Experimental study of stable and unstable regimes of ethanol-to-acetaldehyde oxidation on a copper catalyst in a flow reactor

The oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by atmospheric oxygen on a stationary copper catalyst in a flow reactor is investigated. It is shown that by operating in unstable rather than stable regimes the specific efficiency of conversion w of ethanol to the target product — acetaldehyde — can be increased by 13%. Operating in unstable regimes makes it possible, without reducing w (as compared with the most efficient stable regime) to increase the total productivity of the reactor by a factor of 2.89.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 11–17, May–June, 1989.     

Experimental realization of unstable regimes of ethanol oxidation into acetaldehyde on a copper-oxide catalyst in a chemical flow reactor

Unstable regimes of operation of a chemical reactor have been stabilized in an experiment by means of a control system with feedback. It has been shown that the concentration limits of the region of multiplicity of reactor steady states do not in general coincide with the concentration limits that can be obtained without the use of stabilizing systems.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 8–13, March–April, 1984.     

Fe3Al／A12O3梯度复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

利用等离子喷技术在钢表面制备了Fe3Al／Al2O3梯度涂层以及Fe3Al-Al2O3双层涂层和Fe3Al—Fe3Al／50%Al2O3-Al2O3三层涂层，采用MRH-3型环一块摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了涂层摩擦磨损性能，采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌．结果表明，梯度涂层成分沿涂层厚度方向存在差异，相应的耐磨性能和磨损机制亦有所不同，梯度涂层的主要磨损机制包括颗粒脱落、裂纹萌生与扩展、微区脆裂层状脱落、塑性变形和粘着损伤等．     

WC/Al2O3颗粒增强Cu基复合材料爆炸粉末烧结实验研究

利用爆炸粉末烧结工艺,探索WC /Al2O3同时作为增强基颗粒制取多种颗粒增强Cu基复合材料的可行性,同时分析了工艺参数对压实坯致密度的影响。研究了复合材料的微观组织和致密度、韧性和硬度等性能,爆炸粉末烧结法可以成功制出WC/ Al2O3/Cu多种颗粒增强金属基复合材料。     

Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a circular pipe under laminar flow with wire coil inserts

In this paper, fully developed laminar flow convective heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of Al₂O₃/water nanofluid flowing through a uniformly heated horizontal tube with and without wire coil inserts is presented. For this purpose, Al₂O₃ nanoparticles of 43 nm size were synthesized, characterized and dispersed in distilled water to form stable suspension containing 0.1% volume concentration of nanoparticles. The Nusselt number in the fully developed region were measured and found to increase by 12.24% at Re = 2275 for plain tube with nanofluid compared to distilled water. Two wire coil inserts made of stainless steel with pitch ratios 2 and 3 were used which increased the Nusselt numbers by 15.91% and 21.53% respectively at Re = 2275 with nanofluid compared to distilled water. The better heat transfer performance of nanofluid with wire coil insert is attributed to the effects of dispersion or back-mixing which flattens the temperature distribution and make the temperature gradient between the fluid and wall steeper. The measured pressure loss with the use of nanofluids is almost equal to that of the distilled water. The empirical correlations developed for Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of Reynolds/Peclet number, pitch ratio and volume concentration fits with the experimental data within ±15%.     

石墨对三氧化二铝/铜金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金技术制备了Al2O3／Cu石墨复合材料；采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了石墨对Al2O3／Cu基金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能和硬度的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌．结果表明：Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的摩擦系数随石墨含量的增加而降低，当石墨含量大于1.0％后，摩擦系数降低明显；当石墨含量低于3％时，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的磨损体积损失随石墨含量的增加而降低；当石墨含量低于2．0％时，石墨对Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度无明显影响；当石墨含量超过3．0％后，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度随石墨含量的增加迅速降低；此外，石墨使得Al2O3／Cu基复合材料磨损表面的微裂纹减少、裂纹长度缩短；当石墨含量达到2．5％时，复合材料磨损表面微裂纹消失．这是由于石墨在磨损表面形成固体润滑膜，从而降低摩擦力并减少裂纹源所致．     

The structure and evolution of a two-dimensional H2/O2/Ar cellular detonation

This paper reports on two-dimensional numerical simulation of cellular detonation wave in a / / mixture with low initial pressure using a detailed chemical reaction model and high order WENO scheme. Before the final equilibrium structure is produced, a fairly regular but still non-equilibrium mode is observed during the early stage of structure formation process. The numerically tracked detonation cells show that the cell size always adapts to the channel height such that the cell ratio is fairly independent of the grid sizes and initial and boundary conditions. During the structural evolution in a detonation cell, even as the simulated detonation wave characteristics suggest the presence of an ordinary detonation, the evolving instantaneous detonation state indicates a mainly underdriven state. As a considerable region of the gas mixture in a cell is observed to be ignited by the incident wave and transverse wave, it is further suggested that these two said waves play an essential role in the detonation propagation.Received: 16 September 2003, Accepted: 14 June 2004, Published online: 20 August 2004[/PUBLISHED]PACS: 47.40.-x, 82.40.Fp, 82.33.Vx, 83.85.PtX.Y. Hu: Correspondence to Current address: Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Deutschland     

等离子喷涂Al2O3/TiO2陶瓷涂层在液态石蜡润滑下的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用纳米和微米结构Al2O3/TiO2喂料制备出2种陶瓷涂层,考察了这2种涂层在液体石蜡润滑下与不锈钢球摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能,并探讨了2种涂层的磨损机理.结果表明:液态石蜡润滑能有效降低纳米Al2O3/TiO2涂层与不锈钢球摩擦副的摩擦系数和磨损率,但是对微米涂层的润滑效果不明显.纳米涂层的摩擦系数仪为微米涂层的1/3,而磨损率则降低了70倍以上.纳米涂层的磨损机制在低载荷下是轻微的黏着磨损,高载荷下则是摩擦抛光,而微米涂层的磨损机制是晶粒脆性断裂.     

Al2O3—40%TiO2和Cr2O3等离子喷涂层的摩擦磨损特性

研究了AC4C铸铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-40%TiO2和Cr2O3陶瓷粉末涂层的滑动摩擦磨损特性;采用划痕试验方法测定了涂层与基体之间的结合强度;用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了磨痕形貌和涂层显微组织特征.研究结果表明:Cr2O3涂层的摩擦学性能优于Al2O3-40%TiO2涂层;涂层的结合强度、硬度和表面空隙对磨损影响较大;Al2O3-40%TiO2涂层的磨损机理主要表现为塑性变形和层状剥离;而Cr2O3涂层则主要为磨粒磨损     

Al2O3陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工温度场模拟

建立了Al2O3陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工(micro-detonationofstrikingarcmachining,MDSAM)过程的传热模型,基于有限元理论,利用ANSYS软件对加工过程中的温度场分布进行了模拟。结合材料性质,对模拟和实验得到的蚀坑尺寸进行了比较,并分析了加工参数对温度场的影响。模拟结果表明,Al2O3陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工时在给定的加工参数下的最高温度可达13435℃,且高温影响区范围很小,加工实验与模拟结果符合较好。随着脉冲宽度和工作电流的增加,加工区域的温度以及蚀坑的半径和深度增大;随着喷嘴半径的增大,加工区域的温度降低而蚀坑的径深比增大。模拟结果可为Al2O3 陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工过程中表面形貌的预测、材料去除机理的揭示以及加工参数的选择等提供参考。     

Synthesis and characterization of PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles by in situ emulsion polymerization

In order to improve its dispersibility, superfine alumina (Al2O3) was encapsulated with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by in situ emulsion polymerization. It was found that only when the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was much higher than its critical micelle concentration, could PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles with high percentage of grafting (PG) be prepared. The same results were obtained between the experimental and stoichiometric amounts of tris (dodecylbenzenesulfonate) isopropoxide (NDZ), indicating that single-molecule-layer adsorption had taken place between NDZ and Al2O3. Analysis using FTIR. TEM and XPS showed that PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles with core-shell structure had been successfully synthesized by in sire emulsion polymerization. Compared to Al2O3, thermal stability and dispersibility of the composite particles showed marked improvement.     

加工Al2O3f+Cf/ZL109混杂增强复合材料的刀具磨损性能研究

利用挤压铸造法制备了炭短纤维(Cf)和Al2O3f短纤维增强以及混杂增强ZL109复合材料,研究了切削加工Al2O3f Cf/ZL109混杂复合材料过程中,Cf短纤维和Al2O3f短纤维含量以及切削速度对刀具磨损性能的影响.结果表明,刀具后刀面的磨损量随着纤维含量的增加而增加,Al2O3f短纤维对刀具磨损性能的影响程度大于Cf短纤维;2种短纤维混杂增强较单一Cf或Al2O3f增强时刀具后刀面的磨损将进一步加剧,但2种纤维对刀具磨损的交互作用并不显著;随着切削速度的增加,刀具后刀面的磨损量明显增大.高硬度PCD刀具和CBN刀具适用于加工Al2O3f Cf/ZL109混杂复合材料.     

2种Y—TZP／A12O3陶瓷材料的结构和磨料磨损性能比较研究

基于化学共沉淀法和机械混合法2种引入Y2O3的不同方式，通过等静压成型和常压高温烧结制备了2种．Al2O3增强Y—TZP陶瓷材料(Y-TZP／Al2O3)；用X射衍射仪分析了2种材料的物相组成；对比考察了2种陶瓷材料试样的磨料磨损性能，并用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了2种材料试样的磨损表面形貌．结果表明：基于化学共沉淀法引入Y2O3制备的陶瓷材料的结构均匀、晶粒细小，且耐磨性较好；当2种Y—TZP／A12O3陶瓷材料的HV和KIC相近时，其磨料磨损性能明显同其晶粒尺寸和微结构相关；2种材料的磨料磨损机理亦存在明显差异，基于化学共沉淀法引入Y2O3而制备的Y-TZP／Al2O3陶瓷材料主要呈现微裂纹和微犁削特征，基于机械混合法引入Y2O3而制备的Y-TZP／Al2O3陶瓷材料主要呈脆性断裂特征．     

内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料电滑动磨损性能的研究

采用内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料,在自制电磨损试验机上评价Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损表面形貌,用能谱仪对其磨损表面主要元素进行分析并探讨其磨损机制.结果表明:在相同试验条件下,Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损性能明显优于Cu-0.36Cr-0.06Zr合金,Cu-0.36Cr-0.06Zr合金的磨损率较0.40%Al2O3 /Cu复合材料的磨损率高1倍多;在无加载电流条件下,Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损;在载流条件下其磨损机制主要以粘着磨损为主,并随着电流强度的增加,粘着磨损程度加重,Al2O3/Cu复合材料表面的粘着物主要来自于铜基粉末冶金滑块;Cu-Cr-Zr合金在无加载电流条件下的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,在载流条件下主要为粘着磨损、磨粒磨损及电烧蚀磨损.     

Al2O3p／ZA22复合材料拉伸变形时的原位观察

在配有拉伸台的扫描电镜上对Ａｌ２Ｏ３ｐ／ＺＡ２２复合材料进行了单向拉伸的动态原位观察试验。研究结果表明，颗粒的开裂、颗粒与基体的界面脱粘是该复合材料的主要损伤形式。     

Impact of anisotropic slip on the stagnation-point flow past a stretching/shrinking surface of the Al_2O_3-Cu/H_2O hybrid nanofluid

The characteristics of heat transfer in the three-dimensional stagnationpoint flow past a stretching/shrinking surface of the Al₂O₃-Cu/H₂O hybrid nanofluid with anisotropic slip are investigated. The partial differential equations are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations by valid similarity transformations. The simplified mathematical model is solved computationally by the bvp4c approach in the MATLAB operating system. This solving method is...