Collision of water drop on water

A series of experiments are performed to study the collision of a water drop with various impact velocities, ranged from 0 to 600 cm/s, onto a water surface. Three kinds of phenomena have been recorded. Two of them named “penetration” and “cleavage”, were observed for low impact velocity (up to 100 cm/s). Their common characteristics are that no obvious disturbances on the surface were observed during the colliding process. Namely no splashing jets nor obvious crater were observed. By penetration we mean that a drop fallen into water becomes a ring, which penetrates the water smoothly with a velocity of several centimeters per second. During the penetrating process no obvious change of its configuration was observed. The falling height corresponding to penetration is proportional to volume of the original drop. Some periodicity of the falling heights (corresponding to penetration) was revealed. The phenomenon named “cleavage” occurs when the impact velocity is other than that corresponding to penetration, then the drop cleaves into an “inverted cauliflower” after falling below the surface of water. It almost does not decend. By diffusing and slowly expanding it vanishes in the vessel water several minutes after. These two kinds of phenomena, as we know, have not been reported before. As the impact velocity approaches or exceeds 100 cm/s, the third kind of phenomena, the splash, appears. The diameter and depth of the crater occuring in the case of splash, together with the time for the crater to reach its maximum size, and the time for the rebounding column to begin to rise are given as functions of the falling height of the drop.     

Phenomena of a liquid drop falling to a liquid surface

Two kinds of phenomenon have been observed when a liquid drop falls to a surface of the same liquid. The first, which can nearly always be observed, involves splash and some degree of penetration and cleavage and the conditions for this occurrence are identified. The experimental observations are compared with previous computational results. The second kind of colliding phenomena can be observed only by chance in an ordinary falling drop experiment and appears to be random. It includes the two phenomena investigated in this paper: the floating drop and the rolling drop.     

The fate of soluble and insoluble surfactant monolayers subjected to drop impacts

Surfactant monolayers were formed on a water surface and subjected to water drops falling from a nozzle. Surface tension was measured during these experiments to determine the effect of the drop impacts on the surfactant monolayer. The purpose of this work was to determine whether monolayers can be altered by drop impacts without the formation of a splash. Accordingly, a small fall height was used to avoid drop splashes and concomitant surfactant loss by droplet ejection. The relevance of this work pertains to the fate of surfactant monolayers during rain events. Results are presented for a soluble and insoluble surfactant. The results show that the insoluble monolayer is virtually unaffected by the drops, indicating that the monolayer immediately reforms after the drop impact. The soluble monolayer shows significant changes in measured surface tension during droplet impact when the surfactant concentration is high.     

Penetration into a granular bed in the presence of upward gas flows

We present a numerical study on the penetration of spherical projectiles into a granular bed in the presence of upward gas flows. Due to the presence of interstitial fluid, the force chains between particles in the granular bed are weakened significantly, and this distinguishes the penetration behavior from that in the absence of fluid. An interesting phenomenon, namely granular jet, is observed during the penetration, and the mechanism for its formation and growth is attributed to the merging of granular vortices generated by the interaction between the intruder and primary particles. Moreover, both the final penetration depth and the maximum diameter of the crater are found to follow a power-law dependence with the impact velocity, and the maximum height reached by the granular jet tends to increase linearly as the impact velocity increases, agreeing well with the experimental results reported in the literature.     

The optimal drop shape for vortices generated by drop impacts: the effect of surfactants on the drop surface

Subsurface vortices are frequently created when a falling drop strikes a flat water surface. Prior work has demonstrated that the shape of the drop at the point of impact is critical in determining how deep or how fast the resulting vortex will penetrate into the water bulk. In the present study, the details of this phenomena are explored by using surfactants to vary surface tension. Specifically, Triton X-100 monolayers are created on the surface of the drop, and on the flat water surface. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no single optimal drop shape resulting in best vortex penetration. Rather, the data suggest that the optimal shape depends on the surface tension of the falling drop. An attempt is made to reconcile contradictory results in the literature using this result.

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穿透现象和液滴形状的关系

拍摄了下落水滴周期性形变的照片，穿透现象（指水滴和水面碰撞后变成环状，穿入水中，直到池底）是在水滴为扁椭球形状或接近扁椭球形状时和水面碰撞发生的．表面张力是改变水滴形状的手段     

弹体侵彻厚混凝土靶迎弹面成坑效应

为研究弹体侵彻厚混凝土靶的迎弹面成坑效应,总结了侵彻实验中的成坑现象,分析了经验公式对成坑深度、成坑直径和成坑角等成坑效应的预测效果;考虑了撞击速度、靶板强度、配筋以及弹体直径和质量等因素的影响,采用量纲分析方法建立了新型成坑效应计算公式及成坑阶段耗能计算公式;基于新型成坑效应计算公式,对成坑效应的影响因素和成坑耗能进行了参数化分析。结果表明:无量纲成坑深度受靶板强度、配筋率和弹体质量的影响较大;对于钢筋混凝土,成坑深度随撞击速度提升呈先增大后减小再增大的变化规律;在常见的侵彻速度和质量范围内,成坑角为15°～24°,质量对成坑角影响较小;迎弹面成坑耗能占弹体总动能的10%～25%,且配筋率和靶板强度对成坑耗能比例的影响较小;弹体质量越小,成坑阶段耗能占比越大。新型成坑效应计算公式对成坑深度、直径和角度的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,可为侵彻弹体设计和工程防护提供参考。     

Perforation of steel and polycarbonate plates by tumbling projectiles

An experimental investigation to assess the effect of tumbling by hard-steel, blunt-faced cylindrical projectiles on the impact response of thin 4130 steel and polycarbonate target plates was performed. Deformation and failure phenomena were observed and discussed; comparisons of the results with analytical models and numerical stimulation, described in a previous paper, were also performed for the steel targets. The final velocity of the projectile and the crater length in the target were correlated with the striker impact angle (or yaw angle with a zero oblique angle); reasonable agreement was attained among the experimental, analytical and numerical results. It was found that an increase of the impact angle can increase the velocity drop and the crater length markedly. The increase tends to be stabilized after the impact angle exceeds 50° and the consequences in such a case are almost the same as in side-on impact.     

Die-swell,splashing drop and a numerical technique for solving the Oldroyd B model for axisymmetric free surface flows

This work deals with the development of a numerical method for simulating viscoelastic axisymmetric free surface flow of an Oldroyd B fluid. A novel formulation is developed for the computation of the non-Newtonian extra-stress components on rigid boundaries and on the symmetry axis. The full free surface stress conditions are employed. The resulting governing equations are solved by finite differences on a Marker-and-cell (MAC) type grid. Validation is provided by simulating a pipe flow problem. The classical die-swell problem is solved and swelling ratios are provided. The height of the splash caused by a falling liquid drop for various Reynolds and Weissenberg numbers is then studied, and the height of the splash is shown to diminish with increasing viscoelasticity.     

弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土靶试验研究

为研究结构弹体对钢筋混凝土靶的高速侵彻破坏效应,利用口径35 mm弹道炮开展了1 030～1 520 m/s速度范围内的高速侵彻试验,获得了弹体的撞击速度、破坏形态、剩余长度、剩余质量和靶体中的侵彻深度及成坑尺寸等试验数据,分析了侵彻深度和侵彻机理随速度的变化关系。结果表明:在1 030～1 390 m/s的速度范围内,弹体头部磨蚀,磨蚀程度随侵彻速度增加而加剧,侵彻深度随撞击速度近似线性增大;撞击速度在1 390～1 480 m/s范围内,弹体头部严重磨蚀,侵彻深度随撞击速度增加而减小;撞击速度大于1 480 m/s后,弹体严重破碎,侵彻深度急剧下降。针对结构弹体高速侵彻过程中的破坏特点,将侵彻速度划分为刚体侵彻区、准刚体侵彻区、侵蚀体侵彻区和破碎体侵彻区,可为钻地弹结构设计提供参考。