基于PDMS的NMR中色谱技术的分离性能研究

以聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)作为NMR中色谱技术的虚拟“固定相”,利用高分辨液体NMR中的DOSY技术考察其对正戊烷、1-溴戊烷和1,5-二溴戊烷这3种烷烃的分离性能．结果显示,在没有添加PDMS时,上述3种组分的扩散系数较接近,不能被分离;但当检测体系中含有PDMS时,3种组分的扩散系数相差较大,因而能被很好地分离．此外,还研究了样品温度和溶液粘度对分离性能的影响,其影响的趋势为：升高样品温度能改善混合物的分离;而增加溶液粘度则不利于混合物的分离．     

辣椒碱与β-环糊精包合物的核磁共振研究

利用核磁共振方法研究了辣椒碱β-环糊精包合物的化学计量比、空间结构信息及其在水溶液中的自扩散系数. 通过测定不同浓度比的辣椒碱和β-环糊精混合溶液的 ¹H NMR数据,绘制Job's曲线,辣椒碱和β-环糊精的Job's曲线均在r=0.5处出现拐点. 同时测定了该包合物的2D ROESY和DOSY谱图,ROESY谱图中NOE交叉信号出现在辣椒碱的H-1~H-8和β-环糊精的H-3′、H-5′、H-6′之间,DOSY测得β-环糊精和辣椒碱形成包合物前后的表观自扩散系数. 结果表明,辣椒碱β-环糊精包合物的主客体分子的化学计量比为1∶1,辣椒碱分子的异丙基端从β-环糊精的宽口端进入疏水腔,其中H-1~H-8部分在空腔内部,包合物的自扩散系数为2.95×10^-10m²/s.     

扩散序谱(DOSY)实验中扩散系数维数字分辨率的影响

核磁共振二维扩散序谱（DOSY）实验测定溶液中分子自扩散系数时,扩散系数维的数据点及其数字分辨率直接影响了测定值的精度.在较系统地确定了DOSY实验本身偏差范围的基础上,本文研究了扩散系数维不同的数字分辨率对测定值的影响,包括其引入偏差的来源以及形成偏差的大小.由于不同的溶液条件下分子扩散系数的改变可直接用于表征分子结构或状态的变化,本文提出的相对数字分辨率与扩散系数相对变化值的直接比较,可直观地表明数字分辨率对扩散系数测定值的影响.     

PAN为基凝胶聚合物电解质自扩散系数的NMR研究

利用脉冲梯度场NMR方法直接测量了不同温度下的不同组分的PAN为基凝胶聚合物电解抽PAN-EC/PL-LiClO₄中锂离子的自扩散系数D.结果表明,锂离子的自扩散系数D依赖于锂盐质量分数x％,关且在x从5到20范围内,x=10时D有最大值.这与锂离子跳跃的传输机制及同时受到增塑剂EC与聚合物PAN网络的相互作用有关. 关键词：     

分子量分布对线性PNIPA/D20溶液相变和扩散性质的影响

利用¹H NMR谱和NMR自扩散方法研究了2种不同分子量分布的聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺）（PNIPA）的相变行为和扩散性质,发现分子量分布对PNIPA水溶液的相变行为和扩散性质都有明显影响. 在PNIPA水溶液的相变温度-浓度曲线中,宽分子量分布PNIPA的曲线下降比较平缓,而低分子量分布PNIPA的曲线先是快速降低,然后趋于缓和. 在扩散实验中,宽分子量分布PNIPA的自扩散衰减曲线呈现一定的曲率,而且温度越低,浓度越高,曲率越大;而窄分子量分布PNIPA的自扩散衰减曲线几乎是直线,受温度和浓度的影响很小. 通过基于经典的Kohlrausch Williams-Watts延展指数关系式来拟合宽分子量分布PNIPA自扩散系数和常规方程拟合窄分子量分布PNIPA自扩散系数的2种方法对比,可以得到基于Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts的延展指数拟合,有效改善分子量分布造成的影响.     

PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物的NMR研究进展

PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物是重要的非离子型高分子表面活性剂,在药物载体和基因治疗等领域有着广阔的应用前景. 核磁共振(NMR)作为重要的研究手段,在研究PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物胶团及液晶结构形成,揭示嵌段共聚物与各种添加剂或药物分子的相互作用机理,有着独特的优势. 本文重点介绍了¹H、¹³C和²H NMR波谱以及NMR弛豫时间和自扩散NMR等技术在研究PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物体系中的应用. 简要介绍了NMR技术在PEO-PPO-PEO 嵌段共聚物聚集、调控以及作为药物载体等方面的研究现状.     

扩散序谱(DOSY)实验测定缓冲体系中蛋白质表观分子量

液体核磁共振扩散序谱（DOSY）可以通过测定溶质分子的自扩散系数（D_t）来研究该分子在溶液中的表观分子量（M）.D_t与测试体系和分子本身性质相关，蛋白质体系较为复杂，从而增加了蛋白质自扩散系数（D_t-protein）测定的难度.本文以3-（三甲基硅基）丙磺酸钠（DSS）为内标，以蛋白质分子与DSS自扩散系数的比值（D_r）来表征蛋白质分子在溶液中的表观分子量（M_protein），该方法降低了缓冲体系对M_protein的影响，使得M_protein主要由分子本身的性质决定.在此基础上，测定了不同分子量蛋白质分子相对于DSS的D_r，拟合得到了D_r与M_protein的相关关系：lgM_protein =-2.6488 lgD_r-0.7863，相关系数（R²）为0.997.最后测定了通过大肠杆菌表达纯化得到的SARS冠状病毒主蛋白酶C端结构域（M^pro-C）分子相对于DSS的D_r，并计算出与文献结果一致的M_protein，进一步验证了拟合公式的准确性和实用性.     

有机双过氧钒化合物的合成及其与小分子相互作用研究

在过去的20年里,双过氧钒化合物的合成及其与小分子相互作用一直是化学和生物学研究的热点之一．本文在合成并表征数种双过氧钒化合物的基础上,利用多核（¹H、¹³C、¹⁴N、¹⁵N和⁵¹V）、多维（¹H-¹H COSY、¹³C-¹H COSY和DOSY）和变温NMR等谱学手段,结合ESI-MS技术和理论计算,系统研究了相互作用前后体系中各物种的溶液结构,对一些实验现象进行了解释,探讨了相互作用的模式和规律．主要结果总结如下：  1. 在合成草酸双过氧钒的基础上,利用多种NMR谱学手段研究了双过氧钒和组氨酸类化合物的相互作用,在溶液中观察到His和Carns等有机配体主要以其咪唑环上的ε-N与中心金属钒配位,这和从海洋生物 Curvularia inaequalis 分离出来的氯过氧化物酶(Chloroperoxidase)的活性中心His496有着相同的配位方式．理论计算表明溶剂效应对该配位方式起着关键的作用．此外,利用ESI-MS技术结合理论计算,通过比较体系在溶液和气相中行为的异同,对气相中物种[OV(O₂)₂(L)₂]-（L为配体）可能的结构给予了解释,认为中心金属钒与溶液中一样还是6配位而不是Conte等人认为的7配位,第二个配体分子通过氢键与物种[OV(O₂)₂(L)₂]-结合在一起． 2. 在合成数种双过氧钒化合物的基础上,利用多种NMR技术结合ESI-MS等谱学方法系统研究了双过氧钒化合物和咪唑、吡啶、取代吡啶、精氨酸、皮考啉酯以及皮考啉酰胺等有机配体的相互作用,建立了一套适合研究过氧钒化合物与有机小分子相互作用的谱学方法．利用核磁共振中扩散排序（DOSY）技术,实现了混合物中各组分在样品管中的“虚”分离,并利用谱图编辑技术得到混合物中各组分的化学位移即结构信息．由于DOSY的使用避免了繁琐的分离,因此它是一种非常有应用前景的研究混合物的谱学方法． 3. 在相互作用体系NH₄VO₃/H₂O₂/2-(2′-Py)Imi中合成了一种新的双过氧钒化合物．经NMR、IR、X-ray衍射和元素分析等谱学方法或分析手段确定其组成[NH₄{OV(O₂)₂{2-(2′-Py)-Imi}·4H₂O}]和结构,其⁵¹V的化学位移在单核双过氧钒化合物中是最大的．目前已报道双过氧钒化合物的晶体结构约为10个,本文所合成的为第一个具有不对称双氮双齿配体的双过氧钒化合物．     

NMR波谱技术在两亲分子聚集体研究中的应用

通过近年来NMR技术在两亲分子聚集体研究中的应用实例,特别在弛豫时间、自扩散系数测定、谱线宽度、化学位移等方面取得的研究结果,对确定的两亲分子聚集性质、聚集体结构和聚集体性质的研究进行了较为详细的介绍.主要侧重点在于介绍1HNMR、13CNMR、19FNMR及2H四极分裂谱等技术在两亲分子聚集体结构及结构演变研究中的应用,特别在胶束、囊泡和微乳液结构确定上的应用.     

大鼠粪样中几种糖类物质的结构确定

粪样代谢组能够反映宿主和肠道菌群相互作用的共代谢信息,然而粪样中糖类物质的归属信息迄今仍不完善. 该研究使用1D NMR技术检测到大鼠粪样中木糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖等单糖以及由阿拉伯糖和木糖组成的寡聚糖. 在使用固相萃取（SPE）方法进行分离富集的基础上,结合使用2D NMR实验技术（¹H-¹H COSY,¹H-¹H TOCSY,¹H-¹³C HSQC,¹H-¹³C HMBC以及DOSY）确定了这些糖类物质的结构,并对其1H NMR和¹³C NMR谱峰进行了归属.     

The 2D-J-DOSY experiment: resolving diffusion coefficients in mixtures

Many diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR techniques have recently been developed to aid in the deconvolution of complex mixtures. Spectroscopic separation based on chemical and physical properties facilitates the identification of mixture components while eliminating time-consuming separation steps and preserving the chemical environment. One way to improve resolution in such experiments is to spread the spectroscopic information into two dimensions. The 2D-J-DOSY experiment has been designed to resolve mixture components in terms of a chemical shift and proton coupling constant as well as distinguishing them on the basis of translational diffusion. Acquiring a series of spectra as a function of gradient amplitude permits the determination of diffusion coefficients for components that cannot be resolved in the one-dimensional (1D) (1)H NMR spectrum. Comparison of the resulting values with those obtained through the traditional 1D diffusion experiment for a mixture of sugars validates The 2D-J-DOSY technique.     

基于ADI-FDTD模拟的岩石核磁共振横向弛豫特征分析

将复杂的骨架-孔隙系统抽象成等效双孔介质,根据Bloch方程构建数学模型,用交替隐式时域有限差分(ADI-FDTD)和联合反演迭代法(SIRT)进行横向宏观磁化矢量的数值模拟与核磁共振T₂谱的反演,定量研究扩散系数、弛豫速率、孔隙组分比和孔隙宽度对核磁响应的影响.结果表明:横向宏观磁化矢量衰减速率与扩散系数和微孔隙分量成正比,与孔隙宽度成反比,与表面弛豫速率基本无关.当扩散系数较大、孔隙宽度较小时,核磁共振T₂谱难以直观反映孔隙组分及孔隙结构.应用核磁共振评价孔隙结构时需特别注意扩散系数和孔隙尺寸的影响.     

The NMR-WEBLAB: An internet approach to NMR lineshape analysis

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) WEBLAB is described, providing an interactive tool for analyzing NMR spectra of solids and anisotropic liquids to elucidate their molecular dynamics. It is a collection of programs freely available over the Internet at http://www.mpip-mainz.mpg.de/weblab40/that permit the interpretation of one-dimensional NMR spectra in the case of motions occurring on a cone and of two-dimensional exchange NMR data for discrete jumps. The programs are described in detail and analytical formulae for the averaged interaction tensor components that govern the spectra in the fast motional limit are derived in an appendix. To facilitate the validation of the results obtained from the WEBLAB, we present examples for two- and three-site jumps and demonstrate how WEBLAB can be utilized for analyzing more complex motions around more than one axis as met, e.g., in poly(diethysiloxane), where experimental data are available.     

Analysis of remote detection travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels

Remote detection technique can increase sensitivity of an NMR experiment by several orders of magnitude in microfluidic applications. Travel time experiment is a basic remote detection NMR experiment, which reveals the travel time distribution of the molecules flowing from the encoding coil region to the detector. In this article, we focus on analyzing how flow type (Poiseuille or plug flow), diffusion, dispersion and geometry of the flow channels are manifested in the travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels. We demonstrate that remote detection travel time experiment could be used even as an alternative NMR method for measuring self-diffusion coefficient of a fluid without magnetic field gradients. In addition, we introduce a modified travel time pulse sequence, which removes the signal of unencoded fluid spins as well as the background signal arising from the material inside or close to the detector.     

On the role of experimental imperfections in constructing 1H spin diffusion NMR plots for domain size measurements

We discuss the precision of 1D chemical-shift-based ¹H spin diffusion NMR experiments as well as straightforward experimental protocols for reducing errors. The ¹H spin diffusion NMR experiments described herein are useful for samples that contain components with significant spectral overlap in the ¹H NMR spectrum and also for samples of small mass (<1 mg). We show that even in samples that display little spectral contrast, domain sizes can be determined to a relatively high degree of certainty if common experimental variability is accounted for and known. In particular, one should (1) measure flip angles to high precision (≈±1° flip angle), (2) establish a metric for phase transients to ensure their repeatability, (3) establish a reliable spectral deconvolution procedure to ascertain the deconvolved spectra of the neat components in the composite or blend spin diffusion spectrum, and (4) when possible, perform 1D chemical-shift-based ¹H spin diffusion experiments with zero total integral to partially correct for errors and uncertainties if these requirements cannot fully be implemented. We show that minimizing the degree of phase transients is not a requirement for reliable domain size measurement, but their repeatability is essential, as is knowing their contribution to the spectral offset (i.e. the J₁ coefficient). When performing experiments with zero total integral in the spin diffusion NMR spectrum with carefully measured flip angles and known phase transient effects, the largest contribution to error arises from an uncertainty in the component lineshapes which can be as high as 7%. This uncertainty can be reduced considerably if the component lineshapes deconvolved from the composite or blend spin diffusion spectra adequately match previously acquired pure component spectra.     

Resolving overlaps in diffusion encoded spectra using band-selective pulses in a 3D BEST-DOSY experiment

A novel diffusion-edited 3D NMR experiment that incorporates a BEST-HMQC pulse sequence in its implementation is presented. Heteronuclear 3D DOSY NMR experiments are useful in elucidating the diffusion coefficients of individual constituents of a mixture, especially in cases where the proton NMR 2D DOSY spectra show considerable overlap. The present 3D BEST-DOSY pulse sequence provides a more sensitive and less time-consuming alternative to standard 3D HMQC-DOSY experiments. Cleanly separated subspectra of individual mixture components are obtained, leading to the determination of diffusion coefficients with better accuracy. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated on a mixture of amino acids, on a mixture of small molecules with similar diffusion coefficients, and on a complex mixture with large dynamic range (commercial gasoline). The implications of using adiabatic decoupling schemes and band-selective shaped pulses for selective BEST-DOSY experiments on proteins are also discussed.     

复方乙酰水杨酸片中有效成分的DOSY技术分析

复方乙酰水杨酸片是临床常用的解热镇痛消炎药物,目前其有效成分的分析方法存在操作繁琐而分析速度慢等不足.该文利用二甲基硅油(PDMS)辅助的扩散排序(DOSY)技术以及扩散排序-同核相关(DOSY-COSY)联用技术,成功地对复方乙酰水杨酸片中三种有效成分的分子结构进行了快速定性分析,并且利用核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)技术进行了相对定量分析.该方法具有方便、快捷等特点,可作为借鉴和参考用于药物的质量评价.     

Two-dimensional 109Ag NMR and random-walk simulation studies of silver dynamics in glassy silver ion conductors

By applying one- and two-dimensional 109Ag NMR, we demonstrate that silver diffusion in silver iodide/silver phosphate glasses is governed by a very broad, continuous distribution of correlation times G(lg tau). As a consequence, over a wide temperature range, the 109Ag NMR spectra can be described by a weighted superposition of a Gaussian and a Lorentzian where these line-shape components result from the slow and the fast silver ions in G(lg tau), respectively. For the 109Ag NMR two-time correlation functions F2(t), measured as a stimulated echo, a very stretched decay to F2SS(t(m)) = 0 is observed. When fitting to a Kohlrausch function, exp[-(t/tau)beta], a stretching parameter beta approximately = 0.2 is found. The temperature dependence of the mean correlation time of silver dynamics is described by an Arrhenius law where the activation energy is consistent with the one reported for the dc conductivity sigma(dc). In addition, it is shown that the effect of complex dynamical processes on NMR multi-time correlation functions can easily be calculated when performing random-walk simulations for schematic models such as the random-barrier model and the random-energy model. Based on these models it is possible to simulate various NMR observables and the mean square displacement, thus revealing the information content of multi-dimensional NMR experiments on solid ion conductors.     

固体核磁共振技术在水泥基材料研究中的应用

水泥基材料组分、结构复杂,其水化过程、水化产物组成和结构表征是研究中的难点.一维固体核磁共振谱图可定性或定量分析胶凝材料（水泥及矿物掺合料）的水化程度、水化产物（特别是非晶相）的种类和结构,从而揭示胶凝材料的组成、外加剂和环境等因素对水泥基材料水化过程的影响.而二维核磁共振谱可进一步研究不同或同种原子核之间的连接情况,从而明确水化产物中的掺杂、取代,以及有机外加剂在水泥浆体中的分散情况.因此,固体核磁共振技术可获取其它方法难以获得的信息,有力促进水泥水化及其微观结构的研究.