焙烧条件对浆态床CO甲烷化Ni-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

结合行星式球磨机,采用机械化学法制备Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了焙烧温度和焙烧时间对Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂晶相结构、还原特征、孔道结构和浆态床CO甲烷化性能的影响。通过XRD、H₂-TPR、BET、XPS和TPH等方法对反应前后催化剂进行表征。结果表明,焙烧温度从350℃升高到700℃,活性前体NiO仍在载体表面高度分散,催化剂还原峰温向高温方向偏移。其中,450℃条件下焙烧所获得的cat-450试样比表面积最大,为350 m²/g。评价结果显示,焙烧温度从350℃升高到700℃,CO转化率、CH₄选择性和收率均呈先升高后降低的趋势,于450℃达到最大值,分别为97.8%、88.2%和86.2%。另外,焙烧时间对催化剂的还原性能影响较小,对载体Al₂O₃的晶相结构有一定影响。随焙烧时间延长,CO转化率稍有降低,而后增大;焙烧时间为4 h,CH₄选择性和收率均较大。     

制备因素对Ni/C催化剂上乙醇气相羰基化反应性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备负载型Ni/C催化剂,考察了制备因素对乙醇直接气相羰基化反应的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂最佳制备因素为,Ni的质量分数为5%,活性炭采用水洗预处理,控制浸渍液的pH值为8.0～9.0,焙烧温度为450℃,H₂还原温度为400℃。采用上述参数制备的Ni/C催化剂,其乙醇转化率和丙酸选择性分别为96.14%和95.71%。利用N₂物理吸附法研究载体预处理对催化剂比表面积、孔容及孔径的影响和X射线衍射法(XRD)研究了活性组分在惰性气氛中焙烧时的分散状况。     

KF/Al2O3催化剂上苯脲醇解合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯的研究

采用浸渍法制备负载KF固体碱催化剂,应用于苯脲和甲醇制备苯氨基甲酸甲酯的反应,考察了氧化物载体、卤化钾种类对催化剂性能的影响,KF/Al₂O₃催化剂显示出良好的催化活性和苯氨基甲酸甲酯的选择性。通过对KF/Al₂O₃催化剂中KF的负载量和催化剂焙烧温度的研究发现,在500 ℃焙烧4 h、负载质量分数50%KF的催化剂能够更好地促进MPC生成,苯脲转化率和苯氨基甲酸甲酯选择性分别达到96.5%和86.3%。XRD分析表明,KF与Al₂O₃之间存在较强的相互作用,部分转化为K₃AlF₆。KF与K₃AlF₆分别对甲醇的活化和苯脲的选择性起促进作用,两者的协同效应共同促进了目标产物苯氨基甲酸甲酯的生成。     

固相法合成铜铝尖晶石催化甲醇重整反应

以氢氧化铜和拟薄水铝石为原料(Cu/Al物质的量比为1/2),采用固相法经过不同温度焙烧后获得了一系列Cu-Al氧化物催化剂.当焙烧温度由500 ℃提高到900 ℃时,催化剂的主要铜物种由CuO渐变为CuAl₂O₄,比表面积由75.0 m²/g降低至16.6 m²/g.在甲醇重整反应过程中,以CuAl₂O₄为主要成分且具有较高比表面积的催化剂表现了优异的催化性能.另外,以CuAl₂O₄为主要成分的催化剂不经过预还原处理时,在反应过程中同时存在活性铜的释放和烧结,其催化活性呈现先增加后降低的趋势.在本研究催化剂制备条件下,优选800 ℃焙烧的催化剂,其催化性能优于商业Cu-Zn-Al催化剂,且具有可再生性.当催化剂不经过预还原处理时,在水醇物质的量比为1、240 ℃、1.01×10⁶ Pa、质量空速为1.75 h^-1的条件下,甲醇起始转化率为55.2%;反应进行288.3 h时,甲醇转化率升高至79.3%;反应继续运行至1 000.5 h时,甲醇转化率降低至63.9%.     

Cr2O3气相催化1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱HCl性能

采用沉淀法制备了不同焙烧温度的Cr₂O₃催化剂,用于1,1,2-三氯乙烷(TCE)气相脱氯化氢制备二氯乙烯的反应。 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征手段,研究了Cr₂O₃催化剂气相催化裂解TCE脱氯化氢反应及其反应机理。 结果表明,Cr₂O₃催化剂上TCE气相脱氯化氢反应的转化率随着催化剂焙烧温度的升高逐渐降低,然而顺-1,2-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE)的选择性先增大后减小。 400 ℃焙烧的Cr₂O₃催化剂催化性能最好,TCE转化率为70.8%,顺-1,2-二氯乙烯的选择性为90.0%。 然而,催化剂的单位面积反应速率随着焙烧温度升高先提高后下降,400 ℃焙烧催化剂的单位面积反应速率为0.801×10^-2 μmol/(s·m²)。 催化剂的单位面积反应速率和顺-1,2-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE)的选择性与催化剂表面Cr₂O₃物种具有很好的对应关系,表明催化剂表面Cr₂O₃物种有利于脱氯化氢反应。 以酸中心为活性中心计算得到的转换频率(TOF)变化趋势与单位面积反应速率相一致,400 ℃焙烧的催化剂的TOF为2.82×10^-5 s^-1,表明Cr₂O₃催化剂Cr物种合适的平均价态(~3.20)有利于脱氯化氢反应。     

制备条件对Ni/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂煤气甲烷化的影响

采用浸渍法制备了ZrO₂-SiO₂复合载体和Ni质量分数为6%的Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂,考察了载体制备时浸渍溶液pH值、焙烧温度和催化剂制备时的焙烧温度对Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂煤气甲烷化反应性能的影响。采用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和扫描电子显微镜等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,载体浸渍溶液pH值为8.0～9.0, 载体焙烧温度为550 ℃,催化剂焙烧温度为450 ℃时,Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂在煤气甲烷化反应中显示了最优的催化性能,CO转化率100%,CO₂转化率1.8%,CH₄生成速率16.6 mmol/(h·g)。进一步表征发现,制备ZrO₂-SiO₂复合载体时,增大浸渍溶液的pH值有利于形成粒径较小的亚稳态四方晶相ZrO₂,可见四方晶相ZrO₂更有利于甲烷化反应;载体焙烧温度会影响到NiO粒径的大小和其在催化剂表面的分散,温度过高和过低都会导致NiO粒径大小的不适宜以及分散性的降低;催化剂焙烧温度过高则会导致NiO与载体间的相互作用减弱,NiO分散性降低。     

表面改性活性炭负载催化剂Pt-Sn/AC的制备及其催化性能

分别将活性炭（AC-1）在65%HNO₃和空气中进行氧化处理,制得两种表面改性的活性炭载体（AC-2和AC-3）。以AC-1~AC-3为载体,采用等体积分步浸渍法制备了3种Pt-Sn/AC催化剂（Cat-1~Cat-3）,其结构经XRD, TEM, FT-IR, TG-DTG和N₂吸附-脱附表征。以正丁烷脱氢反应为模板反应,研究了Cat-1~Cat-3的催化性能。结果表明：Cat-2催化性能最好,正丁烷脱氢转化率71.5%,正丁烯选择性77.5%。     

浸渍沉淀法制备活性炭负载Co-Mo双金属脱硫催化剂

以氧化改性活性炭为载体,尿素为沉淀剂,采用浸渍沉淀法制备了负载型Co-Mo催化剂,并用CO还原SO₂反应作为模型反应考察了催化剂的催化活性。结果表明,催化剂焙烧温度500℃、Co/Mo物质的量比0.45、最佳反应条件(硫化温度为500℃、空速为7 000 mL/(g·h)、CO/SO₂物质的量比为2:1,反应温度为450℃)时,催化剂具有最好的催化活性和选择性。XRD表征结果表明,催化CO还原SO₂反应的活性相为CoS₂和MoS₂,硫化温度影响活性相的形成。该催化剂稳定性好,反应运行24 h后活性仍能保持最高活性的99%。     

焙烧温度对二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢 Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3+H-ZSM-5双功能催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀耦合机械混合法制备了Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃/Cr₂O₃+H-ZSM-5双功能催化剂,并用于二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢反应,结合热重、傅里叶红外光谱、XRD、BET、H₂-TPR表征,考察了焙烧温度对Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂物理化学性质及双功能催化剂催化性能的影响。研究结果表明,400℃焙烧时,析出CuO粒子的同时伴有尖晶石相,进而在反应过程中对金属铜粒子起到良好的隔离作用。而焙烧温度较低时,催化剂分解不完全,催化剂活性位较少。焙烧温度大于500℃时,CuO粒子发生二次团聚,同时尖晶石相大量生成,造成催化剂活性位减少,活性较低。合适的焙烧温度为400℃,此时二甲醚转化率为92.9%,氢气收率可达到76.5%,具有较好的反应效果。     

Co-Al催化剂在环氧丙醇加氢制备1,3-丙二醇中的应用

以Co-Al水滑石为前驱体,经高温焙烧和H2还原得到了系列可用于环氧丙醇加氢制备1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PDO)的Co_x/Al₂O₃催化剂.研究结果表明, Co₂/Al₂O₃催化剂具有最好的活性、产物选择性及良好的稳定性,在80℃, 2 MPa H₂下反应5 h后,环氧丙醇的转化率为99.8%, 1,3-PDO的收率高达68.0%;不仅高于采用相同方法制备的Ni₂/Al₂O₃和Cu₂/Al₂O₃催化剂,也高于Al₂O₃负载的Pt, Pd和Ru催化剂.研究发现活性中心Co与Al₂O₃载体的酸性位点之间的协同作用可能是影响催化剂的活性及1,3-PDO选择性的重要因素.     

One-pot synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped activated carbon supported AuCl3 as efficient catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination

Commercialization of acetylene hydrochlorination using AuCl₃ catalysts has been impeded by its poor stability. We have been studying that nitrogen-modified Au/NAC catalyst delivered a stable performance which can improve acetylene hydrochlorination activity and has resistance to catalytic deactivation. Here we show that nitrogen and sulfur co-doped activated carbon supported AuCl₃ catalyst worked as efficient catalysts for the hydrochlorination of acetylene to vinyl chloride. Au/NSAC catalyst demonstrated high activity comparative to Au/AC catalyst. Furthermore, it also delivered stable performance within the selectivity of acetylene, reaching more than 99.5%, and there was only a 3.3% C₂H₂ conversion loss after running for 12 h under the reaction conditions of a temperature of 180℃ and a C₂H₂ hourly space velocity of 1480 h 1. The presence of the sulfur atoms may serve to immobilize/anchor the Au and also help prevent reduction and sintering of the Au and hence improve the catalytic activity and stability. The excellent catalytic performance of the Au/NSAC catalyst demonstrated its potential as an alternative to mercury chloride catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination.     

ZnCl2、KOH和HNO3改性MWCNT对苯酚的吸附行为研究

通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、N₂吸附分析仪及Boehm滴定法获得ZnCl₂、KOH和HNO₃化学处理对高纯多壁碳纳米管的结构和表面含氧官能团的影响,通过批处理实验考察吸附条件（吸附时间、初始浓度、温度）对处理前后的碳纳米管吸附苯酚行为的影响,并采用准一级、准二级、Evolich动力学模型和热力学方程拟合其吸附数据,分析其动力学行为、热力学行为和吸附机理。结果表明,虽然ZnCl₂、KOH和HNO₃化学处理法均未对碳纳米管BET比表面积产生显著影响,但会影响其表面化学性质（即,对于ZnCl₂和KOH化学处理降低表面羧基、内酯基含量和增大碱性官能团量,而对于HNO₃化学处理可以增大表面羧基、内酯基含量,而碱性官能团略有增加）;改性处理影响碳纳米管去除苯酚效率：由于ZnCl₂和KOH改性处理降低碳纳米管表面羧基量,故其提高了苯酚去除率,而HNO₃处理则略减小碳纳米管的苯酚去除率,可能是由于碳纳米管结构和表面化学性质共同影响所致;碳纳米管的苯酚去除率均随苯酚溶液初始浓度的增大而减小;高温不利于吸附;热力学研究发现碳纳米管吸附苯酚过程是自发的和放热的,属于物理吸附;动力学研究表明,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。通过ZnCl₂和KOH化学处理,可以显著提高碳纳米管对苯酚的吸附性能。     

Adsorption characteristics of activated carbons obtained from corncobs

Dried, crushed, corncobs were carbonized at 500°C and steam activated (in one- or two-step schemes), or activated with H₃PO₄. The products were characterized by N₂ adsorption at 77 K, using the BET, _s and DR methods. Adsorption capacity was demonstrated by the iodine and phenol numbers, and the isotherms of methylene blue and Pb²⁺ ions, from aqueous solutions. A distribution of porosity in the carbons was estimated within the various ranges (ultra-, super-, meso- and macropores). Simple carbonization yields a poor adsorbing carbon; only its uptake for iodine was high and proposed to be due to an addition reaction on residual unsaturation of the parent lignocellulosic structures. Enhanced porosity was best associated with chemical activation and/or steam pyrolysis at 700°C. These activated carbons proved highly porous and rich in mesopores, and showed high adsorption capacity for methylene blue and Pb²⁺ ions. Phenol uptake was found to depend on surface chemical nature of the carbon rather than its porous properties. Corncobs were postulated to be feasible as feedstock to produce good adsorbing carbons, under the one-step activation schemes outlined here.     

Liquid-phase alkylation of phenol with long-chain olefins over WOx/ZrO2 solid acid catalysts

The liquid-phase alkylation of phenol with 1-dodecene was carried out over WO_x/ZrO₂ solid acid catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method using zirconium oxyhydroxide and ammonium metatungstate. Catalysts with different WO₃ loading (5–30 wt.%) were prepared and calcined at 800 °C and catalyst with 15% WO₃ was calcined from 700–850 °C. All the catalysts were characterized by surface area, XRD, and FTIR. The catalyst with 15% WO₃ calcined at 800 °C (15 WZ-800) was found to be the most active in the reaction. The effect of temperature, molar ratio and catalyst weight on dodecene conversion and products selectivity was studied in detail. Under the optimized reaction conditions of 120 °C, phenol/1-dodecene molar ratio 2 and time 2 h, the catalyst 15 WZ-800 gave >99% dodecene conversion with 90% dodecylphenol selectivity. Comparison of the catalytic activity of 15 WZ-800 with sulfated zirconia calcined at 500 °C (SZ-500) and Hβ zeolite showed that activity of SZ-500 was lower than that of 15 WZ-800, while Hβ zeolite showed negligible activity. It is observed that the presence of water in the reaction mixture was detrimental to the catalytic activity of WO_x/ZrO₂. The catalyst 15 WZ-800 also found to be an efficient catalyst for alkylation of phenol with long-chain olefins like 1-octene and 1-decene.     

硝酸改性活性炭上氧/氮官能团对脱汞性能的促进作用

采用硝酸氧化手段对活性炭进行了表面处理, 并在固定床反应器上测试了其脱除单质汞的性能. 研究表明, 在模拟烟气中硝酸改性活性炭能有效脱除单质汞. 采用元素分析、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)比表面积、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、Boehm滴定、程序升温脱附(TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段研究了活性炭表面官能团对其脱汞性能的影响. 结果表明: 硝酸氧化处理能同时增加活性炭表面含氧官能团和含氮官能团的含量. 与改性活性炭的物理性质相比, 其化学性质对脱汞性能的影响更大, 单质汞主要被改性活性炭氧化为HgO而去除. 在脱汞反应中, 羰基、酯基和酸酐等含氧官能团可能是活性吸附位点, 反应后这些官能团被还原为羟基或者醚基; 而吡咯等含氮官能团可能是活性催化位点. 此外, 基于上述表征结果提出了硝酸改性活性炭表面官能团的脱汞机制.     

Effects of potassium promoter on the performance of PdCl_2–CuCl_2/AC catalysts for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO and methyl nitrite

The effect of potassium(K) promoter on the catalytic performance of activated carbon(AC) supported Wacker-type catalysts(Pd Cl2–Cu Cl2/AC) for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate(DMC) from CO and methyl nitrite(MN) was investigated by means of N2 adsorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The experimental results showed that the space time yield of DMC on Wacker-type catalysts with different K promoters ranked in the following order: KCl KOH CH3 COOK K2CO3. Especially, the addition of KCl significantly improved the catalytic activities of Pd Cl2–Cu Cl2/AC catalyst for DMC synthesis from CO and MN. N2 adsorption data indicated that the addition of K promoters did not change the textural properties of Wacker-type catalysts greatly. H2-TPR and XPS results demonstrated that the existence of KCl promoted the reducibility of Cu2+species and increased the proportion of Cu2+species on catalyst surface, which is favorable for oxidizing Pd0 to active Pd2+. Further, the addition of KCl benefited the reactivity of Pd Cl2–Cu Cl2/AC catalyst for DMC synthesis from CO and MN.     

焙烧温度对Ni/γ-Al_2O_3还原条件及催化甲苯水蒸气重整反应的影响

研究了焙烧温度对Ni/γ-Al2O3还原条件及催化甲苯水蒸气重整反应的影响。结果表明,焙烧温度对催化剂的还原条件及性能具有重要影响。700℃焙烧的催化剂在680℃的反应温度下表现出良好的反应性能,在不进行预还原的情况下仍保持了很高的催化活性及稳定性,其中,甲苯转化率达99%。并使用BET、XRD、TG-DTG等表征方法对反应前后的催化剂进行表征,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂比表面积降低、总孔容减小、平均孔径增大、镍与载体的结合程度逐渐增强、NiAl2O4含量逐渐增多,这是焙烧温度影响催化剂还原条件的主要原因。最后通过TEM、XPS对700℃焙烧的催化剂的结构进行了进一步的分析。     

Preparation and investigation of structural and photocatalytic properties of phosphate modified titanium dioxide

A series of high surface area titanium dioxide samples (P-TiO₂) with varying phosphate content have been prepared by the sol–gel technique. The structural characterization of the samples included X-ray powder diffraction, diffuse reflectance infrared and UV–vis spectroscopy (DRIFT and UV–vis–DR), and nitrogen adsorption measurements. The structural properties of the P-TiO₂ samples significantly changed with the phosphate content and calcination temperature. According to XRD data the presence of phosphate shifts the anatase rutile phase transition to higher temperatures, revealing that phosphate improves the thermal stability of the samples. The specific surface area and the semiconductor band gap energy increase with the phosphate content.

The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ and P-TiO₂ was studied by phenol degradation in liquid phase. A small amount of phosphate of the catalysts increases the photocatalytic activity, but further increase of the P/Ti molar ratio (above 0.01), leads to a considerable loss in activity. The optimal calcination temperature of P-TiO₂ was 300–500 °C. The phenol conversion rate is highest with catalysts calcined at 700 °C, but phenol does not degrade to carbon dioxide.     

Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroesterification of Acetylene with Methyl Formate to Methyl Acrylate in Fixed Bed

The hydroesterification of acetylene with methyl formate catalyzed by nickel-supported catalysts without any corrosive halide promoter has been comprehensively studied in a fixed bed reactor under various conditions. This reaction can be particularly useful since methyl formate may act as a source of methanol-carbon monoxide, thus simplifying transport and handling^[1-3]. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation of γ-Al₂O₃ support with NiCl₂ aqueous solution, then dried at 120℃ and calcined at 500℃     

焙烧温度对非负载Ni-Mo-Al_2O_3催化剂加氢脱氧性能的影响

采用热分解硝酸镍和钼酸铵的方法制备了Ni-Mo-Al2O3非负载催化剂。分别以乙酸、苯酚为探针分子,在连续流动固定床反应器上评价了催化剂的加氢脱氧活性,并采用XRD、BET、XRD、EDS等技术对催化剂进行了表征,着重考察了焙烧温度对催化剂的晶态结构、表面元素相对含量及催化性能的影响。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积增大,晶化程度提高,焙烧温度550℃时,催化剂表面Ni、Mo、Al的比例达到最优,并具有最好的加氢脱氧活性。在250℃、0.4 MPa条件下,乙酸的脱氧率达到96.0%;在200℃、0.3 MPa条件下,苯酚的脱氧率达到96.8%。