On the mechanism which produces transient currents in a betatron

For finding means of increasing the intensity of the accelerated electron beam in a betatron, it is worthwhile to study the feasibility of capturing the transient current into the acceleration mode. Such a study involves the mechanism which produces the transient current. In the mechanism analyzed here it is the resonant attenuation of electron oscillation amplitudes at an inhomogeneity in the azimuthal space-charge density distribution due to the electron beam emitted from the gun which gives rise to a transient current.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikn Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, No. 7, pp. 83–90, July, 1971.     

Enhanced betatron radiation by a modulating laser pulse in laser wakefield acceleration

We propose a new idea to enhance and control the betatron radiation by using a modulating laser pulse in laser wakefield acceleration. In this scheme, a high-power laser pulse is used for self-trapping and acceleration of the plasma electrons and the accelerated electron beam is modulated by a separately-propagating laser pulse for large amplitude betatron oscillations and microbunching. In this way, the relatively low power modulating laser pulse can enhance the X-ray photon flux and energy significantly. We performed two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations to demonstrate the idea and the results show that a sub-TW laser pulse is enough for electron beam modulation and it can generate easily-controllable fs X-ray pulses with a wide range of photon energies from soft X-rays to hard X-rays.     

Selection of dimensions for the accelerating chamber of a betatron with extraction of an electron beam

This article reports results of refinement of the dynamics of particles of a beam extracted from a betatron. The refinement has made it possible to select the main dimensions of the accelerating chamber. Expressions were obtained which make it possible to determine the chamber dimensions and the profile of the extraction window from the distribution of the magnetic field of the betatron. It is shown that proper selection of the dimensions will increase the dose rate at the exit from the magnetic core of the accelerator.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 29–32, March, 1985.     

Acceleration and radiation of externally injected electrons in laser plasma wakefield driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian pulse

By using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, externally injected electron beam acceleration and radiation in donut-like wake fields driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian pulse are investigated. Studies show that in the acceleration process the total charge and azimuthal momenta of electrons can be stably maintained at a distance of a few hundreds of micrometers. Electrons experience low-frequency spiral rotation and high-frequency betatron oscillation, which leads to a synchrotron-like radiation. The radiation spectrum is mainly determined by the betatron motion of electrons. The far field distribution of radiation intensity shows axial symmetry due to the uniform transverse injection and spiral rotation of electrons. Our studies suggest a new way to simultaneously generate hollow electron beam and radiation source from a compact laser plasma accelerator.     

Effect of the current rise rate in a relativistic electron beam pulse propagating in the ion focusing regime on the dynamics of ion hose instability

The effect of the current rise rate in a relativistic electron beam pulse propagating in the ion focusing regime on the spatial dynamics of the ion hose instability is considered. Numerical analysis of the formulated equations shows that the lower rate of current rise in the beam pulse at the linear stage of evolution of the instability noticeably reduces the amplitude of hose oscillations.     

Leakage-flux betatron

A betatron on the leakage flux from two windings connected oppositely and laid around a closed magnetic circuit is considered. The governing magnetic field in the interpole gap is created by a leakage magnetic flux between the windings, while the accelerating magnetic flux is generated by the difference of the ampere-turns of the windings in a closed magnetic circuit. Results are presented that were obtained by examining the proposed scheme and by comparing it with the classical betatron scheme. It is shown that the use of a closed magnetic circuit, with the demagnetization of steel, makes it possible to implement, in the most economical way, the potential of the induction method of acceleration.     

Magnetic extraction of accelerated electrons from small betatrons

Conclusions It has been shown theoretically and experimentally that an electron beam can be extracted from the accelerating chamber and from an E-shaped betatron having the parameters of the PMB-6.In order to extract accelerated electrons from the PMB-6 through an asymmetric displacement of the equilibrium orbit, one would have to increase the extraction angle and step of the beam trajectory; this would require a reduction of the rise time f of the perturbing pulse, which would involve serious technical difficulties.Efficient extraction of electrons from a betatron of the PMB-6 type would evidently require a supplementary extraction apparatus of the pulsed-shunt or electrostatic-capacitor type.Translated from Izvestiya VUZ. Fizika, No. 8, pp. 77–81, August, 1970.     

Laser-driven coherent betatron oscillation in a laser-wakefield cavity

The origin of beam disparity in emittance and betatron oscillation orbits, in and out of the polarization plane of the drive laser of laser-plasma accelerators, is explained in terms of betatron oscillations driven by the laser field. As trapped electrons accelerate, they move forward and interact with the laser pulse. For the bubble regime, a simple model is presented to describe this interaction in terms of a harmonic oscillator with a driving force from the laser and a restoring force from the plasma wake field. The resulting beam oscillations in the polarization plane, with period approximately the wavelength of the driving laser, increase emittance in that plane and cause microbunching of the beam. These effects are observed directly in 3D particle-in-cell simulations.     

The Dynamics of Electron Orbits during the Acceleration of Electrons in a Betatron

This paper presents a system of equations that describe the motion of charged particles in the electromagnetic field of a betatron. This system of equation was successfully used to study the behavior of the electron orbits and to determine the principal parameters of the electron beam in the electromagnetic field of a betatron during the electron acceleration and deceleration. The results of this study may find application in developing systems designed to accelerate electron beams. It has been shown that in the course of acceleration there is no damping of the betatron oscillations by the law B _z ^–1/2 and, correspondingly, no decrease in beam cross section. In contrast to the existing belief, the initial departure of the kinetic energy (momentum) of the injected electrons from the energy (momentum) of the electrons following the equilibrium orbit is not preserved in the course of acceleration. In the betatron chamber, the electron beam, when accelerated, does not constrict to form a ring but occupies a broad zone, whose dimensions are determined by the initial double amplitudes of the vertical and horizontal oscillations. Despite the large double amplitude of the oscillations of the beam particles, the average energy of the electrons differs from the energy of the electrons following the equilibrium orbit only slightly, and the departure of the average energy from the energy of the equilibrium electrons varies proportionally to the (varying) field of the betatron.     

The Energy Spectrum of the Electron Beam of a Betatron

The process of extraction of an electron beam through the glass wall of a sealed-off acceleration chamber has been investigated. It has been shown that the electron beam extracted from the MIB-6E small-sized betatron has a nonuniform cross-sectional distribution of the particle flux density. This nonuniformity is due to the imperfection of the beam extraction devices and to the flaws in design of the extraction window of the accelerator chamber. The electrons extracted through the glass wall of the window lose a major portion of their energy. At the outlet of the chamber of the small-sized betatron, the spectrum of the electrons is not line. The half-width of the spectral line of the electron beam is, at best, 6% for a window glass thickness of 0.5 mm and about 15% for a glass thickness of 4 mm. The results of this study may find practical implementation in developing extracted electron beam formation systems.__________Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 51–55, January, 2005.     

Stabilization of betatron tune in Indus-2 storage ring

Indus-2 is a synchrotron radiation source that is operational at RRCAT, Indore, India. It is essentially pertinent in any synchrotron radiation facility to store the electron beam without beam loss. During the day to day operation of Indus-2 storage ring, difficulty was being faced in accumulating higher beam current. After examination, it was found that the working point was shifting from its desired value during accumulation. For smooth beam accumulation, a fixed desired tune in both horizontal and vertical plane plays a significant role in avoiding beam loss via the resonance process. This required a betatron tune feedback system to be put in the storage ring. After putting ON this feedback, the beam accumulation was smooth. The details of this feedback and its working principle are described in this paper.     

Femtosecond coherent pulses in the keV range from inner-shell transitions pumped by a betatron source

We present a new method to generate ultra-short X-ray laser pulses by using the recently demonstrated laser-driven betatron source to photo-pump inner-shell transitions. The proposed compact set-up will then open the route to a wide range of applications. The betatron spectrum and ion-population kinetics are modeled and the temporal evolution of the gain coefficient for the K-α transitions is assessed. Using measured values of divergence, duration, and number of photons per pulse of the betatron source as input parameters, local gain values close to 60 cm^?1 are calculated for nitrogen at 3.2 nm. Significant gain values are also numerically obtained at shorter wavelengths (for neon at 1.5 nm) when the betatron energy distribution is optimized as suggested by recent laser wakefield electron acceleration experiments.     

On the influence of the voltage pulse rise time and cathode geometry on the generation of a supershort avalanche electron beam

The influence of the voltage pulse rise time on the amplitude of a runaway electron beam and X-ray generation in air and nitrogen under atmospheric pressure is studied experimentally and theoretically. Generalization of the whistle criterion for the case of a nonuniform field is suggested. It is shown that the maximal energy of beam electrons and the beam current amplitude grow when the voltage pulse rise time decreases. It is found that the amplitude of the runaway electron current reaches a maximum at a certain curvature of the cathode. The maximal energy of electrons increases when the radius of curvature of the cathode exceeds the value at which the beam current amplitude is the highest. If the field is nonuniform, its critical value at which many electrons run away is more than an order of magnitude lower than in the uniform field.     

Wave growth rate in a cylindrical metal waveguide with ion-channel guiding of a relativistic electron beam

This paper addresses the formulae and numerical issues related to the possibility that fast wave may be grown when a relativistic electron beam through an ion channel in a cylindrical metal waveguide.To derive the dispersion equations of the beam-wave interaction,it solves relativistic Lorentz equation and Maxwell’s equations for appropriate boundary conditions.It has been found in this waveguide structure that the TM 0m modes are the rational operating modes of coupling between the electromagnetic modes and the betatron modes.The interaction of the dispersion curves of the electromagnetic TM 0m modes and the upper betatron modes is studied.The growth rates of the wave are obtained,and the effects of the beam radius,the beam energy,the plasma frequency,and the beam plasma frequency on the wave growth rate are numerically calculated and discussed.     

Effect of Temporal Current Modulation on the Tracking Force Acting on a Relativistic Electron Beam in an Ohmic Plasma Channel

The effect of the current rise time in a relativistic electron beam pulse on the tracking force exerted by the low-conductivity Ohmic plasma channel on the beam has been analyzed using the “hard” beam model. It is shown using numerical analysis that an increase in the beam current rise time substantially reduces the tracking force considered here.

     

脉冲大电流系统空芯变压器设计

设计了一种变流用的带绕式空芯变压器,分析了变压器的工作原理并详细介绍了其制作过程。该变压器主要由引线、绝缘膜、铜带和内绝缘筒组成。在电容器充电电压为2500 V的条件下,实验得到该变压器原副边电流峰值分别为5.52 kA和1.48 kA,电流上升率分别为37 A/s和138 A/s。理论分析和实验结果表明:该变压器可以有效降低脉冲功率电路对开关电流上升率的要求,从而将重复频率和稳定性能更好的晶闸管应用于脉冲大电流系统,可以大大提高系统的放电频率和寿命。     

Method for the self-consistent description of the dynamics of electron beams in cyclic systems

Equations describing the envelopes of an electron beam in a modified betatron and an l=2 stellatron are obtained on the basis of a self-similar solution of the dynamic equations of a charged fluid. It is shown that the poloidal motion of a beam caused by a toroidal magnetic field consists of rotation of the beam as a whole and internal movement of the fluid with elliptical current lines.     

Parameters of the electron beam in a betatron with radial comb-type poles

Expressions for the vector potential and components of the magnetic field induction vector of a betatron with radial comb-type poles are derived. The dynamics of the electron beam in the electromagnetic betatron field is investigated in the process of electron injection and acceleration. It is demonstrated that the azimuthally varying field engender beam beats. However, the amplitudes of beam particle oscillations during acceleration do not exceed their values estimated from the symmetric azimuthal component of the betatron magnetic field induction. The energy spectrum of accelerated electrons is not described by a normal law. In the electron energy spectrum, the relative number of electrons whose energy exceeds the average value is large. Application of poles with radial combs improves the efficiency of electron capture in acceleration. Results of investigations can find application in the development and adjustment of electron beam accelerating systems. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 27–34, October, 2005.     

脉冲变压器锥形高压绕组电压分布实验研究

 对脉冲变压器锥形高压绕组进行了脉宽为1 μs,500 ns及100 ns三种不同脉宽的单脉冲实验,研究了不同输入条件下绕组中的电压分布特性,比较了空心、加内铁芯和加内外铁芯三种不同结构绕组中的对地电压及匝间电压的分布曲线。实验结果表明：在高频冲击电压条件下,脉冲变压器锥形高压绕组中的电压呈现非线性分布且存在明显的振荡过程,导致绕组首端的电压梯度增大,伴随脉宽减小电压波形发生明显畸变,冲击电压以波的形式在绕组中传播,从而引起匝间电压按照正弦规律起伏变化,匝间电压的极值通常出现在绕组首末端,加入铁芯有助于抑制电压谐振但同时增大了匝间电压。     

Simplified equations for investigation of charged-particle dynamics in magnetic fields

A system of motion equations presented for charged particles in betatron magnetic fields makes it possible to conduct all particle dynamics calculations in relative units because the particle velocity components are expressed in terms of trajectory geometry using comparatively simple notation, and the conversion from relative to absolute units is easily carried out in terms of the radius of a fixed orbit and the magnetic induction of the field on it. This equation system has been used successfully to investigate particle dynamics in an electron beam extracted from a betatron and to determine the principal parameters of the beam; the results were confirmed in practice. Tomsk Polytechnic University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 29–35, March, 1998.