基于物体表面色的人眼阈值水平微小色差评价

基于物体表面色样本的视觉评价,测试常用色差公式在人眼阈值水平的微小色差预测性能.由一组21名观察者采用感知法对100个颜色样本对进行视觉实验,获得视觉色差的评价数据,通过观察者精度分析并与BFD和Witt的视觉数据进行对比,验证了本实验数据的有效性.利用实验数据对CIELAB、CMC、BFD、CIE94、LCD和CIEDE2000等六个常用色差公式在人眼阈值水平的微小色差预测性能进行了详细的测试和比较,结果表明国际照明委员会(CIE)推荐的CIEDE2000表现最好,而CIELAB性能最差.     

基于视觉容差与色调角相关性的色差公式评价

为了研究CIELAB颜色空间中明度、彩度和色调等视觉容差与色调角之间的相关性对基于CIELAB的典型色差公式(CIELAB、CMC、BFD、CIE94、LCD以及CIEDE2000)预测性能的影响,实验选取了具有不同明度和彩度冰平的5个色调环(L*=30,50,70和Cab*=10,20,30),并采用3个不同视觉尺度(△V=3.02,5.92和8.87CIELAB单位)进行视觉评估实验.8名色觉正常观察者根据心理物理学的恒常刺激法原理,在阴极射线管(CRT)显示器上获取了相应颜色中心的明度、彩度和色调视觉容差.对实验结果的详细分析表明,由于明度容差与色调角无明显相关性,6个色差公式的预测性能均较好,其中CIEDE2000略优于其它色差公式.对于彩度容差,LCD(Leeds color-difference formula)预测性能表现最优,而CIEDE2000和BFD的表现最差,其余色差公式则相差不多.CIEDE2000和LCD的色调权重函数的预测性能明显优于其它色差公式,而CMC预测性能则为最差.     

印刷样品恰可察觉小色差辨色阈值的研究Ⅱ:色差公式分析与评价

利用由对印刷样品恰可察觉小色差的辨色阈值实验得到的CIELAB颜色空间中的视觉数据,对四个典型色差公式CIELAB、CMC、CIE94和CIEDE2000在辨色阈值水平上的色差预测性能进行测试和评价.不同色差公式计算的印刷样品小同颜色区域的恰可辨别小色差阈值不同,色差公式CIELAB除在灰色区域色差阈值低于其余典型色差公式外,在其他颜色区域均高于典型色差公式.对于原始形式(kL=kC=kH=1)的色差公式,CIEDE2000与人眼的视觉匹配程度最好;采用对kC:kH进行优化后的CIEDE2000色差公式,色差预测性能在颜色空间均有不同程度的改善,其中对灰色和高彩橙颜色区域的性能改善最大.     

改进的CIELAB均匀颜色空间

颜色学的发展依赖于感知现象和实验数据。随着视觉色差实验数据的增加,人们试图探索研发与CIELAB颜色空间一样简单,但更加均匀的颜色空间。分析了CIELAB颜色空间的特性,并基于这些特性提出了包含4个参数的颜色空间,称之为MLAB颜色空间。新颜色空间参数的确定是非线性约束优化问题,可保证优化后的空间能很好地预测由国际照明委员会专家组收集的视觉色差数据集COM-corrected。基于COM-corrected数据集的比较表明,MLAB颜色空间显著优于CIELAB颜色空间。基于色调线性数据集和椭圆数据集的测试表明,MLAB颜色空间较CIELAB颜色空间也有一定程度的进步。     

用阴极射线管显示器研究辨色阈值Ⅱ:典型色差公式评价

利用由辨色阈值实验得到的CIELAB颜色空间中等明度a*-b*平面上的视觉数据,对四个典型色差公式CIELAB、CMC、CIE94和CIEDE2000在辨色阈值水平上的色差预测性能进行测试和评价,并采用性能因子PF/3来表示各色差公式的优劣。对于原始形式(kC=kH=1)的色差公式,CIEDE2000的色差预测性能最好,其次为CIE94和CMC,CIELAB最差。采用对kC和kH进行优化后的色差公式,CIEDE2000的色差预测性能依然最佳,其余三个色差公式的预测性能基本相同;除了CIELAB明显改善外,其他公式的色差预测性能只比原始形式略有提高。色差公式CIEDE2000在黄色和蓝色区域的色差预测性能表现优异,但在灰色、红色和绿色区域的预测性能仍有待进一步改进。     

基于物体表面色的超大色差评价

基于物体表面色样本的视觉评价,测试了典型色差公式对超大色差的预测性能.由18名观察者按照倍率法对60组颜色样本对进行心理物理视觉评价实验,获得视觉色差的评价数据.利用实验数据对两个常用色差公式CIELAB和CIEDE2000以及基于色貌模型的最新色差公式CAM02-UCS和CAM02-LCD的超大色差预测性能进行了详细的比较和分析,结果表明基于色貌模型的两个公式性能优异.同时,使用本实验视觉数据考察了Attridge等人提出的幂指数模型,并得到了一致的结论.     

彩色数字图像色差计算方法的研究

用5幅ISO SCID图像在EIZO CG19显示器上分别进行了两组图像色差等级评价实验。两组实验分别在室内自然照明环境和标准灯箱中进行,用目视评价实验数据检验并优化彩色图像色差的计算公式。用CIELAB、CIEDE2000、CIE94和CMC色差公式对第一组实验数据计算结果表明,现有色差公式计算的图像明度差和彩度差与实际色差感觉有明显的系统性差异,图像内容对计算色差与色差感觉的关系有一定影响,说明需要对原始色差公式进行改进。提出了用实验数据拟合直线斜率比值优化色差公式的方法,得到CIELAB(1.50:1)、CIEDE2000(2.29:1)、CIE94(3.04:1)和CMC(3.38:1)计算的色差比原始公式有明显的改善,其中CIEDE2000(2.29:1)计算结果受图像内容的影响最小。用第二组实验数据检验色差公式的优化效果也证明,这种优化方法准确,简单,具有普遍适用性。     

基于阈上小色差的色差公式权重函数研究

利用心理物理实验的恒常刺激法,测得了在CIELAB颜色空间中a*b*平面上16个颜色中心的阈上小色差(约3ΔE*ab单位)色度椭圆.基于本实验和RIT-Dupont各16个非中性色颜色中心的彩度差和色调差数据分别拟合得到相应的彩度权重函数SC_ZJU07和色调权重函数SH_ZJU07.应用获得的视觉实验数据对六个基于CIELAB的典型色差公式的彩度和色调权重函数以及SC_ZJU07和SH_ZJU07的色差预测性能进行评价,结果表明所提出的SC_ZJU07和SH_ZJU07的预测性能均为最佳.对于彩度差数据,六个色差公式彩度权重函数的预测性能表现不佳;而对于色调差数据,CIEDE2000色调权重函数的预测性能明显优于其他公式.     

颜色视觉匹配中显示器颜色色差阈值的评价

为了对阴极射线管(Cathode ray tube,CRT)显示器颜色恰可辨别的小色差阈值进行评价,在中性灰背景下,用编制的颜色匹配程序,在CRT显示器上随机产生颜色,分别调节程序中R、G、B通道的值,使匹配色与随机色达到视觉上的一致,进行颜色视觉匹配实验,测量CRT显示器上随机色和匹配色的L*a*b*值.用不同的色差公式对实验数据分别从明度、色调、饱和度进行比较分析,色差公式评价小色差的性能是CIEDE2000优于CMC(2∶1)和CIEL*a*b*.在a*b*图上绘制实验颜色恰可辨别图.不同色差公式计算的CRT显示器恰可辨别小色差阈值不同.     

基于积分球的人眼辨色阈值的研究

为了研究人眼对不同的颜色的辨色阈值,利用积分球配出色差值可以调整的颜色刺激图样,采用限定法,检测出6名色觉正常的观察者在4个颜色中心的辨色阈值,并和CRT的数据进行比较。采用性能因子PF/3分析观察者的测试精度,并在a*b*图上绘制实验颜色恰可辨别图。通过对实验数据进行处理和分析,人眼在4个颜色中心的辨色阈值是有差异,在评价辨色阈值的性能方面,CIEDE2000色差公式好于CIELAB色差公式。实验的结果可为颜色科学及色差公式的改进和发展提供参考。     

Applying colour science in colour design

Although colour science has been widely used in a variety of industries over the years, it has not been fully explored in the field of product design. This paper will initially introduce the three main application fields of colour science: colour specification, colour-difference evaluation and colour appearance modelling. By integrating these advanced colour technologies together with modern colour imaging devices such as display, camera, scanner and printer, some computer systems have been recently developed to assist designers for designing colour palettes through colour selection by means of a number of widely used colour order systems, for creating harmonised colour schemes via a categorical colour system, for generating emotion colours using various colour emotional scales and for facilitating colour naming via a colour-name library. All systems are also capable of providing accurate colour representation on displays and output to different imaging devices such as printers.     

The role of satellites in observing and forecasting the weather

This article reviews research into human colour vision, most information about which has been derived by psychophysical methods. Thus, the sensitivity of the eye to light of different wavelengths over the spectrum has been accurately estimated for the initial photoreceptor stage which converts light incident on the retina into neural signals. Spectral sensitivities have also been obtained, in part at least, for the subsequent post-receptoral neural pathways that apparently recode colour information into separate signals specifying luminance and chromaticity. These and other findings on receptoral and post-receptoral spectral sensitivities are considered in relation to techniques for functionally isolating colour-processing pathways in the human visual system. Also discussed briefly are models of colour vision, the relationship between form perception and colour vision, and inherited and acquired colour-vision deficiencies.     

Crystalline properties and colour centres in alkali halide thin films

Abstract

Thin films of KCl, KBr, RbCl have been obtained by thermal evaporation on amorphous substrates with different deposition parameters. The crystalline structure and orientation have been determined, and the films resulted to be policrystals with high uniformity of orientation. Production of colour centres, achieved by irradiation with low-energy electrons, leads to F center concentrations barely observed in large crystals. The colouration kinetics is similar to that in the bulk, and shows after a maximum an exponential decay at high doses because of centre aggregation coupled to thermal effects. The films exhibit a bleaching process of the colour centres at room temperature, whose kinetics depends on the irradiation damage.     

Acoustic variability in vibrato and its perceptual significance

Historically, studies of vocal vibrato have concentrated on pulse rate as being a primary factor in determining whether a given vocal movement is a good or bad vibrato or a tremolo or wobble. More recently, investigators have been studying the extent of frequency variation and amplitude variation around their respective means in order to determine their influence on the perception of vibrato. The present study is an additional attempt to understand the three parameters comprising vibrato, their interrelationship, and their relationship to perception. Samples of sustained sung tones were obtained primarily from recordings. The samples were digitized using a 16-bit A/D converter at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz. Each digitized sample was converted to a useful format for marking purposes in order to derive information on vibrato pulse rate, the mean frequency of the tone, the semitone deviation around the mean, percent frequency deviation and percent amplitude variation around the mean amplitude. Data presentation utilizes representative samples of good vibrato, tremolo and wobble and describes differences in waveforms which may impact on perception.     

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Key Non-Dimensional Geometrical Parameters on the Noise Level of Dry-Type Cast Resin Transformers

Dry-Type Cast Resin Distribution Transformers (CRT) is the secondgeneration of air-cooled distribution transformers where oil is replaced by resin for electrical insulation. CRT transformers may installed indoor adjacent to or near residential areas since they are clean and safe comparing to the conventional transformers. But, as it is obvious, noise discrepancy is intrinsically accompanied with all types of transformers and is inevitable for CRT transformers too. Minimization of noise level caused by such these transformers has biological and ergonomic importance. As it is known the core of transformers is the main source of the noise generation. In this paper, experimental and numerical investigation is implemented for a large number of fabricated CRT transformers in IT Co (Iran Transfo Company) to evaluate the effective geometrical parameters of the core on the overall sound level of transformers. Noise Level of each sample is measured according to criteria of IEC60651 and is reported in units of Decibel (dB). Numerical simulation is done using noncommercial version of ANSYS Workbench software to extract first six natural frequencies and mode shapes of CRT cores which is reported in units of Hz. Three novel non-dimensional variables for geometry of the transformer core are introduced. Both experimental and numerical results show approximately similar response to these variables. Correlation between natural frequencies and noise level is evaluated statistically. Pearson factor shows that there is a robust conjunction between first two natural frequencies and noise level of CRTs. Results show that noise level decreases as the two first natural frequencies increases and vice versa, noise level increases as the two natural frequencies of the core decreases. Finally the noise level decomposed to two parts.     

CRT显示器稳定性实验研究

用屏幕色度计对一台SONY-G520显示器的显色特性进行了测量,研究了其开机稳定性和短、中、长期内的色差及色度偏差。实验结果表明,开机后,显示器的亮度Y和色度x,y分别可在2h,30min和1h达到相对稳定状态,且在达到相对稳定后,在短、中、长期内的平均色差分别为0.0611,0.1469和1.2536CIELAB色差单位;在中期内,Y,x,y,L,a,b的平均偏差分别为0.0663,0.0008,0.0015,0.0695,0.4740和0.1766。通过对显示器稳定性的测量,为在对比度敏感测量和色貌模型、图像质量、图像感知模型评价等研究领域中用显示器进行实验研究奠定了基础。     

Modelling and characterization of ferroelectric liquid crystal displays

Modelling of liquid crystal displays is useful to predict their optical properties and dynamic behaviour. An integrated modelling system for ferroelectric liquid crystal displays has been developed. The system employs data from real FLC materials, polarizers, glasses, backlights, and colour filters, aiming to describe actual devices accurately. Optical transmission dependence on light wavelength and angle of incidence is obtained as a function of the liquid crystal director profile. This profile is in turn derived from energy minimization of bulk and glass surface conditioning contributions.The above static model has been extended to study sample switching in multiplexed displays. Usual slot times in actual displays are quite close to time response of FLC materials, hence no energy-minimized configurations are obtained upon switching. A dynamic model has been formulated to derive the director profile evolution with time, according to the employed driving scheme, and the rotational viscosity of the material.Predicted dynamic and optical results have been compared to experimental measurements on FLC test cells. It has been found that the behaviour of FLC cells depends on a large number of physical and optical parameters. Some of them may be obtained from FLC data sheets, and manufacturing conditions. Other parameters related to director profiles in relaxed states may be experimentally obtained by sample characterization through optical transmission measurements. A few little known parameters (e.g. specific elastic constants) remain; fortunately their influence on cell dynamics is low.     

Robust geometric,phase and colour structured light projection system calibration

This paper introduces a new comprehensive procedure for both geometric and colour calibration of structured light system. In order to perform both geometric and colour calibration procedure, a new calibration artifact is proposed. The intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of projector and camera are estimated by using an extended pinhole camera model with a tangential and radial distortion. Camera image plane coordinates are obtained by extracting features from images of a calibration artifact. Projector image plane coordinates are calculated on the basis of continuous phase maps obtained from a fringe pattern phase reconstruction procedure. In order to stereo calibrate camera-projector system, pairs of corresponding image plane points are calculated with subpixel accuracy. In addition, one of three pattern views is used in colour calibration. RGB values of a colour field pattern detected by camera and their reference values are compared. This comparison leads to derivation of a colour transformation matrix. The performance of the proposed method is tested by measuring plane, sphere and distance reference. Also 360 degrees complex object 3D model from a set of measurements is obtained. Residual mean errors for all tests performed are calculated.     

中子粉末衍射谱仪束流的椭圆聚焦镜设计

为使中子粉末衍射谱仪满足小样品研究需要,设计了一维椭圆聚焦镜系统并对参数进行了优化,同时对椭圆聚焦镜的相关参数做了较为详细讨论。采用椭圆解析计算和中子追迹程序McStas模拟两种方法,计算了椭圆聚焦镜参数对样品处中子注量率的影响,并以样品处中子注量率最大化为目标给出了优化参数,结果表明,在单色器（椭圆左焦点）到样品（椭圆右焦点）距离为2.7 m情况下,采用超镜因子为3、长度为25 cm的椭圆聚焦镜,其最佳位置为距离样品560 mm处、椭圆长半轴为1 350.016 mm,从而可以提高样品处注量率7倍。