初中化学教材“调查与研究”栏目探究功能的开发

“调查与研究”栏目是义务教育化学人教版实验教科书的一部分。分析了目前“调查与研究”栏目教学的现状,提出了实施“调查与研究”栏目的有效策略,以及做好“调查与研究”栏目教学的现实意义。     

高中化学实验教学的调查研究

为了了解本市高中化学实验教学的现状,我们选择了不同层次,不同办学条件的中学,对高中化学实验教学情况进行了调查研究。这次调查分三部分进行:对老师和学生的调查问卷的分析,对化学实验课的分析和对高中毕业会考化学实验操作考查的分析。在调查研究的基础上,提出了改革高中化学实验教学的建议。     

安徽省中学化学骨干教师素质现状的调查报告

选取部分安徽省中学化学中青年骨干教师为调查对象,采用问卷和访谈等形式,对他们的素质现状进行了调查。调查的主要目的是为骨干教师的可持续发展提供参考意见,也为教育行政部门和学校制定教师培养的策略提供依据;调查表明,安徽省中学化学骨干教师身体素质健壮、心理素质良好、政治思想优秀、职业道德高尚、多项教学技能熟练;但部分调查对象的教育观念落后、科研能力不强;根据调查结果,提出几条相关建议。     

制定不同学习水平的教学目标——分步探索法第一阶段试验报告

调查的启示事实是教育科研的空气。调查是教改实验的基础。为了弄清教改实验从哪里做起,如何提高质量,培养创造型人才,我们对高一(2)班学生进行了调查,介绍两例于下。     

对化学CAI应用的调查

我们采用教育文献法、调查法和数学模型统计分析方法 ,重点对以计算机 /网络为代表的现代信息技术介入学校化学教育 /教学系统的定位、特征、功能、变化规律及发展趋势进行了多维的研究。 2年来 ,我们在实践调查、软件开发和探索化学CAI发展的方向 3方面做了一些调研工作。我们主要进行了 3个调查 :“计算机在中学化学教学中的应用”问卷调查、因特网上化学教学软件统计调查和南昌地区化学教学软件市场调查。对调查得来的资料进行了整理、统计和分析与比较。1计算机在中学化学教学中应用的现状调查为了掌握目前南昌市中等学校使用多媒体进…     

陕西省土壤污染调查工作全面启动

根据国家环保总局的统一部署及省环保局《关于开展全省土壤污染状况调查工作的通知》精神，陕西省环保局不久前在西安召开了全省土壤污染调查工作安排及培训会议。全省11个市环保局及环境监测站负责土壤污染工作的负责人及相关技术人员40余人参加了此次会议。会上安排了陕西省土壤污染调查工作实施方案及各市承担的任务，提出了相关要求。省环境监测站就此次土壤污染调查工作及土壤污染调查中的采样技术，质量控制及仪器使用等技术进行了培训，并对各市提出的问题进行了解答。     

河南省普通县级高中化学实验教学现状的调查研究

以河南省7个地市有代表性的县级高中为调查对象,对化学实验室基本设施情况、学生的化学学习兴趣及师生的共情能力等进行了调查,并对调查数据进行了统计分析。通过调查发现,河南省县级高中化学实验室基本设施配备良好,但缺乏实验员,通过对比发现化学实验的开设并没有明显提高学生的化学学习兴趣和化学成绩。针对调查结果,提出了将实验考试纳入高考的对策。     

高中学生化学成绩与非智力因素的关系以及“学困生”非智力成因的调查报告

作者就高中学生化学成绩的差异与学生非智力因素发展的相互关系以及对学习化学感到困难的学生在非智力因素方面的形成原因进行了一次调查,本文阐述了这次调查的形式、方法和调查结果以及本次调查给人的启示。     

初中化学课程资源开发利用现状教师问卷调查琐议

调查问卷的结果必须是真实的、可靠的,如果失去了真实,调查就失去了作用和意义。文章针对甘肃省A县初中化学教师在化学课程资源开发利用现状调查问卷作答中出现的一些个性问题及对教师问卷的分析,提出了看法和建议。     

山东省在黄河下游开展生态地球化学调查

不久前,由山东省地质调查研究院提交的《山东省黄河下游流域生态地球化学调查可行性报告》通过评审。山东省从今年1月开始,大约需要1年时间,在黄河下游进行大面积生态地球化学调查,这是山东省首次开展大面积生态化学调查。 黄河下游流域的菏泽、济宁、聊城、德州、东营、滨州等地区占山东省土地面积的三分之一,是山东省重要的高效农业基地。但是,由于生产种养者质量安全意识淡薄,农副产品     

儿童铅损伤干预性制剂研究的进展

综述了儿童铅损伤干预性制剂研究的进展,包括:儿童铅损伤与职业性铅中毒的临床特征、诊断标准及处理措施中的不同,铅损伤干预性制剂中的化学性驱铅药(重金属螯合剂)、中草药、功能食品和保健制剂,以及生物性制剂的优缺点,并概述了有排铅功能的食品、中草药中的功能成分及其作用特点,以及使用儿童铅损伤干预性制剂的注意事项。     

Determination of histamine in seafood by hydrophilic interaction chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A simple method was developed to determine histamine, an important compound in chemical food poisoning, by extraction followed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a hydrophilic column with sulfobetaine-type zwitterion groups. The quantitation range in seafood products was from 0.4 to 200 mg kg(-1) for 5 g food samples. Quantitative recoveries were obtained with four types of seafood product. These results agreed well with those from the more complex, conventional HPLC method, which requires sample derivatization with dansyl chloride.     

Rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 spiked into food matrices

Food poisoning causes untold discomfort to many people each year. One of the primary culprits in food poisoning is Escherichia coli O157:H7. While most cases cause intestinal discomfort, up to 7% of the incidences lead to a severe complication called hemolytic uremic syndrome which may be fatal. The traditional method for detection of E. coli O157:H7 in cases of food poisoning is to culture the food matrices and/or human stool. Additional performance-based antibody methods are also being used. The NRL array biosensor was developed to detect multiple antigens in multiple samples with little sample pretreatment in under 30 min. An assay for the specific detection of E. coli O157:H7 was developed, optimized and tested with a variety of spiked food matrices in this study. With no sample pre-enrichment, 5 × 10³ cells mL⁻¹ were detected in buffer in less than 30 min. Slight losses of sensitivity (1-5 × 10⁻⁴ cell mL⁻¹⁾ but not specificity occur in the presence of high levels of extraneous bacteria and in various food matrices (ground beef, turkey sausage, carcass wash, and apple juice). No significant difference was observed in the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in typical culture media (Luria Broth and Tryptic Soy Broth).     

鹅膏毒肽检测方法的研究进展

一直以来毒蘑菇中毒在全球范围内频发,成为最常见的食物中毒事件之一,也是食物中毒致死的最主要原因.毒蘑菇中含量最高、致死性最强的毒素为鹅膏毒肽.因此,鹅膏毒素准确快捷的检测对鉴别中毒源、患者后续治疗及预防有着重要意义.目前,鹅膏毒肽的常用检测方法包括色谱-质谱联用技术以及一些基于免疫识别和特殊化学结构的检测技术.而不断开...     

急性瘦肉精中毒检材的QuEChERS净化-液质联用快速确证方法

目前液相色谱串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中瘦肉精普遍采用酶水解提取、固相萃取净化的方式处理样品,该方法耗时长、分析成本高。 本研究采用酸水解和酶水解两种提取方式结合QuEChERS(Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,Rugged,Safe)净化和高效液相色谱串联质谱建立了动物性食品中特布他林、沙丁胺醇、莱克多巴胺和克伦特罗4种β2受体激动剂的快速定性确证和定量检测方法。 采用酶水解提取-QuEChERS净化处理样品,在电喷雾离子源正离子扫描(ESI+)和多反应监测(MRM)模式下,4种瘦肉精在1.0~20.0 μg/L浓度之间呈线性,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限和定量限分别为0.1和0.3 μg/kg,猪肉和牛肉样品中4种化合物的回收率为78.5%~112%,相对标准偏差RSD为2.8%~8.9%。 采用酸水解法代替酶水解提取时,尽管对于样品中莱克多巴胺测定结果稍偏低,但样品前处理时间大大缩短。 两种提取方法结合使用对于提高瘦肉精引起的食物中毒应急处置效率具有重要意义。     

职业人群的保健膳食

简述了职业人群保健膳食方法的原理，功效及制订原则，该膳食方法对预防职业中毒有辅助作用。     

Determination of marine biotoxins relevant for regulations: from the mouse bioassay to coupled LC-MS methods

The frequency of occurrence and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) appear to be increasing on a global scale. Consequently, methods were established for the evaluation of possible hazards caused by the enrichment of algal toxins in the marine food chain. Different clinical types of algae-related poisoning have attracted scientific attention: paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). In several countries fish specialties are consumed which may be contaminated with algal toxins typical for the respective region (e.g., ciguatera and tetrodotoxins). Bioassays are common methods for the determination of marine biotoxins. However, biological tests are not completely satisfactory, due to the low sensitivity and the absence of specialized variations. Moreover, there is growing resistance against the use of animal experiments. Therefore, many efforts have been made to determine algal toxins with chemical methods. In this context LC-MS methods replaced HPLC methods with optical detectors, allowing both effective seafood control and monitoring of phytoplankton in terms of the different groups of marine biotoxins.     

Immunological evaluation of SW-HSA conjugate on goats

Locoweeds cause significant livestock poisoning and economic loss all over the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune effects of locoweed toxin, swainsonine (SW) and human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate (SW-HSA), on goats. Twenty-four Sannon goats were randomly separated into immune control group (eight goats), immune poisoning group I (six goats), immune poisoning group II (six goats) and poisoning control group (four goats). Immune control group, immune poisoning groups I and II were first vaccinated with SW-HSA conjugate. The poisoning control group, immune poisoning groups I and II were then fed with 10.0 g/kg BW/day dry powder of Oxytropis kansuensis Bunge everyday morning. The immune control group was supplied with an alfalfa-based diet. Blood samples of these experimental animals were collected at different time interval. Immunoassay was performed using indirect ELISA and E-rosette technique. The results show that, after second booster immunization: (1) anti-SW antibody level in some goats increased to 2(8), which proves that SW-HSA conjugate can induce experimental animals to produce high-level anti-SW antibody in their bodies; (2) the high-level antibody in their bodies could maintain 30 days, and decreased gradually after poisoning experiment (in our experiment, there was a return of the antibody level on day 21 after poisoning experiment); (3) the decreasing of the E-rosette rate of the immune poisoning group was delayed 14 days, which suggests that SW-HSA could low down the loss of the immunity of the goats; (4) swainsonine concentration in the blood was significantly lower (p<0.01) in the immune poisoning groups than that in the poisoning control group, and there was no significant difference (p>0.01) between the two immune poisoning groups within the poisoning experiment.     

有毒汤样中微量农药杀虫环的鉴定

报道了在广东江门市某工厂发生的食物中毒事件中，对致毒汤样品中农药的分析鉴定过程；采用GC－MS联用分析，被分离出的疑为致毒物质的成分在现有的质谱谱库中检索未能鉴定；通过采用综合分析，将可疑成分提取、分离、柱以谱纯化，结合NMR、ICP－AES和元素分析，确证了汤样中的致毒物质是沙蚕毒素类农药“杀虫环”。     

菜豆凝集素抑制剂的设计与凝血活性

针对菜豆凝集素二聚体复合物的结构特征,利用计算机辅助药物设计的方法设计抑制剂以破坏复合物结构;进一步采用标准的Fomc保护氨基酸NT氨基的固相法合成纯化了小肽抑制剂.体外兔血红细胞凝集实验结果表明,该小肽对菜豆凝集素的凝血能力有一定的抑制效果.该方法为植物凝集素凝血研究及菜豆相关的食品安全问题提供了一个新思路.