Binding position of azathioprine with bovine serum albumin determined by measuring nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time.

The interaction between azathioprine (AZ) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) is mainly due to hydrophobic binding according to the dependence of the binding constant on the ionic strength obtained by equilibrium dialysis. The binding constant and partition coefficient of AZ were smaller than those of warfarin, phenylbutazone and ibuprofen. Little variation in the proton chemical shift of AZ was observed whether there was an absence or presence of BSA (7.25 x 10(-5) M). The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of AZ decreased in the presence of BSA to 6-22%. The spin-spin relaxation rate (1/T2) of AZ increased 16-24 times for the methyl group and the imidazole ring and 8-13 times for the purine ring in the presence of BSA. The ratio of the spin-spin relaxation rate of the free AZ to the bound AZ ((1/T2)b/(1/T2)f) of the methyl group and the imidazole ring was 2-3 times larger than that of the purine ring. The binding of AZ to BSA was concluded to be mainly at the methyl group on the imidazole ring of AZ.     

Repeated use of a hydrophobic ligand-containing porous membrane for protein recovery

A porous hollow-fiber membrane containing a phenyl group as a hydrophobic ligand was prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate, followed by successive ring-opening reactions with phenol and water. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was bound to the ligand during permeation of a BSA solution in phosphate buffer containing 2M (NH₄)₂SO₄ through the pores of the hollow fiber. Subsequent elution with an (NH₄)₂SO₄-free buffer exhibited an elution percentage of 82%. Repeated cycles of adsorption and elution caused the accumulation of BSA on the pore surface, resulting in a decrease in the binding capacity of BSA with increasing number of cycles. In contrast, by permeating 1 M NaOH after each elution, the binding capacity of BSA was maintained even after ten cycles. This alkaline regeneration was found to be effective in ensuring repeated use of the phenyl-group-containing porous membrane for recovery of proteins.     

Prussian blue modified glassy carbon electrodes-study on operational stability and its application as a sucrose biosensor

Stabilisation of electrochemically deposited Prussian blue (PB) films on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes has been investigated and an enhancement in the stability of the PB films is reported if the electrodes are treated with tetrabutylammonium toluene-4-sulfonate (TTS) in the electrochemical activation step following the electrodeposition. A multi-enzyme PB based biosensor for sucrose detection was made in order to demonstrate that PB films can be coupled with an oxidase system. A tri-enzyme system, comprising glucose oxidase, mutarotase and invertase, was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and bovine albumin serum on the PB modified glassy carbon electrode. The deposited PB operated as an electrocatalyst for electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide, the final product of the enzyme reaction sequence. The electrochemical response was studied using flow injection analysis for the determination of sucrose, glucose and H₂O₂. The optimal concentrations of the immobilisation mixture was standardised as 8 U of glucose oxidase, 8 U of mutarotase, 16 U of invertase, 0.5% glutaraldehyde (0.025 μl) and 0.5% BSA (0.025 mg) in a final volume of 5 μl applied at the electrode surface (0.066 cm²). The biosensor exhibited a linear response for sucrose (4-800 μM), glucose (2-800 μM) and H₂O₂ (1-800 μM) and the detection limit was 4.5, 1.5 and 0.5 μM for sucrose, glucose and H₂O₂, respectively. The sample throughput was ca. 60 samples h⁻¹. An increase in the operational and storage stability of the sucrose biosensor was also noted when the PB modified electrodes were conditioned in phosphate buffer containing 0.05 M TTS during the preparation of the PB films.     

Variable-temperature,solid-state NMR studies of bonded liquid crystal stationary phases for HPLC

Summary The spin-spin relaxation time measured from the line width (T ₂*) is used to study bonded phase dynamics of two liquid crystal materials in the solid state as a function of temperature. The motion of these two bonded phases is much more restricted than either C-18 or butyl phenyl bonded to the same substrate. Plots ofT ₂* vs. 1/T indicate a structural transition of the bonded phase moiety for the two liquid crystal materials but no such change is seen for either C-18 or butyl phenyl over the same temperature range (243–353 K), suggesting a higher degree of association between adjacent bonded moieties for the two liquid crystal materials in comparison to the other two phases. The conclusions from solid-state NMR data coincide with results obtained in earlier chromatographic studies.     

T(4-Mop)PS4卟啉与牛血清蛋白相互作用的研究

以四-(4-甲氧基-3-磺酸基苯)卟啉(T(4-Mop)PS4)为探针,通过T(4-Mop)PS4与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用,建立了测定BSA的电化学分析方法。T(4-Mop)PS4的峰电流变化(ΔIp)与BSA在2.0×10-6～1.0×10-5mol.L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.2×10-6mol.L-1;对5.0×10-6mol.L-1BSA平行测定8次,其相对标准偏差为2.0%,回收率为95%～104%。组氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、异白氨酸、谷氨酰胺、苏氨酸等氨基酸对BSA的测定不产生干扰。采用紫外可见光度法、荧光光谱法和线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究了T(4-Mop)PS4与BSA之间的相互作用,并测定了二者相互作用的结合常数和结合比。研究表明,T(4-Mop)PS4与BSA之间主要以疏水作用力结合,形成了1∶1的稳定复合物。     

Interaction of chlorin p6 with bovine serum albumin and photodynamic oxidation of protein

The binding of chlorin p6, a photosensitizer having basic tetrapyrrole structure, to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and oxidation of the protein following photodynamic treatment is studied. The Stern-Volmer plot indicates that binding of chlorin p6 to BSA was of single class. Binding parameters, binding association constant and number of binding sites, were found to be 1.62+/-0.27 x 10(5)M(-1) and 1.086+/-.019, respectively. Photodynamic oxidation of protein was studied by (i) loss of intrinsic fluorescence of protein, (ii) protein carbonyl formation, (iii) protein hydroperoxide (iv) formation of TCA soluble amino groups and (v) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Intrinsic protein fluorescence was observed to decrease almost linearly as a function of irradiation time at a fixed concentration of chlorin p6 and with increasing concentration of chlorin p6 at fixed time of irradiation. Protein carbonyl and hydroperoxide formation was found to increase with increasing photodynamic treatment. No significant increase in 5% TCA soluble amino groups was observed. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reveals that photodynamic treatment of BSA in presence of chlorin p6, rose bengal and riboflavin causes non-specific fragmentation of protein. Photodynamic carbonyl formation by chlorin p6 was not inhibited by sodium formate (100 mM) or mannitol (25 mM) but was significantly inhibited by sodium azide (2 mM). Protein carbonyl formation increased almost 90% when H2O was replaced by D2O. The results show that chlorin p6 induced photodynamic oxidation of BSA was mainly mediated by singlet oxygen.     

Thyroxine binding properties of glycosylated bovine serum albumin.

Thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4) binding properties of glycosylated bovine serum albumin (G-BSA), and intact BSA were studied by the fluorescence method. The apparent binding constants for intact BSA were 0.8 (0.16) x 10(6) M-1 at pH 5.0 and 2.18 (0.06) x 10(6) M-1 at pH 9.5 at 25 degrees C. T4 binding for G-BSA was independent of pH and the apparent binding constant was 1.4 x 10(6) M-1. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated from the Van't Hoff plots of the apparent binding constants at pH 7.4 and 8.5. At both pH's, the free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes were almost the same for both G-BSA and BSA.     

Binding of 5-(2'-carboxyphenyl)azoquinolin-8-ol to bovine serum albumin: a spectroscopic study

Dye-protein interactions are of immense importance in dye-ligand chromatography of protein purification. In this type of interactions, the structure of the dye molecules has a significant role. However, studies on the structure of these ligands are scanty. Therefore, we have spectroscopically investigated interactions of three 5-(aryl)azoquinolin-8-ol derivatives, which could be used as potent chelate forming agents, with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Among these, the carboxy derivative, 5-(2'-carboxyphenyl)azoquinolin-8-ol (CPAQ) has been selected for resonance Raman study. It has been shown that BSA has six independent binding sites for CPAQ at pH 7.2, the binding constant being 6.2 x 10(3) M(-1). Assignments of Raman modes of bound CPAQ are also presented. It has also been shown that bound CPAQ exists exclusively in hydrazone form. Results further demonstrate that the azo group nitrogen adjacent to the phenyl ring probably participated in the formation of a BSA-CPAQ complex.     

Characterization of the molecular reorientational dynamics of the neat ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide in the super cooled state using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy

The (13)C spectra and (13)C longitudinal relaxation times (T(1)) were measured to investigate the segmental motion of the neat ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([bmim]Br) in the super cooled state. The (13)C signals of the imidazole ring significantly broadened at 283 K, whereas many other signals were unchanged. In the process of lowering temperature, the [bmim]Br changed to the solid state at ca 273 K without showing the rapid phase transition. Only the (13)C signal of the terminal methyl group in the butyl chain was still observed at 263 K, indicating that the motion of the imidazole ring was extremely restricted, whereas the methyl group in the butyl chain was active even in the solid state. The (13)C-T(1) values measured as a function of temperature also supported the discrete segmental motions of the [bmim](+) cation.     

Li mobility in Nasicon-type materials LiM2(PO4)3, M = Ge, Ti, Sn, Zr and Hf, followed by 7Li NMR spectroscopy

Lithium mobility in LiM(2)(PO(4))(3) compounds, M = Ge and Sn, has been investigated by (7)Li Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and deduced information compared with that reported previously in Ti, Zr and Hf members of the series in the temperature range 100-500 K. From the analysis of (7)Li NMR quadrupole interactions (C(Q) and η parameters), spin-spin T(2)(-1) and spin-lattice T(1)(-1) relaxation rates, structural sites occupancy and mobility of lithium have been deduced. Below 250 K, Li ions are preferentially located at M(1) sites in rhombohedral phases, but occupy intermediate M(12) sites between M(1) and M(2) sites in triclinic ones. In high-temperature rhombohedral phases, a superionic state is achieved when residence times at M(1) and M(12) sites become similar and correlation effects on Li motion decrease. This state can be obtained by large order-disorder transformations in rhombohedral phases or by sharp first order transitions in triclinic ones. The presence of two relaxation mechanisms in T(1)(-1) plots of rhombohedral phases has been associated with departures of conductivity from the Arrhenius behavior. Long term mobility of lithium is discussed in terms of the cation vacancy distribution along conduction paths.     

Incorporation of a monolithic column into sequential injection system for drug-protein binding studies

A sequential injection analysis (SIA) manifold was incorporated with a monolithic strong anion-exchanger disk for on-line drug-protein interaction studies. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CF) was selected as a model drug compound. The separation principle was based on the strong retention of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the monolithic strong anion-exchanger and the liberation/release of the free form of the drug. Elution of the retained BSA was easily achieved by delivering a different mobile phase via the SIA manifold. The type of functional group of the monolithic support, the breakthrough volume and the injected volumes of CF and BSA were studied and optimized. The influence of the variation of incubation time was studied in on-line binding assays. Scatchard plot was employed to obtain the number of binding sites and the equilibrium binding constants. For the off-line study of the CF-BSA binding, two binding classes were determined with constants of (3.16+/-0.21)x10(6)M(-1) and (1.27+/-0.48)x10(4)M(-1) and 6.1+/-1.3 and 17.8+/-3.9 binding sites per class, respectively. In non-equilibrium binding experiments the binding rate constant was k(1)=785 M(-1)min(-1). All measurements were monitored with fluorescence (lambda(ext)=300 nm, lambda(em)=460 nm) and spectrophotometric detection (lambda=280 nm). To evaluate the accuracy of the developed method the obtained results were compared versus ultrafiltration experiments and were found in good agreement.     

Spectroscopic studies on the mode of interaction of an anticancer drug with bovine serum albumin

The mechanism of interaction of vinblastin sulphate (VBS) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been reported. Association constant for VBS-BSA binding was found to be 3.146+/-0.06 x 10(4) M(-1). Stern-Volmer analysis of fluorescence quenching data showed that the fraction of fluorophore (protein) accessible to the quencher (drug) was close to unity indicating thereby that both tryptophan residues of BSA are involved in drug-protein interaction. The rate constant for quenching, greater than 10(10) M(-1) S(-1), indicated that the drug-binding site is in close proximity to tryptophan residues of BSA. Binding studies in the presence of an hydrophobic probe, 8-anilino-1-naphthalein-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (ANS) indicated that there is hydrophobic interaction between VBS and probe and they do not share common sites in BSA. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from data at different temperatures showed that the binding of VBS to BSA involves predominant hydrophobic forces. The effects of some additives and paracetamol on binding of VBS-BSA have also been investigated. The CD spectrum of BSA in presence of VBS shows that the binding of VBS leads to change in the helicity of BSA.     

Association of polybutadiene living anions in cyclohexane

Simultaneous measurements of static and dynamic light scattering were made for cyclohexane solutions of living polybutadiene (PB) anion to characterize PB components existing in the solutions. There were two relaxation modes in the relaxation time spectra obtained by dynamic light scattering. The static structure factor and hydrodynamic radius of the major fast relaxation component obtained are explained by the unimer‐tetramer equilibrium model. The same model is also consistent with the data of the propagation reaction rate of the PB living anion in cyclohexane. The slow relaxation component is only minor (less than 1 wt %), but has a large radius of gyration of ca. 200 nm, and is assigned to aggregates consisting of a huge number of PB living anion chains. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1401–1407, 2005     

Pulsed NMR analysis of ion-selective electrode membranes

A novel method for evaluation of ion-selective electrode membranes was reported with the proton spin-spin relaxation time T(2) by pulsed NMR. The proton spin-spin relaxation time T(2) measurements provided valuable information about properties of the whole membrane matrix. The softer potentiometric liquid membrane possessed a large fraction F(L) providing relatively longer T(2) value. Pulsed NMR method can quantify the degree of the plasticization of ion-selective electrode membranes.     

聚(3-羟基丁酸酯)/聚氧化乙烯共混物非晶区相容性的固体核磁共振研究

用固体高分辨核磁共振碳谱方法研究了不同组成比的聚 (3 羟基丁酸酯 ) 聚氧化乙烯共混物的结晶度、非晶区的相容性和分子运动能力 .结果表明聚 (3 羟基丁酸酯 )的结晶度几乎不随组成比变化 ,而聚氧化乙烯的结晶度则随其在共混物中含量的降低而显著降低 .聚氧化乙烯的加入使得聚 (3 羟基丁酸酯 )非晶区的分子运动能力有所增强 .共混物的非晶区表现出一定的相容性 ,相容程度与共混物的组成比有关     

n-十二烷基-β-D-麦芽糖苷与十二烷基三甲基氯化铵混合胶束的1H NMR研究

利用NMR技术的自扩散、自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2)和自旋-晶格弛豫时间(T1)以及二维NOESY谱, 研究了n-十二烷基-β-D-麦芽糖苷(DM)与十二烷基三甲基氯化铵(DTAC)的二元混合体系中混合胶束的形成、大小变化、排列方式、复配比例和相互作用点等. NMR的自扩散系数表明了混合胶束的大小主要取决于DM分子, T2/T1显示混合胶束堆积的较紧密, 两分子的疏水链是以肩并肩的方式位于胶束核中, 2D NOESY 谱表明DTAC分子中与极头相连的亚甲基邻近DM分子中倒数第二个糖环, 产生分子间相互作用, 其相互作用和分子间距的大小随DM/DTAC比例的不同而变化, DM/DTAC在1∶4和1∶8之间是较好的复配比例范围, 并确定混合前后出现的变化T2值是混合胶束中产生相互作用的证椐.     

Water properties in the super-salt-resistive gel probed by NMR and DSC

The so-called "super-salt-resistive gel", or poly(4-vinylphenol) (P4VPh) hydrogel, of different water contents ( H = 97-51%) was prepared by cross-linking with different amounts of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the dynamic properties of water in the gel samples in terms of the spin-spin relaxation. The T2 values in those hydrogels were analyzed by assuming a two-component system, namely, T 2(long) and T2(short), and their fractions were obtained. In the higher water content region (75% < or = H < or = 97%), T2(long) for P4VPh gel was almost constant or even slightly increased with decreasing temperature. On the other hand, T2(long) for poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel (80% < or = H < or = 96%) significantly decreased with decreasing temperature, showing a natural behavior for water mobility in common hydrogels. Water in P4VPh gels of lower water contents ( H = 70% and 51%) also showed intriguing behaviors: the T2 values are much larger than those of gels with higher water contents and decreased with decreasing temperature only in the lower temperature range (<10 degrees C). The fraction of T2(long) values of P4VPh gel showed another contrast to those of PVA gel; the latter decreased with decreasing water content (normal behavior), while in the former gel the highest fraction (ca. 60% at 20 degrees C) was observed for a sample with the lowest water content ( H = 51%). On the other hand, the results of DSC measurements for P4VPh gel were less specific than those of T2 and comparable to those of common hydrogels such as PVA; with decreasing water content, the total amounts of free water and freezable bound water per polymer mass (g/g) decreased, while the amount of nonfreezing water per polymer also decreased.     

Electron spin resonance investigations of human retinal pigment epithelium melanosomes from young and old donors

Electron spin resonance (ESR) examinations of human retinal pigment epithelium melanosomes isolated from eyes of young and old donors were carried out. The examined ESR signal was a single line, which is characteristic for free radicals of eumelanin o-semiquinones. The content of free radicals related to melanosomes dry weight for samples from older donors (ages over 45 years) were higher than for sample from younger donors (between 14 and 22 years). Simultaneously, the content of free radicals calculated for one melanosome is constant and does not depend on age. The homogeneous broadening of the recorded ESR lines shows that there are no isolated spin packets in all investigated melanin samples. Slow spin-lattice (T1 approximately 10(-5) s) and fast spin-spin (T2 approximately 10(-8) s) relaxation processes occur in these samples. Saturation of the ESR lines at low microwave power was measured. High concentration of free radicals in melanosome samples was responsible for the fast spin-spin relaxation process.     

含氟离聚体的多相结构及大分子链运动的NMR研究

本文用~(13)C自旋-自旋弛豫时间T_2表征了以丙烯酸-1,1,5-三氢全氟戊酯-丙烯酸共聚物为基础的离聚体体系的多相结构和大分子链段运动特性,结果表明:离子微区和聚合物基体之间存在界面层,聚合物主链的运动活性与离聚体的共聚物组成、金属离子特性、离子化程度、离子微区的稳定性和离子微区内的精细结构均有密切关系.     

Interaction of aspirin and vitamin C with bovine serum albumin

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has a major biological role as a natural antioxidant. Aspirin belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and functions as an antioxidant via its ability to scavenge-OH radicals. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is the major soluble protein constituent of the circulatory system and has many physiological functions including transport of a variety of compounds. In this report, the competitive binding of vitamin C and aspirin to bovine serum albumin has been studied using constant protein concentration and various drug concentrations at pH 7.2. FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods were used to analyze vitamin C and aspirin binding modes, the binding constants and the effects of drug complexation on BSA stability and conformation. Spectroscopic evidence showed that vitamin C and aspirin bind BSA via hydrophilic interactions (polypeptide and amine polar groups) with overall binding constants of K(vitamin C-BSA)=1.57×10(4)M(-1) and K(aspirin-BSA)=1.15×10(4)M(-1); assuming that there is one drug molecule per protein. The BSA secondary structure was altered with major decrease of α-helix from 64% (free protein) to 57% (BSA-vitamin C) and 54% (BSA-aspirin) and β-sheet from 15% (free protein) to 6-7% upon drug complexation, inducing a partial protein destabilization.