît un phénomène endothermique undépendant de la nature de l'atmosphère et qui ne s'accompagne d'aucune variation de poids. C'est pourquoi il est attribué à une transformation polymorphique de Mn₃O₄ plutôt qu'à la formation de MnO. Celle-ci s'observe en TG au-dessus de 1400°, dans l'azote, mais ne se produit pas par chauffage dans l'oxygène jusqu'à 1500°.

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, -MnO₂. , MnO₂ Mn₂O₃ Mn₂O₃ Mn₃O₄ 450°–600° 750°–1100°, , . 1200° . , n₃₄, MnO. MnO 1400°, , 1500° .

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The authors wish to thank Dr. D. Dollimore and Dr. R. C. Mackenzie for suggesting the problem, and the S.R.C. for a research assistantship to D.M.T.     

Flow reactor for kinetic studies with simultaneous X-ray phase analysis of a catalyst

A flow reactor for kinetic studies of heterogeneous catalytic reactions with simultaneous X-ray phase analysis of the catalyst is described. As an example, the correlation between the selectivity of acetylene hydrogenation and the -Pd hydride concentration in palladium catalysts is shown.

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, . -Pd .

     

Pulse-chromatographic determination of molybdenum surface by oxygen adsorption in Co?Mo catalysts

A pulse-chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of molybdenum surface by selective adsorption of oxygen at –78°C in cobalt-molybdenum-alumina catalysts. The surface concentrations of molybdenum in a series of catalysts of different compositions were compared with the activities for cyclohexene hydrogenation and for thiophene hydrogenolysis.

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- –78°C -- . - .

     

Kinetics of product formation in the initial phase of oxidative degradation of pentaerythritol tetraacetate

The kinetics of formation of acetic acid, methanol, methyl acetate and hydroperoxide in the autoxidation (463–503 K) and initiated oxidation (413 K) of pentaerythritol tetraacetate has been studied. A scheme for product formation is proposed.

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, , (463–503 ) (413 ) . .

     

Promotive effect of H2S for hydrocarbon conversions over Na zeolites

H₂S promotes remarkably the catalytic cracking of n-butane and the isomerization of cyclopropane over various Na zeolites, presumably because of the formation of new Brönsted acid sites on catalyst surface.

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H₂S - Na-, , .

     

Chemical reaction and phase transformations of the components of low temperature shift catalyst in various atmospheres

The systems CuO–Al₂O₃ and ZnO–Al₂O₃, as model systems of low temperature shift catalysts, have been studied in the temperature interval 100–700°C. The changes of their phase composition and surface area, influenced by gas atmosphere have been studied by X-ray, IR analysis and low temperature nitrogen adsorption.

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CuO–Al₂O₃ ZnO–Al₂O₃ CO 100–700°C. , - .

     

Evaluation of quantum yields in the presence of an absorbing additive

A method is proposed for the evaluation of quantum yields of photochemical reactions studied in the presence of absorbing additives using cylindrical sample tubes.

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.

     

Kinetics of evolution of individual gases in the course of shale thermal decomposition

The results are presented of an experimental investigation of the kinetics of evolution of C _n H _m , CH₄, CO and H₂ in the course of shale thermal decomposition. The experiments were carried out with a complex experimental set-up consisting of a derivatograph, a chromatograph and a spectrophotometer, with shale samples of different fractions from different seams of basic commercial deposits. In spite of the differences in the sites of taking the samples and in their characteristics, the reaction rate curves for each gas are close to one another.

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Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Untersuchung der Kinetik der Freisetzung von C _n H _m , CH₄, CO und H₂ im Verlaufe der thermischen Zersetzung von Schiefern werden mitgeteilt. Die Versuche wurden mit einer komplexen, aus einem Derivatograph, einem Chromatograph und einem Spektrophotometer bestehenden Ausrüstung vorgenommen. Untersucht wurden Schiefer von verschiedenen, kommerziell abgebauten Lagerstätten. Obwohl sich die Schieferproben hinsichtlich der Lage und der Charakteristik des Vorkommens unterscheiden, verlaufen doch die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskurven für jedes Gas nahezu gleich.

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_{n m} , ₄, , H₂ . , , , . , .

     

Temperature dependence of the X-ray induced adsorption of oxygen and methane on ZnO

The capacity of ZnO with respect to the photo- and X-ray adsorbed, as well as postadsorbed oxygen is shown to depend on the temperature. It is suggested that this dependence cannot be attributed to either the thermal annealing of the induced sites or the thermal desorption of the adsorbed molecules.

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O , - , , , . , .