晶格能和离子极化对离子化合物熔点的影响

通过概念辨析指出了一道试题的命制错误.认为只有典型的离子化合物,且晶体类型相同时,晶格能的大小和其熔点的高低才有一致性.当出现晶格能大熔点反而低时,可用阳离子的极化能力和阴离子的变形性给予解释.并罗列了计算二元盐晶格能的简便方法.     

蛇笼树脂交换量的测定

本文介绍了蛇笼树脂的结构及其离子阻滞作用机理,提出了离子阻滞交换量的概念.研究了残余阴离子交换量、残余阳离子交换量、全阴离子交换量、离子阻滞交换量和全阳离子交换量的测定及计算方法,测定了美国的Retardion 11A-8及本文合成的9种蛇笼树脂的交换量.     

两种马来二腈基二硫烯镍(Ⅲ)近红外吸收配合物的结构、磁和电化学性质

合成并表征了两种新的离子对化合物(BMIB)[(Ni(mnt)2]2(1)和(BMIO)[(Ni(mnt)2)]2(2)(其中mnt2-=马来二氰基二硫烯,BMIB=1,4-bis(1-methylimidazolium)butane,BMIO=1,8-bis(1-methylimidazolium)octane)。在化合物1中,[Ni(mnt)2]-阴离子排列形成阴离子三聚体以及与阳离子交替排列形成阴、阳离子混合柱。化合物2的堆积结构与化合物1不同,阴、阳离子堆积成非等间距的阴、阳离子柱。化合物1和2分别在861和857 nm近红外波段处出现较强的近红外吸收。电化学性质研究结果表明,2个化合物均出现了两对不可逆的电化学氧化/还原过程,且平衡阳离子的烷基链长显著影响化合物的氧化、还原电极电势。变温磁化率测量表明,在2～400 K温度范围内,化合物1表现出弱的顺磁性质,变温摩尔磁化率遵循简单的Curie-Weiss定律。化合物2表现出低维反铁磁交换自旋体系磁化率特征。     

功能化离子液体的催化作用及其应用

功能化离子液体是将功能团弓l入到离子液体的阳离子或阴离子上,从而赋予离子液体某种特殊性质．将具有催化活性的基团弓I入到离子液体的阳离子或阴离子上所得到的功能化离子液体,是一类新型的催化材料．除了具有优异的催化性能,其特殊的物理化学性质很容易实现产物与催化剂的分离,正在许多重要催化过程中发挥作用．本文主要介绍近年来我们关于功能化离子液体的制备、性质及其在催化反应中的应用等研究,同时指出了目前存在的问题,并对今后发展趋势进行了展望．     

离子型化合物与氧化物载体表面相互作用的研究—“嵌入模型”及其应用

离子化合物与氧化物载体间相互作用的研究是从本质上探索负载型催化剂的物理化学性质的有效途径。在考虑载体的表面结构和离子化合物的本征性质 (价型、离子半径和电子构型等 )的基础上 ,用“嵌入模型”说明或预测一些离子化合物在不同的氧化物载体上的分散容量 ,为催化剂的设计和制备提供科学依据。本文就课题组近十年来在这方面的工作作一简要介绍     

(TCNQ)22-基氢键分子磁体表现出非常强的反铁磁偶合作用

合成并表征了一种新的离子对化合物[4-NH2-Py][TCNQ](其中4-NH2-Py+是4-氨基吡啶阳离子,TCNQ-为7,7,8,8-四氰基对苯二醌二甲烷自由基阴离子)。在该离子对化合物晶体中,2个TCNQ-离子形成了面对面堆积的二聚体;阴离子中的氰基分别和阳离子上的氨基、吡啶质子化氮原子之间存在非常强的分子间氢键。通过氢键作用,相邻的TCNQ-二聚体被阳离子连成三维氢键网络。变温磁化率测量表明,在2～400 K温度范围内,该离子对化合物表现为抗磁性。在密度泛函理论框架下,用对称性破损方法计算了化合物晶体中π二聚体内以及通过氢键连接的相邻的TCNQ-离子之间的磁交换常数,发现π二聚体内存在非常强的反铁磁交换作用,与之相比,通过氢键连接的TCNQ-离子之间的磁交换作用可以忽略。π二聚体内强反铁磁交换作用(J/kB≈1805 K)导致了该化合物基本表现为抗磁性。     

Ab initio Investigation on Unhydrated Ion-associated Species Between Na+, Li+, Mg2+ and SO2-4 Ions

计算并讨论了Na+,Li+和Mg2+3种离子与SO2-4离子形成离子缔合物的结构以及阳离子的结合对v1-SO2-4频率的影响.结果表明,在缔合物结构方面,阳离子数目越少,离子间斥力越小,越容易形成阳离子与硫酸根间距离更短、结合更紧密的双齿缔合结构;而当阳离子数目增加时,特别是当具有2个正电荷的Mg2+离子数目较多时,离子间的斥力使多离子团簇不稳定,易形成阳离子与硫酸根间距离更长的单齿缔合结构.有2种阳离子作用可影响v1 -SO2-4频率,一种是极化作用,可使v1-SO2-4频率红移;另一种是成键作用,可使v1 -SO2-4频率蓝移.当金属离子数目≤2时,阳离子的极化作用占主导地位,第一个阳离子能使v1-SO2-4频率发生红移,而当阳离子数目增多时,不同方向结合的其它阳离子可以削弱第一个阳离子的极化作用,因此导致多离子团簇中v1-SO2-4频率红移的减小.当阳离子数目≥3时,极化作用影响减小,成键作用占据主导地位,导致v1 -SO2-4频率更大蓝移的单齿缔合结构取代双齿结构,并使多离子团簇中的v1-SO2-4频率继续发生蓝移.     

两种马来二腈基二硫烯镍(Ⅲ)近红外吸收配合物的结构、磁和电化学性质

合成并表征了两种新的离子对化合物(BMIB)[(Ni(mnt)₂]₂ (1)和(BMIO)[(Ni(mnt)₂)]₂ (2)(其中mnt²-=马来二氰基二硫烯, BMIB=1, 4-bis(1-methylimidazolium)butane, BMIO=1, 8-bis(1-methylimidazolium)octane)。在化合物1中, [Ni(mnt)₂]^-阴离子排列形成阴离子三聚体以及与阳离子交替排列形成阴、阳离子混合柱。化合物2的堆积结构与化合物1不同, 阴、阳离子堆积成非等间距的阴、阳离子柱。化合物1和2分别在861和857 nm近红外波段处出现较强的近红外吸收。电化学性质研究结果表明, 2个化合物均出现了两对不可逆的电化学氧化/还原过程, 且平衡阳离子的烷基链长显著影响化合物的氧化、还原电极电势。变温磁化率测量表明, 在2~400 K温度范围内, 化合物1表现出弱的顺磁性质, 变温摩尔磁化率遵循简单的Curie-Weiss定律。化合物2表现出低维反铁磁交换自旋体系磁化率特征。     

烷基磺酸阴离子无卤素离子液体的物理化学性质研究(英文)

通过一步法合成了基于1,3-二烷基咪唑阳离子和甲烷磺酸或对甲苯磺酸阴离子的无卤素离子液体,并对它们的物理化学性质如聚集行为、表面性质、热性质、密度、黏度、折光率和电化学性质等进行了详细研究.结果表明在甲烷磺酸阴离子基离子液体中观察到离子液体中普遍存在的离子簇行为;同等条件下[BEim]MS的荧光光谱强度较[BEim]TS弱;[C12Mim]MS展现出液晶行为;[TS]-基离子液体有着较高的折光率,大于1.51.     

对羰基结构的极性与极化性的讨论

共价键的极性和极化性是表征共价键性质的两个物理量,是两个不同的概念。在有机化学教学中,特别是在解释化合物的结构与化学性质的关系方面,都十分重要。然而,笔者发现,一些有机化学教科书在羰基结构这部分内容中,常将两个概念相互混淆,让人读起来似是而非。例如有的教材写道:“由于氧原子的电负性较碳原子大,羰基的π电子云就偏向于氧原子方面,使羰基发生了极化,羰基的碳原子带有部分正电荷,而氧原子带有部分负电荷。”这种认为由     

Supramolecular Inorganic Chemistry: Small Guests in Small and Large Hosts

A key reaction in the biological and material world is the controlled linking of simple (molecular) building blocks, a reaction with which one can create mesoscopic structures, which, for example, contain cavities and display specifically desired properties, but also compounds that exhibit typical solid-state structures. The best example in this context is the chemistry of host–guest interactions, which spans the entire range from three- and two-dimensional to one- and “zero-dimensional”, discrete host structures. Members of the class of multidimensional compounds have been classified as such for a long time, for example, clathrates and intercalation compounds. Thus far, however, there are no classifications for discrete inorganic host–guest compounds. The first systematic approach can be applied to novel polyoxometalates, a class of compounds which has only recently become known. Molecular recognition; tailor-made, molecular engineering; control of fragment linkage of spin organization and crystallization; cryptands and coronands as “cages” for cations, anions or anion–cation aggregates as sections of ionic lattices; anions within anions, receptors; host–guest interactions; complementarity, as well as the dialectic terms reduction and emergence are important terms and concepts of supramolecular inorganic chemistry. Of particular importance for future research is the comprehension of the mesoscopic area (molècular assemblies)—that between individual molecules and solids (“substances”)—which acts in the biological world as carrier of function and information and for which interesting material properties are expected. This area is accessible through certain variations of “controlled” self-organization processes, which can be demonstrated by using examples from the chemistry of polyoxometalates. The comprehension of the laws that rule the linking of simple polyhedra to give complex systems enables one to deal with numerous interdisciplinary areas of research: crystal physics and chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry (biomineralization), and materials science. In addition, conservative self-organization processes, for example template-directed syntheses, are of importance for natural philosophy in the context of the question about the inherent properties of material systems.     

无机化学四个易混淆基本概念的讲授建议

Fuzzy representation of chemical concepts is an obstacle for learning, and this prevents students from developing strict logical thought. Inorganic chemistry is one of the basic courses for most of first-year undergraduate students of chemistry and related majors. We dissect four common concepts in inorganic chemistry which are easily confused, point out the reasons for the wrong conclusions and give some teaching suggestions. This article helps teachers for clear presentation of these concepts.     

Modelling room temperature ionic liquids

Room temperature ionic liquids (IL) composed of organic cations and inorganic anions are already being utilized for wide-ranging applications in chemistry. Complementary to experiments, computational modelling has provided reliable details into the nature of their interactions. The intra- and intermolecular structures, dynamic and transport behaviour and morphologies of these novel liquids have also been explored using simulations. The current status of molecular modelling studies is presented along with the prognosis for future work in this area.     

Review: the multicolored coordination chemistry of violurate anions

This review provides a comprehensive overview on the coordination chemistry of violuric acid, C₄H₃N₃O₄ (= H₃Vio), and its derivatives (e.g. 1,3-diorganovioluric acids and thiovioluric acid). The most remarkable property of these colorless compounds is the formation of brightly colored (pantochromic/polychromic) salts with colorless cations such as alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ions and organoammonium ions. These magnificent colors have fascinated chemists for more than a century. Only in recent years it has been fully recognized that the structural chemistry of violurates is rather interesting and diverse. Violurate anions are excellent building blocks for new supramolecular assemblies in the crystalline state. Various organoammonium violurates and transition metal violurate complexes have been structurally characterized through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Highly characteristic for these structures is the formation of 1D, 2D, or 3D hydrogen-bonded assemblies in the crystalline state. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the multicolored coordination chemistry of violurate anions, with the focus being on structurally characterized species.     

Cation–Cation Pairing by NCH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonds

The pairing of ions of opposite charge is a fundamental principle in chemistry, and is widely applied in synthesis and catalysis. In contrast, cation–cation association remains an elusive concept, lacking in supporting experimental evidence. While studying the structure and properties of 4‐oxopiperidinium salts [OC₅H₈NH₂]X for a series of anions X^? of decreasing basicity, we observed a gradual self‐association of the cations, concluding in the formation of an isolated dicationic pair. In 4‐oxopiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, the cations are linked by N? H???O?C hydrogen bonds to form chains, flanked by hydrogen bonds to the anions. In the tetra(perfluoro‐tert‐butoxy)aluminate salt, the anions are fully separated from the cations, and the cations associate pairwise by N? C? H???O?C hydrogen bonds. The compounds represent the first genuine examples of self‐association of simple organic cations based merely on hydrogen bonding as evidenced by X‐ray structure analysis, and provide a paradigm for an extension of this class of compounds.     

Molecular Recognition Based on Membrane Potential Changes Induced by Host–Guest Complexation with Inorganic and Organic Guests

Guest-induced changes in membrane potentials are one of the representative modes of electrochemical signal transduction by molecular recognition at the interface of an organic membrane and an aqueous solution. Recent approaches based on synthetic hosts capable of effecting membrane potential changes by host–guest complexation with inorganic and organic guests are described. Although the studies in this area have mainly been aimed at inorganic cations as the target guests, recent approaches for recognition of inorganic anions and further organic guests are also documented. Highly selective changes in membrane potentials can be achieved for inorganic cations by sophisticated design of crown ethers and related compounds. Hosts with complementary charge(s) or multiple hydrogen bonding sites are effective for the recognition of inorganic anions and also of the polar moieties of organic ions. On the other hand, the recognition of nonpolar moieties of organic guests can be achieved by inclusion into well-defined cavities of host molecules. Quaternary onium and protonated amine salts are recently found to be capable of effecting membrane potential changes by complexation with neutral phenolic guests.     

Structure and bonding in SnWO4, PbWO4, and BiVO4: lone pairs vs inert pairs

Three ternary oxides, SnWO4, PbWO4, and BiVO4, containing p-block cations with ns2np0 electron configurations, so-called lone pair cations, have been studied theoretically using density functional theory and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The computations reveal significant differences in the underlying electronic structures that are responsible for the varied crystal chemistry of the lone pair cations. The filled 5s orbitals of the Sn2+ ion interact strongly with the 2p orbitals of oxygen, which leads to a significant destabilization of symmetric structures (scheelite and zircon) favored by electrostatic forces. The destabilizing effect of this interaction can be significantly reduced by lowering the symmetry of the Sn2+ site to enable the antibonding Sn 5s-O 2p states to mix with the unfilled Sn 5p orbitals. This interaction produces a localized, nonbonding state at the top of the valence band that corresponds closely with the classical notion of a stereoactive electron lone pair. In compounds containing Pb2+ and Bi3+ the relativistic contraction of the 6s orbital reduces its interaction with oxygen, effectively diminishing its role in shaping the crystal chemical preferences of these ions. In PbWO4 this leads to a stabilization of the symmetric scheelite structure. In the case of BiVO4 the energy of the Bi 6s orbital is further stabilized. Despite this stabilization, the driving force for a stereoactive lone pair distortion appears to be enhanced. The energies of structures exhibiting distorted Bi3+ environments are competitive with structures that possess symmetric Bi3+ environments. Nevertheless, the "lone pair" that results associated with a distorted Bi3+ environment in BiVO4 is more diffuse than the Sn2+ lone pair in beta-SnWO4. Furthermore, the distortion has a much smaller impact on the electronic structure near the Fermi level.     

Structures lamellaires: Syntaxie,polytypie et non-stoechiométrie

The paper recalls elementary principles useful for the understanding of some types of nonstoichiometry in the solid state. The structures of layered compounds are mostly characterized by the existence of layered “molecular” entities exhibiting a simple type of bonding; in between are inserted, depending on the case, cations, anions, structural frameworks, or molecules. The layers have a quaternary or a ternary symmetry; in the last case the structures can be polytypic. The phenomenon of syntaxy occurs between polymorphs or between species with different chemical compositions but with structural affinities (identical atomic planes). In some cases an ordered syntaxy between structural blocks yields the chemical compositions of the multiple phases observed for some nonstoichiometric systems, for instance rare earth ones. Ordered syntaxy and polytypism, which can occur simultaneously, give a regular repetition of structural or chemical elements over very long crystalline distances. Those phenomena of order in solids, as yet unexplained, recall ordering phenomena observed in the scope of biological chemistry.     

Inorganic electrides

Inorganic electrides are a novel kind of ionic compounds in which the anions are electrons confined in a complex array of cavities or channels and the cations are nanoscale arrays of alkali metal ions that provide charge balance. In electrides the donated electron behaves like a low-density correlated electron gas, whereby the dimensionality of the electron gas and its electronic and magnetic properties are determined by the topology of the cavities in the host matrix. Unlike traditional electrides, in which alkali cations are encapsulated within an organic cage, inorganic electrides are thermally stable. The current inorganic electrides based on alkali metal loaded zeolites can be designed as useful reduced-dimensionality materials. Inorganic electrides are powerful reducing agents, and they are able to reduce small aromatic molecules to the radical anions within the channels of the zeolite.     

Gas-phase peptide fragmentation: how understanding the fundamentals provides a springboard to developing new chemistry and novel proteomic tools

This tutorial provides an overview of the evolution of some of the key concepts in the gas-phase fragmentation of different classes of peptide ions under various conditions [e.g. collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD)], and then demonstrates how these concepts can be used to develop new methods. For example, an understanding of the role of the mobile proton and neighboring group interactions in the fragmentation reactions of protonated peptides has led to the design of the 'SELECT' method. For ETD, a model based on the Landau-Zener theory reveals the role of both thermodynamic and geometric effects in the electron transfer from polyatomic reagent anions to multiply protonated peptides, and this predictive model has facilitated the design of a new strategy to form ETD reagent anions from precursors generated via ESI. Finally, two promising, emerging areas of gas-phase ion chemistry of peptides are also described: (1) the design of new gas-phase radical chemistry to probe peptide structure, and (2) selective cleavage of disulfide bonds of peptides in the gas phase via various physicochemical approaches.