固体氧化物燃料电池体系掺杂氧化锆的理论研究:从结构到导电性（英文）

固体氧化物燃料电池是一种将化学能(如H_2和O_2)转化为电能的清洁能源系统,它具有高效、低碳以及燃料适应性广的特点.作为燃料电池的"心脏",电解质决定了整个电池的性能,其中掺杂氧化锆是最为典型的燃料电池电解质材料.氧化钇稳定氧化锆在高温下具有优良的离子电导率,广泛应用在固体燃料电池中.电解质材料的组成和使用温度对电导率的影响在实验和理论上已得到了充分研究.复合氧化物的原子结构的表征是阐明其导电行为的关键,本文综述了氧化钇稳定氧化锆电解质的结构和导电性研究的最新理论进展,比较了研究该材料所采用的不同的理论方法及其相应结果,并总结了各种方法的优缺点.重点介绍了利用随机表面行走-神经网络方法取得的最新成果,这些成果和实验结果相吻合.结果表明,采用机器学习进行原子模拟为理解固体电解质中遇到的复杂物质现象提供了一种经济、高效和准确的方法.     

Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3-α的离子导电性及其燃料电池性能

用高温固相反应法制备了Ba_0.98Ce_0.8Tm_0.2O_3-α钙钛矿型氧化物固溶体,粉末X射线衍射表明该固溶体为单相. 用交流阻抗谱技术和气体浓差电池方法研究了样品在500～900 oC、不同气体气氛中的导电性,以及该样品为固体电解质的氢-空气燃料电池性能. 该电池能稳定地工作,在900 oC时,电池的最大功率密度为110.2 mW/cm²,高于以Ba_xCe_0.8RE_0.2O₃^- (x≤1, RE=Y, Eu, Ho)为固体电解质的氢-空气燃料电池的功率密度     

生物质气为燃料的燃料电池理论电动势计算

在以生物质气体为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池体系中,通过热力学平衡分析编程计算出700-1200 K时气体中各物种例如H2、CO、CO2和CH4的平衡组成,从而得到以氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)为电解质的电池理论电动势．碳沉积对电动势有显著影响．通过计算可以推测比较适宜的操作温度和增湿条件．还计算了以掺杂氧化铈为电解质的电池电动势,相比氢气为燃料时,使用生物质气体导致的电动势的下降比使用YSZ为电解质的电池要小的多．     

钙钛矿型中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极Ba0.5Sr0.5Al0.1Fe0.9O3-δ

研究一种新型不含钴的钙钛矿型中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Al_0.1Fe_0.9O_3-δ (BSAF)材料的晶体结构、电导率以及在对称电池中的电极极化性能. 研究发现,BSAF阴极在空气中低于450 oC表现出典型的具有正温度系数的半导体行为,最高电导率达到14 S/cm;在450-750 oC,却表现出负温度系数,且电导率在750 oC下降到6 S/cm. 电化学研究表明,在基于混合离子导体的对称电池中,BSAF阴极在650-700 oC表现出良好的电极极化性能.以3%H₂O/H₂为燃料和空气为氧化剂,单电池在700 oC的开路电压和最大功率输出分别达到420 mW/cm².     

Samaria-doped Ceria Modified Ni/YSZ Anode for Direct Methane Fuel in Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Impregnation Method

以NiO和8%(摩尔分数)氧化钇稳定的氧化锆为原料,采用注凝成型工艺制备了管状固体氧化物燃料电池阳极支撑体．用离子浸渍法对阳极支撑体进行表面修饰．用电化学工作站测单电池交流阻抗和输出性能并且用化学气相色谱仪对电池尾气进行分析．测试结果表明修饰后的阳极在通甲烷的情况下出现了一定程度的积炭,但是积炭现象在一定的测试时间内达到平衡,没有对电池造成破坏,并且显著地提高了电池阳极的电化学性能．单电池在通入氢气和甲烷的情况下最大输出功率密度分别达到了225和400 mW/cm²．     

固体氧化物直接碳燃料电池的模型计算

直接碳燃料电池(DCFC)是直接以碳或煤为燃料的燃料电池.本文以一种以固体氧化物为电解质的固定床直接碳燃料电池为对象,基于文献中的实验数据,建立了物理模型和数学方程,求解出电池在三个特定温度下的V-I曲线以及能量转换效率,并与文献中的实验结果进行对照,验证了对固定床直接碳燃料电池的反应过程的假设,分析了电池性能的影响因素,为直接碳燃料电池的应用打下了理论基础.     

基于热膨胀性质的ZrO2 固体电解质性能与相关系模型

ZrO₂固体电解质室温下各相的相对含量、高温可相变量是决定材料抗热震性和导电性能的关键因素.固体电解质抗热震性与导电性能的匹配,对低氧含量下的钢水定氧起着重要作用.以此为前提,建立了电解质材料体系的抗热震性与室温相比例之间的线性模型,提出了其高温电导率与相变之间的演化模型.为制备用于测低氧活度的高精度冶金氧传感器提供参考依据.     

基于Zview和Origin软件的交流阻抗谱的实验数据处理

以固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)电解质的研究为例,具体介绍了基于Zview软件和Origin8.5软件对交流阻抗实验数据进行处理和分析的方法。通过等效电路处理可区分电解质的晶粒电阻、晶界电阻以及界面电阻,获得电导率与温度的变化关系等重要的实验结果,为本科生关于氧化物电解质交流阻抗以及导电性能方面的研究项目进行数据处理和分析提供借鉴和参考。     

燃料电池系统最大热力学电效率及对氢气、甲烷和丙烷的应用结果

燃料电池系统的最大电效率（η_e^max）对理解和发展燃料电池技术至关重要.本文通过对燃料电池系统的热力学分析,在考虑加热燃料与空气至燃料电池工作温度的热量需求的基础上,建立了燃料电池运行过程的能量平衡关系,进而推导出了η_e^max的显式理论表达式.结果表明,与卡诺效率不同,η_e^max与燃料有关.由于除氢燃料外,计算η_e^max需要进行化学平衡计算,本文推导了烷烃燃料化学平衡态的解析解.所得理论模型被用于分析温度（T）与燃料水含量及废热回收率对η_e^max的影响.结果表明,甲烷和丙烷燃料的η_e^max随温度的升高而显著降低.此外,对中等废热回收率且运行于700 ℃≤T≤900 ℃的燃料电池系统,氢气燃料的η_e^max要高于甲烷和丙烷燃料的η_e^max.     

离子液体凝胶聚合物电解质PP13TFSI-LiTFSI-P(VdF-HFP)的电化学性能 (cited: 1)

采用溶液浇铸法将N-甲基-N-丙基哌啶二(三氟甲基磺)亚胺(PP13TFSI)、二(三氟甲基磺)亚胺锂与偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(P(VdF-HFP))混合制备离子液体凝胶聚合物电解质(ILGPEs). 通过扫描电子显微镜观察发现,这种离子液体凝胶聚合物电解质由于液体相的均匀分布而具有疏松的结构. 采用电化学阻抗、计时电流法、线性扫描伏安法测试了电解质的离子电导率、锂离子迁移数和电化学窗口. 室温下离子液体凝胶聚合物电解质的离子电导率和锂离子迁移数分别是0.79 mS/cm和0.71,电化学窗口为0～5.1 Vvs. Li⁺/Li. 电池性能测试表明,这种离子液体凝胶聚合物电解质在Li/LiFePO₄电池中是稳定的,放电容量在30、75和150mA/g倍率下分别为135、117和100 mAh/g,电池经100个循环后容量保持在100%而几乎没有衰减.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.