Charge-transfer complex formation between o-chloranil and a series of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

The equilibrium constants, enthalpies and entropies of formation of molecular electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes of o-chloranil with a series of aromatic hydrocarbons have been determined spectrophotometrically. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic aspects of these complexes have been analysed.     

Spectrophotometric study of molecular complex formation between o-chloranil and a series of methylated pyridines

o-Chloranil has been shown to form 1:1 molecular complexes with pyridine and 2-, 3- and 4-picolines in CCl4 medium. Isosbestic points have been found but charge-transfer bands could not be detected. The formation constants of the complexes exhibit a very good linear free energy relationship from which the Hammett p parameter for the complexation reaction is found to be -3.67.     

Redox-active aza-crown ethers derived from biphenyl. electrochemical and solution studies of complexation

Two new ligands 4 and 5, containing in their structures aza-crown ethers moieties in addition to tetramethylbenzidine units, have been prepared. Their ability to complex transition metal cations has been studied by NMR and electrochemical techniques. Ligand 5 gives rise to two diastereoisomeric complexes with Cd(NO₃)₂.     

Selective foam separation of binary protein solution by SDS complexation method

A fundamental study about the selective foam separation of protein mixture was carried out. A solution containing two proteins, ovalbumin (OA) and lysozyme (LZ), and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was adjusted to pH 6.0, which referred to an intermediate state between the isoelectric points of the proteins. The solution was processed by continuous foam separation. The results showed that a proper addition of SDS greatly improved the selective recovery of LZ to OA. The experimental data were well explained by a simple model that most of cationic protein molecules (LZ) are associated with SDS and the adsorption of all the species including LZ-SDS complexes are subjected to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The results also showed that one of the Langmuir parameters, which means a kind of lyophillic property of adsorbed material, of LZ-SDS complexes was extremely large as compared with that of primary protein.     

A spectrophotometric study of the ionic complexation between chitosan and anionic dyes

Formation conditions and composition of ionic complexes in dilute mixed solutions of chitosan and anionic dyes containing two or more sulfo groups were studied. Immediately after mixing the components, only one sulfo group of the dye interacts with chitosan to form a soluble complex of stoichiometric composition. With time, the other sulfo groups of the dye also become involved in the interaction, which results in the formation of an insoluble complex in which the dye behaves as cross-linking polyvalent anion.     

Room temperature phosphorimetry studies of caffeine and theophylline

Room temperature phosphorimetry (RTP) of a mixture of two methylxanthines is described. The similar spectral characteristics of caffeine and theophylline require use of a separation procedure prior to RTP analysis. A facile and efficient separation method is reported, and the efficiency of the separation, and the RTP characteristics of the methylxanthines are presented.     

A spectrophotometric study of the complexation between methylene blue dye and sodium alginate

It was spectrophotometrically determined that dilute aqueous mixtures of methylene blue cationic dye with sodium alginate are stable self-assembling systems from dissolved state noncovalent complexes. The influence of the mixture components, the molecular weight of sodium alginate and composition of the environment on the binding ability of the polymer toward to dye were investigated. The critical pH values and also amounts of inorganic salts, an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte and an organic solvent, causing a complete inhibition of complex formation and the release of dye were determined.     

Room temperature phosphorimetry — a promising trace analysis method

The practical problems associated with observing phosphorescence at 77K (boiling point of liquid nitrogen) have discouraged its use as an analytical method. The phenomenon of Room Temperature Phosphorescence (RTP) is now being exploited to produce analytical techniques of great sensitivity and selectivity.     

Reaction control by a host-guest complexation method

Very successful stereo-, regio-, and enantio-controls of the photoreaction of a guest compound were achieved by irradiation of the host-guest complex in the solid state. In order to discover the reason for the successful control, the X-ray crystal structure of the complex was studied. The complexation method was also effective to freeze the equilibrium in solution and isolate the labile tautomeric isomer as an inclusion complex.     

Room temperature synthesis of hollow CdMoO(4) microspheres by a surfactant-free aqueous solution route

Hollow cadmium molybdate microspheres have been successfully prepared via a template-free aqueous solution method with the assistance of NaCl at room temperature. The structure and morphology of the CdMoO(4) hollow microspheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The microspheres have diameters of 3-6 microm and hollow interiors of 2-3 microm. The shell is composed of numerous single-crystalline nanorods with diameters of 30-120 nm and lengths of 1-2 microm which are radially oriented to the center. A certain concentration of NaCl plays a key important role in the formation process of hollow microspheres, which might provide a suitable chemical environment to favor the formation of hollow CdMoO(4) microspheres. A possible NaCl-induced Ostwald ripening process is proposed for the formation of hollow CdMoO(4) microspheres on the basis of scanning electron microscopy observation of intermediate products at different precipitation stages.     

Fluoride ion complexation by a cationic borane in aqueous solution

The phosphonium borane [p-Mes(2)B(C(6)H(4))PMePh(2)](+) complexes fluoride in water containing 10% methanol with a binding constant of 1.0(+/-0.1) x 10(3) M(-1) to afford the zwitterion p-Mes(2)FB(C(6)H(4))PMePh(2).     

Analysis of natural polyphenols by a spectrophotometric method

Al-Farabi Kazakh State University, Alma-Ata, Republic of Kazakhstan. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, p. 757, September-October, 1995. Original article submitted October 18, 1994.     

Room temperature solution synthesis of alkyl-capped tetrahedral shaped silicon nanocrystals

We report the room temperature solution synthesis of alkyl protected silicon nanocrystals. The nanocrystals are of unusually uniform tetrahedral morphology and of a limited size distribution. The nanocrystals were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy as well as atomic force microscopy.     

Determination of cyanide and thiocyanate by a spectrophotometric flow-injection method

A rapid spectrophotometric flow-injection method is described for the determination of cyanide and thiocyanate. The method involves a two-step procedure in which the total concentration of both species is first determined (using sodium isonicotinate/sodium barbiturate reagents), after which the cyanide is complexed with nickel(II) and thiocyanate is quantified separately; the cyanide concentration is calculated by difference. Various parameters such as pH, temperature and nickel concentration were optimized. The method is applied to synthetic sample solutions and the results are compared with those obtained by the ASTM distillation method. The limits of detection for cyanide and thiocyanate are 0.05 and 0.08 μg ml^?1, respectively, with a sample throughput rate of 10 h^?1.     

酶法转化液中L-瓜氨酸的分光光度法测定

根据L-瓜氨酸在强酸性溶液中与二乙酰一肟的专一性显色反应及反应复合物在490nm处吸光度与L-瓜氨酸浓度呈线性关系的特点,通过考察酶转化液中转化底物L-精氨酸、副产物L-鸟氨酸、增效剂、磷酸盐缓冲溶液、细胞自溶释放物以及显色剂用量、显色反应时间等条件对L-瓜氨酸测定的影响,建立了一种准确、简便、灵敏的L-精氨酸酶法转化液中L-瓜氨酸的光度分析方法。该方法的相关系数r=0．999,样品回收率达99．58％。     

Chloride complexation by uranyl in a room temperature ionic liquid. A computational study

The stepwise addition of 1 to 4 Cl(-) anions to the uranyl cation has been studied via potential of mean force (PMF) calculations in the [BMI][Tf 2N] ionic liquid based on the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMI(+)) and the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion (Tf2N(-)). According to these calculations, the four Cl(-) complexation reactions are favored and UO2Cl4(2-) is the most stable chloride complex in [BMI][Tf2N]. The solvation of the different chloro-complexes is found to evolve from purely anionic (ca. 5 Tf2N(-) ions around UO2(2+)) to purely cationic (ca. 8.5 BMI (+) cations around UO2Cl4(2-)), with onion-type alternation of solvent shells. We next compare the solvation of the UO2Cl4(2-) complex to its reduced analogue UO2Cl4(3-) in the [BMI][Tf2N] and [MeBu3N][Tf2N] liquids that possess the same anion, but differ by their cation (imidazolium BMI(+) versus ammonium MeBu3N(+)). The overall solvation structure of both complexes is found to be similar in both liquids with a first solvation shell formed exclusively of solvent cations (about 9 BMI(+) cations or 7 MeBu3N(+) cations). However, a given complex is better solvated by the [BMI][Tf2N] liquid, due to hydrogen bonding interactions between Cl(-) ligands and imidazolium-ring C-H protons. According to free energy calculations, the gain in solvation energy upon reduction of UO2Cl4(2-) to UO2Cl4(3-) is found to be larger in [BMI][Tf2N] than in [MeBu3N][Tf2N], which is fully consistent with recent experimental results (Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 10419).     

Determination of mimosine by a sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method

A simple and sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of mimosine based on its reaction with diazotized sulfanilamide (DZSAM). DZSAM couples with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (NEDA) forming a pink colored azodye, absorbing maximally at 540 nm (ε_max=27 mM⁻¹ cm⁻¹). In the present method, mimosine was first reacted with known excess of DZSAM and the unreacted DZSAM was determined by coupling with NEDA. The reaction of mimosine with DZSAM proceeded optimally at neutral pH. The decrease in absorbance of the DZSAM-NEDA-coupled product obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 0.005-0.15 μg ml⁻¹ of mimosine. The present method was applied to estimate mimosine in plant extracts containing lesser than 0.05 μg ml⁻¹ with recovery at 99±0.41%. The method described is superior to other reported methods in terms of ease of adaptability and sensitivity.     

Electrochemical and in situ spectrophotometric studies of an acetylacetonato-iron complex in aqueous solution

The electrode reaction of the acetylacetonato-iron complex in aqueous solution has been studied by simultaneous electrochemical and spectrophotometric measurements. The experiments are performed with an optically transparent electrode by means of a spectrophotometer. From the plot of in situ absorbance vs. molar ratio ([ligand]/[metal]), it is confirmed that the composition of the Fe(III)—acetylacetonate (acac) complex is [Fe(acac)(H₂O)₄]²⁺, [Fe(acac)₂(H₂O)₂]⁺ or [Fe(acac)₃]⁰ in aqueous solution. Based on the experimental results obtained, mechanisms of electron transfer and ligand exchange reactions are discussed.     

Ultra-sensitive spectrophotometric determination of nickel after complexation and membrane filtration

We report on a simple, sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination of Ni²⁺ in water samples. The analyte ions were collected on a membrane filter in the form of their red complex with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN), and the absorption spectra of the colored membrane filters were acquired. Effects of pH value, sample volume, and amount of PAN were examined in order to optimize sensitivity. The interference by common other ions was eliminated using appropriate masking agents. The absorbance is linearly related to the concentration of Ni²⁺ in the ranges from 0.3 to 1.5 μg L^?1, and from 2 to 10 μg L^?1, respectively, the correlation coefficients (R²) being 0.9871 and 0.9954. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit is 0.1 μg L^?1. The recoveries in case of spiked samples are between 95.0% and 101.5%, and the relative standard deviations range from 2.8% to 4.1%.

Affinity capillary electrophoretic studies of complexation between dextrin oligomers and polyiodides

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been applied to the study of complexation between dextrins and polyiodides. A baseline separation of fluorescently labeled dextrin oligomers has provided a unique platform for the observation of a contribution of single oligomers to the complexation process that could previously be measured only in bulk. The complex formation was easily recognized through comparison of peak migration times and peak shapes in the presence and absence of polyiodides. The degree of polymerization (DP) number was found crucial in the binding process, but the I2/I- ratio in a solution also appeared to determine the nature of complexation. The effects of buffer pH and ionic strength upon complexation were also briefly investigated. Diodearray spectra in the visible wavelength range confirmed the differential complexation of unlabeled maltodextrins with different DP values after a CE iodine affinity separation. 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data on differently sized dextrin fractions were found to be in good agreement with the results from CE measurements.