NiTiO3纳米晶的溶胶-凝胶制备工艺研究

以无机镍盐和钛酸四丁酯为起始原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了NiTiO3纳米晶.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、综合热分析仪(DSC/TG)以及透射电镜(TEM)对制备的纳米晶进行了测试和表征.研究了不同镍源、后处理温度对钛酸镍纳米晶相组成以及显微结构的影响.结果表明:以硝酸镍为起始原料更易获得单一物相的NiTiO3纳米晶;以硝酸镍为原料,乙醇为溶剂,n(柠檬酸):n(Ni2++Ti4+)=1:1,后处理温度为700 ℃为制备NiTiO3纳米晶的最佳工艺条件.由谢乐公式推算得出NiTiO3晶粒生长符合Brook关系式,计算得到晶粒生长活化能为Ea=43.07 kJ/mol.     

模拟熔融态黄磷炉渣制备微晶玻璃析晶规律研究

以SiO2-Al2O3、Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3 、K2O-SiO2-Al2O3、CaO-SiO2-Al2O3和MgO-SiO2-Al2O3五种混合辅料为研究对象,采用液-固混合法与热态黄磷炉渣进行高温混熔直接制CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃.通过Factsage、差热分析和X射线衍射,并利用修正后的Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程,分析了不同辅料在高温下与热态黄磷炉渣混熔制备微晶玻璃的析晶规律.结果表明:混合辅料SiO2-Al2O3出现液相的最低温度为1595℃,而当加入碱金属或碱土金属作助熔剂时辅料的熔融液相温度均大幅降低.添加Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3辅料后制备出的微晶玻璃析晶活化能E为192.8718 kJ/mol,而添加K2O-SiO2-Al2O3辅料后其析晶活化能明显增加为306.4335 kJ/mol.当助熔剂为CaO和MgO时,其析晶活化能接近,分别为376.7427 kJ/mol和372.0462 kJ/mol.在五种混合辅料直接添加到热态黄磷炉渣制备微晶玻璃过程中,K2O-SiO2-Al2O3和CaO-SiO2-Al2O3辅料均出现目标主晶相为硅灰石(CaSiO3)的物相.综合考虑析晶活化能和物相组成,以K2O-SiO2-Al2O3为混合辅料直接加入热态黄磷炉渣制备出的微晶玻璃优于其它混合辅料的直接添加.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备V2O5微晶及其合成活化能研究

以NH4VO3和CO( NH2)2等为起始原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了V2O5微晶.研究了煅烧温度对产物物相和显微结构的影响,以及反应的合成活化能.采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段对产物进行了表征.结果表明,后处理温度为500℃可得到V2O5微晶,当反应温度超过600℃时,V2O5微晶表现出(001)晶面的取向生长特征.通过差热分析,计算得到其合成活化能为95.81 kJ/mol.     

TiO2对自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶行为的影响

以自然冷却黄磷炉渣为主要原料,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃,并借助DTA、XRD、SEM等分析了TiO2作为晶核剂对微晶玻璃析晶及其性能的影响规律.利用修正后的Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程初步计算微晶玻璃样品的析晶活化能E及晶体生长指数n.结果表明:自然冷却黄磷炉渣中固有的晶核剂可有效的促进CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系统的析晶,炉渣固有的TiO2可促进大量晶核的形成,晶化指数达到4.84,随着TiO2的加入,系统的析晶活化能由126.1483 kJ/mol增加到363.8206 kJ/mol,而晶化指数变为3.24.晶化机制由体积析晶变为二维析晶.主晶相的种类没有随TiO2量的增加而改变,均为硅灰石(CaSiO3)和钙铁辉石((Ca,Fe) SiO3).     

热处理过程对纳米TiO2结构和性能的影响

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2,结合TG-DTA,XRD,TEM等分析了不同热处理温度对纳米TiO2的晶型结构、晶粒粒径及微观形貌的影响.以甲基橙溶液为目标降解物,探讨了热处理温度对纳米TiO2光催化活性影响.利用Eastman的粒子生长理论对晶粒生长的动力学过程进行初步分析.研究表明:随着热处理温度升高,TiO2粒径逐渐从11.2 nm增大到78.6 nm;热处理温度为450～ 550℃时,纳米TiO2晶粒以锐钛矿为主,温度升至650℃时,出现了锐钛矿和金红石的混合相(质量比A∶R =9∶1),此时晶粒对甲基橙的降解率达到97.75;.而煅烧温度高于850℃后,TiO2几乎完全为金红石相,光催化活性显著下降.50;锐钛矿型TiO2转变金红石型TiO2的温度约为730℃,锐钛矿和金红石相晶粒表观活化能分别18.15 kJ/mol和42.56 kJ/mol;晶粒生长最快温度分别为546℃和1280℃.     

不同冷却方式黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶动力学研究

以水淬黄磷炉渣和自然冷却态黄磷炉渣为研究对象,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃.通过差热分析、X射线衍射和扫描电镜,并利用修正后的Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程和Augis-Bennett方程,分析了不同冷却方式下黄磷炉渣制备微晶玻璃的析晶规律.结果表明:不同冷却方式对微晶玻璃的析晶行为有所不同,水淬黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的析晶活化能E为352.609 kJ/mol,自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的析晶活化能E为405.685kJ/mol;两种不同冷却方式的黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的晶化机制均为三维体积晶化.水淬黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃中主晶相为硅灰石(CaSiO3)并含有少量的石英矿物;自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃中主晶相为钙蔷薇辉石类(Ca(Mn2,Ca)Si2O6)和含铁硅灰石类固溶体((Ca,Fe) SiO3).以自然冷却渣制备的微晶玻璃性能优于水淬渣制备出的微晶玻璃.     

铵浸钢渣熔融还原提铁制备微晶玻璃研究

利用氯化铵浸出钢渣,可有效浸取Ca元素并就地固定CO2制备碳酸钙,浸出后的铵浸渣由于CaO含量的降低,无需加入大量的改质剂就能还原提铁并制备微晶玻璃.基于此,引入热力学计算,对铵浸钢渣提铁并制备微晶玻璃的可行性进行探究,初步结果表明铵浸钢渣与40wt;的SiO2混合后进行提铁,铁的还原率高达98.47;,且还原渣物相主要为透辉石;由还原渣制备得到的基础玻璃在800℃下核化1 h,960℃下晶化1 h,得到微晶玻璃,其主晶相为透辉石,并夹杂部分钙长石;基础玻璃析晶活化能为597.4 kJ/mol,晶体生长指数均小于3,为表面析晶.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备CuAlO2微晶及其合成活化能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铜铁矿结构的CuAlO2微晶,利用示差扫描量热法(DSC)对其合成活化能进行了初步研究;通过XRD、TEM等分析方法对CuAlO2微晶的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明,以乙酸铜、硝酸铝和乙二醇为反应原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法可以成功制备CuAlO2微晶.前躯体在烧结过程中,首先生成了CuAl2O4和CuO中间相,然后继续反应再形成了CuAlO2微晶.DSC分析表明CuAlO2的合成温度在1181 ℃左右,计算得到其合成活化能为88.25 kJ/mol.利用紫外-可见光谱分析,CuAlO2微晶的光学带隙约为3.85 eV.     

声化学法合成ZnS纳米晶及反应动力学研究

采用声化学法制备了ZnS纳米晶,对其反应动力学进行了研究,利用XRD、TEM等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,以无水氯化锌、硫代乙酰胺为原料,采用声化学法可以制备粒径在10 nm左右的ZnS纳米晶,所得样品为α-ZnS纤锌矿结构,六方晶系,形貌为球形或近球形.随超声功率增加,ZnS纳米晶粒度降低.动力学研究表明,ZnS纳米晶的生成量随时间呈线性增加,ZnS纳米晶的生成活化能为29.88 kJ/mol.     

煅烧时间与温度对超导/铁磁复合材料性能的影响

采用传统的固相反应法在较低的烧结温度与较短的煅烧时间下制备了(La1.85Sr0.15CuO4)1-x(La2/3 Sr1/3MnO3)x(简写为LSCO/LSMO)超导/铁磁复合材料.结果显示:复合后LSMO中的结构没有发生明显改变,随着温度的降低,所有的复合材料在38 K左右均会出现电阻急剧下降,最终呈现超导现象.甚至当LSMO铁磁性材料掺入达到O.20mol时,复合材料仍旧呈现超导态.同时所有复合样品的超导转变温度TC随着x的增加呈现线性下降的趋势.因此,通过低温与短时的烧结方法可以避免处于晶界处的LSCO的CuO面被破坏,进而提高超导/铁磁复合材料中在晶界处的铁磁的共存含量.     

柠檬酸燃烧法制备Gd3Ga5O12:Eu3+纳米晶及发光性质

以柠檬酸为燃烧剂,乙二醇为分散剂,采用燃烧法制备了Gd3Ga5O12∶Eu3+纳米晶.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和荧光光谱对样品的结构、形貌和发光性能进行了研究.XRD研究结果表明:合成的样品均为单一的Gd3Ga5O12晶相,纳米晶的一次性粒径分布在16～ 30nm.发射光谱和激发光谱的研究表明:主发射峰来自于Eu3+的5D0→7F1的跃迁;宽激发带主要来自于Eu-O电荷迁移带.讨论了柠檬酸和乙二醇用量对晶粒尺寸、品格常数、发射和激发强度的影响.结果表明:过量的柠檬酸和适量的乙二醇有利于晶体发育和发光强度的提高.     

Crystallization kinetics of the Zr61Al7.5Cu17.5Ni10Si4 alloy using isothermal DSC and TEM observation

The crystallization behavior and microstructure development of the Zr₆₁Al_7.5Cu_17.5Ni₁₀Si₄ alloy during annealing were investigated by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. During isothermal annealing of the Zr₆₁Al_7.5Cu_17.5Ni₁₀Si₄ alloy at 703 K, Zr₂Cu crystals with an average size of about 5 nm were first observed during the early stages (30% crystallization) of crystallization by TEM. The Zr₂Cu crystal size increased with annealing time and attained an average size of 20 nm corresponding to the stage of 80% crystallization. In addition, the change in particle size with increasing annealing time exhibited a linear relationship between grain growth time and the cube of the particle size for the Zr₂Cu type crystalline phase. This indicates that the crystal growth of the Zr₆₁Al_7.5Cu_17.5Ni₁₀Si₄ alloy belongs to a thermal activated process of the Arrhenius type. The activation energy for the grain growth of Zr₂Cu is 155 ± 20 kJ/mol in the Zr₆₁Al_7.5Cu_17.5Ni₁₀Si₄ amorphous alloy. The lower activation energy for grain growth in compared to that for crystallization in Zr₆₅Cu₃₅ 440 kJ/mol crystal corresponds to the rearrangement of smaller atoms in the metallic glass, Al or Si (compare to Zr).     

Structural changes during the crystallization of the Bi4Ge3O12 glasses

Bismuth-germanate glass ceramics with the composition 40% Bi₂O₃-60% GeO₂ (in molar percents) were prepared through controlled crystallization of melt-quenched glass. The Raman and FTIR spectra recorded in the as-made glasses show broad bands at 240, 400, 780 cm^− 1 and 400, 745 cm^− 1 have been assigned Ge-O bonds which appear right after preparation. X-ray diffraction has shown that the as-made glasses are amorphous, but after annealing above the crystallization temperature at 558 °C, BGO nano-crystallites with a size of about 50 nm precipitate in the glass matrix. The Raman and FTIR spectra reveal sharp peaks associated to the “internal” and “external vibrations” of GeO₄ tetrahedral groups inside the BGO nano-crystallites. In the glass ceramic sample the transparency region is shifted at longer wavelengths compared to as-made glass, due to the Rayleigh scattering on the BGO nano-crystallites.     

自掺杂SnO2微球的水热合成及其可见光催化性能

本研究采用水热法,以柠檬酸为螯合剂,通过控制n(Sn⁴⁺)/n(Sn²⁺)的数值,合成了由具有丰富氧空位的SnO₂纳米晶体组装成的微球。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及UV-Vis漫反射光谱对SnO₂纳米微球进行表征分析,结果表明:在酸性水热条件和柠檬酸的螯合作用下,二氧化锡纳米晶体聚集形成微球;在Sn⁴⁺/Sn²⁺摩尔比例为3:7时,其微球尺寸最小,整体分散性较好;同时适量二价锡离子的掺杂使得该样品氧空位浓度达到最佳,氧空位的存在将使得样品光吸收范围拓展至可见光,因而该样品显示出较强的可见光催化效率,在8 min内完全降解甲基橙。     

Proton conduction in glass - an impedance and infrared spectroscopic study on hydrous BaSi2O5 glass

Hydrous barium disilicate glasses (BaSi₂O₅) containing 2.75 and 3.54 wt% dissolved water (corresponding to a molar concentration of hydrogen atoms of 11.1 and 14.2 mol/l, respectively) were synthesized by high temperature fusion in an internally heated gas pressure vessel. Near-infrared spectroscopy gives evidence that both OH groups and H₂O molecules are present in the glasses. The maximum intensity in the range of OH stretching vibrations is at 2800 cm⁻¹ indicating strong hydrogen bonding in the glasses. Electric conductivity measurements were carried out at temperatures up to 523 K without significant alteration of the sample. At higher temperatures, OH groups are converted to molecular H₂O and water diffuses out of the sample resulting in a continuous decrease of the conductivity. An activation energy of 87 kJ/mol was derived for the dc conductivity in the unaltered glasses similar to the activation energy for bulk water diffusion in other silicate glasses. Because the dry barium disilicate glass is an electrical insulator at experimental conditions, we infer that the dc conductivity of the hydrous glasses is due to proton conduction.     

水热法制备FeWO4微晶及其结晶动力学研究

以(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O和Na2WO4.2H2O为起始原料,水热合成了FeWO4微晶。采用X射线衍射(XRD)以及透射电镜(TEM)对制备的微晶进行了测试和表征。结果表明,在水热温度110℃,24 h条件下即可制备出单一物相的FeWO4微晶。随着水热时间的延长和水热温度的增加,产物由针状变为粒状结构,并且产物的结晶性能有所提高,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大。动力学研究表明,FeWO4微晶粒生长符合Brook关系,计算得到晶粒生长活化能为Ea=17.36 kJ/mol。     

不同表面活性剂对La2Ce2O7纳米晶体生长活化能的影响

以La2O3和Ce(NO3)3·6H2O为原材料,以SDBS和CTAB为表面活性剂,采用水热合成法制备了La2Ce2O7纳米晶体.通过XRD、Raman、SEM和TEM对粉体的物化性能进行了分析,讨论了不同表面活性剂对晶体生长活化能的影响.结果表明:添加两种表面活性剂的样品均为萤石结构,以CTAB为表面活性剂的样品晶粒尺寸为11.4 nm,比表面积为187.53 m2·g-1,其晶体生长活化能(16.33±0.02 kJ·mol-1)要大于添加阴离子表面活性剂(SDBS)的样品(13.47±0.03 kJ·mol-1).     

Crystallization kinetics in Cu46Zr45Al7Y2 bulk metallic glass by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Crystallization transformation kinetics in isothermal and non-isothermal (continuous heating) modes were investigated in Cu₄₆Zr₄₅Al₇Y₂ bulk metallic glass by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In isochronal heating process, activation energy for crystallization at different crystallized volume fraction is analyzed by Kissinger method. Average value for crystallization in Cu₄₆Zr₄₅Al₇Y₂ bulk metallic glass is 361 kJ/mol in isochronal process. Isothermal transformation kinetics was described by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) model. Avrami exponent n ranges from 2.4 to 2.8. The average value, around 2.5, indicates that crystallization mechanism is mainly three-dimensional diffusion-controlled. Activation energy is 484 kJ/mol in isothermal transformation for Cu₄₆Zr₄₅Al₇Y₂ bulk metallic glass. These different results were discussed using kinetic models. In addition, average activation energy of Cu₄₆Zr₄₅Al₇Y₂ bulk metallic glass calculated using Arrhenius equation is larger than the value calculated by the Kissinger method in non-isothermal conditions. The reason lies in the nucleation determinant in the non-isothermal mode, since crystallization begins at low temperature. Moreover, both nucleation and growth are involved with the same significance during isothermal crystallization. Therefore, the energy barrier in isothermal annealing mode is higher than that of isochronal conditions.     

多晶形γ-CuI晶体的制备与导电性能表征

以粗碘和硫酸铜为原料,水合肼为还原剂,利用液相法和微乳液法合成了不同晶形γ-CuI晶体.采用XRD和SEM研究了液相法和微乳液工艺技术条件对合成γ-CuI微观结构的影响,分析了具有不同微观结构γ-CuI对其导电性能的影响.结果表明,分别以聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)和柠檬酸为表面活性剂,采用液相法常温下500 r/min反应30 min可制备出纳米球形和三角锥形γ-CuI.按CTAB-正戊醇-环己烷-水配比3∶3∶7∶10分别配制硫酸铜和碘化铵微乳液,常温下500 r/min反应2h可制备出六边形薄片状γ-CuI.不同微观形貌和粒径分布对γ-CuI产品电导率具有较大的影响.纳米球形γ-CuI电导率最小,为4.9 Ω·cm.     

纳米氧化镱对熔融石英析晶动力学机制的影响

本文研究引入纳米氧化镱对熔融石英析晶机制及动力学过程的影响.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)测试结果分析了纳米氧化镱的引入对熔融石英陶瓷析晶率的影响,采用动力学方法分析了纳米氧化镱的引入对熔融石英陶瓷析晶机制的影响,同时探讨了其等温析晶动力学过程.研究表明,熔融石英陶瓷的晶粒向二维兼有一维及三维的方式生长,引入纳米氧化镱的熔...