The frequency dependence of AC transport losses in stacked Bi—2223／Ag superconducting tapes

AC transport losses in a single superconducting tape, double-and triple-stacked Bi-2223/Ag superconducting tapes were measured by use of electrical method. The measurements were carried out at 77K with the frequency of AC transport currents ranging from 50 to 100Hz. The dependence of AC losses on frequency and the number of tapes in the stack were presented and analysed.     

Surface tension and density of liquid Bi–Pb,Bi–Sn and Bi–Pb–Sn eutectic alloys

Surface tension and density measurement of liquid Bi₅₆Pb₄₄, Bi₄₃Sn₅₇ and Bi₄₆Pb₂₉Sn₂₅ eutectic alloys was carried out by using the large drop method over the temperature range of 380–750 K. The regular solution model has been used in conjunction with Butler's equation to calculate the surface tension of binary and ternary alloys of the Bi–Pb–Sn system, while the surface tension of ternary alloys has also been predicted by using geometric models. The new experimental results were compared with the calculated values of the surface tension as well as with the data available in the literature.     

Surface tension estimation of high temperature melts of the binary alloys Ag–Au

Abstract

Surface tension calculation of the binary alloys Ag–Au at the temperature of 1381 K, where Ag and Au have similar electronic structures and their atomic radii are comparable, are carried out in this study using several equations over entire composition range of Au. Apparently, the deviations from ideality of the bulk solutions, such as activities of Ag and Au are small and the maximum excess Gibbs free energy of mixing of the liquid phase is for instance ?4500 J/mol at X_Au = 0.5. Besides, the results obtained in Ag–Au alloys that at a constant temperature the surface tension increases with increasing composition while the surface tension decreases as the temperature increases for entire composition range of Au. Although data about surface tension of the Ag–Au alloy are limited, it was possible to make a comparison for the calculated results for the surface tension in this study with the available experimental data. Taken together, the average standard error analysis that especially the improved Guggenheim model in the other models gives the best agreement along with the experimental results at temperature 1383 K although almost all models are mutually in agreement with the other one.     

Synthesis and formation mechanism of Ag–Ni alloy nanoparticles at room temperature

Ag–Ni nanoparticles were prepared with a chemical reduction method in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) used as a stabilizing agent. During the synthesis of Ag–Ni nanoparticles, silver nitrate was used as the Ag⁺ source while nickel sulfate hexahydrate was used as Ni²⁺ source. Mixed solutions of Ag⁺ source and Ni²⁺ source were used as the precursors and sodium borohydride was used as the reducing agent. Five ratios of Ag⁺/Ni²⁺ (9:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 1:9) suspensions were prepared in the corresponding precursors. Ag–Ni alloy nanoparticles were obtained with this method at room temperature. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) were used to characterize the morphology, composition and crystal structure of the nanoparticles. The crystal structure was also investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD). In all five Ag/Ni ratios, two kinds of particle structures were observed that are single crystal structure and five-fold twinned structure respectively. Free energy of nanoparticles with different crystal structures were calculated at each Ag/Ni ratio. Calculated results revealed that, with identical volume, free energy of single crystal particle is lower than multi-twinned particle and the difference becomes smaller with the increase of particle size; increase of Ni content will lead the increase of free energy for both structures. Formation of different crystal structures are decided by the structure of the original nuclei at the very early stage of the reduction process.     

Mechanical Properties of （Bi,Pb）-2223 Multifilament Tapes with Ag-Alloy Sheath

Ag-Mg-V alloy is prepared and investigated to develop a new sheath alloy used for BSCCO tapes. Bi-2223 Ag/AgMgV and Bi-2223 AgMgV/AgMgV tapes are studied with the help of stress-strain measurement, optical microstructure and critical current Ic. The value of Ic at 77K and at magnetic field B = 0 is obtained to be 90A/cm^2 for the samples of Bi-2223 Ag/AgMgV tapes, which is higher than that of Bi-2223 AgMgV/AgMgV tapes （72A/cm^2）. The resistance of AgMgV alloy, up to 0.37μΩ·cm at 77K, is higher than that of pure Ag （0.28μΩ·cm） after annealed at 840℃ for 4012, which is studied for reducing the ac loss. The values of the fracture strength and the maximum strain are 86 MPa and 0.50% for Bi-2223 Ag/AgMgV tapes and 108 MPa and 0.33% for Bi-2223 AgMgV/AgMgV tapes, respectively.     

A study of Bi–Pb–Sn–Cd–Sb penta-alloys rapidly quenched from melt

Optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, the double bridge method, the Vickers microhardness testing and dynamic resonance techniques have been used to investigate structure, electrical resistivity, hardness, internal friction and elastic modulus of quenched Bi–Pb–Sn–Cd–Sb penta-alloys. The properties of these penta-alloys are greatly affected by rapid quenching. The intermetallic compound χ(Pb–Bi) or Bi₃Pb₇ is obtained after rapid quenching using the melt-spinning technique, and this is in agreement with reports by other authors [Marshall, T. J., Mott, G. T. and Grieverson, M. H. (1975). Br. J. Radiol., 48, 924; Kamal, M., El-Bediwi, A. B. and Karman, M. B. (1998). Structure, mechanical properties and electrical resistivity of rapidly solidified Pb–Sn–Cd and Pb–Bi–Sn–Cd alloys. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 9, 425; Borromêe-Gautier, C., Giessen, B. C. and Grrant, N. J. (1968). J. Chem. Phys., 48, 1905; Moon, K.-W., Boettinger, W. J., Kattner, U. R., Handwerker, C. A. and Lee, D.-J. (2001). The effect of Pb contamination on the solidification behavior of Sn–Bi solders. J. Electron. Mater., 30, 45.]. The quenched Bi_43.5Pb_44.5Cd₅Sn₂Sb₅ alloy has important properties for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems.     

Bi-2223/Ag超导带HT1降温工艺与Ic关系研究

热处理工艺对于Bi-2223/Ag超导带性能具有决定性作用,热处理过程中不适当的处理温度、保温时间以及在特定温区内不合适的升降温速率,都会导致Bi-2223/Ag带超导性能的降低.本文研究了在2223相基本生成之后第一次热处理(HT1)降温过程中影响临界电流Ic的温度范围和降温速率.实验证明,HT1 的降温过程对Ic有着不可忽视的影响.在800℃～200℃范围内任何附加的保温都会使Ic降低,其中尤以710℃～350℃严重.在此温度范围内,于21%O2分压气氛下,当2223相成相率为～80%时,小于70℃/h的降温速率将使Ic明显下降.XRD的结果发现,较高Ic样品总是含有相对含量为1.8%左右的2212相,在Ic较低的样品中却没有发现2212相,只是3221相稍多.SEM揭示:HT1后经附加热处理的样品中,2223相微裂纹增多,所析出的CuOy尺寸增大而且分布不均匀,这些都造成2223相的连接性变差,使Ic降低.     

Liquid–liquid structure transition in Sn–3.5Ag–3.5Bi melts

The liquid–liquid structure transition (LLST) as the function of temperature and time in Sn–3.5Ag–3.5Bi melts was investigated with the help of direct current four-probe method. The LLST which occurs during first cycle heating of two cycles heating/cooling experiments can divide into two different structure changes: irreversible LLST of 650°C isothermal and step reversible LLST at 770°C–806°C on subsequent heating process. Obvious kinetic phenomena are observed during isothermal experiments. Irreversible and reversible LLST are analysed from the viewpoint of short-range order. These results will help to understand the law and mechanism of liquid field, and provide some scientific reference for the innovation of lead-free solder manufacturing.     

前驱粉末对(Bi,Pb)-2223/Ag超导带材临界电流密度的影响

采用双相粉工艺即分别制备出2212粉末和(Ca2CuO3 CuO)粉末,将它们分别热处理后,按照2223比例混合均匀,分别在四个不同温度下(800℃,815℃,830℃,845℃)进行了10h的烧结,并采用PIT技术制备出37芯超导带材.通过X射线衍射、SEM观察和临界电流的测试,分析了粉末不同烧结温度对(Bi,Pb)-2223/Ag超导带材临界电流密度的影响.结果表明:采用不同的前驱粉末制备的带材具有不同的临界电流密度,最佳的前驱粉末最终烧结温度是830℃左右.     

Nonlinear properties of multiphase high-temperature superconductors of the Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O system in the temperature range of the superconducting transition

The nonlinear characteristics of high-temperature superconductors of the Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O system have been experimentally investigated in the temperature range of the superconducting transition under the influence of a harmonic alternating magnetic field. The effect of the generation of odd harmonics in the signal of response to a harmonic alternating magnetic field for multiphase high-temperature superconductors containing regions with different values of the critical temperature in their bulk has been observed for the first time. The mechanism of harmonic generation in a superconductor in the resistive state, which is associated with the switch effect, i.e., with the redistribution of eddy current density between the local regions of the superconductor, has been considered.     

Effects of composition and cooling rate on the microstructure of?Sn–3.7Ag–0.9Zn–Bi solders

The effects of Bi addition, of less than 3 wt.%, and applied cooling rate on the solidified microstructure of the eutectic Sn–3.7Ag–0.9Zn (weight percent, hereafter) solder were investigated. As observed by microstructural analysis, the increase of Bi content favors the separation of the β-Sn and AgZn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the eutectic Sn–Ag–Zn solder. And there are some Bi precipitates formed along with the primary β-Sn dendrites as the concentration of Bi exceeds 2%. As the applied cooling rate increases, the microstructure of the Sn–3.7Ag–0.9Zn–Bi solder is refined, and the segregation of Bi is restrained. By increasing the amount of Bi, the microhardness of the solder increases.     

Recovery and recrystallization in nickel alloy–based tapes with various easy magnetization directions upon annealing in a high magnetic field

Ni_48.8Fe_51.2 and Ni₇₀Co₃₀ alloys are subjected to cold rolling at a reduction of 98.8–99.0% and are annealed in a dc magnetic field of up to 29 T and without a field at various temperatures. The effect of a magnetic field on the structure and the crystal texture is studied. The application of a magnetic field is found to retard recovery processes and the early stages of recrystallization. At the stage of grain growth, the number of orientations with an easy magnetization direction increases and the grain size increases provided that the easy magnetization direction coincides with the main texture of the material. If the easy magnetization direction does not coincide with the texture, the grain growth in a field is decelerated and the texture sharpness decreases.     

磁化法测量Bi2223/Ag高温超导带材的超低频交流损耗

本文利用振动样品磁强计测量了Bi2 2 2 3/Ag短样的磁滞回线 ,通过磁滞回线的面积求得Bi2 2 2 3/Ag超导体中的损耗 ,讨论了磁场加载速率和幅值对超导体交流损耗的影响 ,并将实验结果与理论预期值进行了比较 .目前国内外高温超导体的研究主要集中在工频附近 ,而利用VSM研究 77K温度下Bi2 2 2 3/Ag超导带材的超低频交流损耗的文献据我们所知还没有发现 ,本文给出了这方面初步的实验结果 .样品BS4按PIT法制备 ,芯数为 37,尺寸为 0 .0 2×0 .4 82× 0 .982mm3,用四引线法测得样品的临界电流为 19A( 77K ,0T) .     

Characterization and interpretation of the morphology of a Mg2Sn precipitate with irrational facets in a Mg–Sn–Mn alloy

The crystallographic morphology of β-Mg₂Sn precipitates at (near) Burgers orientation relationship (OR) with respect to the α-Mg matrix in a Mg–Sn–Mn alloy was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two irrational facets of the precipitates were found to be F1 ～// (?1 1 0.74)_β and F2 ～// (?1 1 ?3.1)_β. The facets are interpreted according to interfacial structures. The presence of a singular dislocation structure in F1 requires a small rotation of 0.21° from the Burgers OR. The calculated morphology is consistent with the observations.     

Effect of thermo-mechanical process on structure and high temperature shape memory properties of Ti–15Ta–15Zr alloy

The effect of thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructure evolution, martensite transformation, and shape memory behavior of Ti–15Ta–15Zr high temperature shape memory alloy were investigated. Different martensite morphologies were found with different annealing temperatures. The Ti–15Ta–15Zr alloy exhibits almost perfect shape memory recovery strain of 6% after annealing at 973 K for 0.5 h.     

Effect of cooling speed on structure and properties of rapidly solidified Pb–25wt.% Sn alloy

The effect of cooling speed on structure, hardness, mechanical and electrical transport properties of rapidly solidified Pb–25wt.% Sn alloy have been investigated. A single roller melt spinning technique with linear speeds 15.7 and 31.7 m/s, was used for the preparation of specimens. The results showed that a lower cooling speed increased the precipitation of Sn in a Pb-matrix phase as compared with the higher cooling speed. This decomposition behavior decreased the electrical resistivity and increased the internal friction, thermal diffusivity and Vickers microhardness of the lower cooling speed as compared with those of the higher cooling speed.     

The superconducting properties of a Pb/MoTe_2/Pb heterostructure:First-principles calculations within the anisotropic Migdal–Eliashberg theory

The spin-polarized band structures of an ultrathinheterostructure are calculated via first-principles density functional theory.The electron–phonon interaction and the superconducting properties of the ultrathinheterostructure are studied by using the fully anisotropic Migdal–Eliashberg theory powered by Wannier–Fourier interpolation.Due to the complex Fermi surface in this low-dimensional system,the electron–phonon interaction and the superconducting gap display significant anisotropy.The temperature dependence of the superconducting gap can be fitted by solving numerically the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer(BCS)gap equation with an adjustable parameter α,suggesting that phonon-mediated mechanism as its superconducting origin.Large Rashba spin-splitting and superconductivity coexist in this heterostructure,suggesting that this hybrid low-dimensional system will have some specific applications.