Synthesis and reactions of 3‐pyrrolidinones

This review presents a survey of the synthetic methods and reactions of 3‐pyrrolidinones I (R = H, alkyl, acyl, ester; R₁ = H, alkyl, cyano, ester, etc). 3‐Pyrrolidinones are synthetically versatiles substrate, as they can be used for synthesis of a large variety of heterocyclic compounds, such as indoles and 5‐deazapteroic acid analogues and as a raw material for drug synthesis. The high reactivity of an active methylene group next to the carbonyl of the pyrrolidine ring is useful for various syntheses.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. synthesis of fused 1,5-naphthyridines

The synthesis of new condensed indolizinediones derived from pyroglutamic acid is described. The Semmler–Wolff transposition of the oxime of these ketones leads to fused dihydro-1,5-naphthyridinones. Easy introduction of side amino chains indicates that potential DNA-intercalating heterocyclic systems fused on 1,5-naphthyridine nucleus could be obtained in these series.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. Synthesis of some N-fatty acylpyroglutamic acids

Starting from readily available pyroglutamic acid 1 , some N-fatty acylpyroglutamic acids were synthesized and characterized by their spectral data. A preliminary pharmacological study showed that N-stearoylpyroglutamic acid 4c displays a CNS stimulating effect on mice.     

Tandem visible light-mediated radical cyclization-divinylcyclopropane rearrangement to tricyclic pyrrolidinones

Visible light promoted single electron reduction of bromocyclopropyl cyclization scaffolds enabled by photoredox catalysis initiates a novel tandem radical cyclization/sigmatropic rearrangement to generate tricyclic pyrrolidinones having considerable molecular complexity from simple, readily available starting materials. Furthermore, subtle variations to substrate structure afford a wide array of reaction diversity.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. On the carbamoylation of some pyroglutamic derivatives

The carbamoylation of some lactams derivatived from pyroglutamic acid as been studied; better yields were obtained starting from the unsubstitued lactam (toluene, 80°) rather than starting with the N-silyllactam (room temperature), although these latter reaction conditions could be interesting for heat sensitive compounds. Methyl and phenyl isothiocyanate react only with the sodium salt of methyl pyroglutamate, giving 1,5-diaddition products.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. Synthesis of N-benzhydrylpyroglutamic acids and esters

Catalyzed N-alkylation of N,O-bistrimethylsilyl pyroglutamic acid with trimethylsilyl benzhydryl ethers yields trimethylsilyl N-benzhydrylpyroglutamates. Hydrolysis of these compounds or saponification of the methyl esters gives the corresponding acids.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. Michael reaction of glutamic acid and diethylglutamate

Starting from glutamic acid or diethyl glutamate, some derivatives of N-(2-carboxyethyl), N-(3-oxobutyl) and N-(2-cyanoethyl)pyroglutamic acid were synthesized.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 5-substituted pyrrolidinones via a chiral N-acyliminium equivalent

5-Substituted pyrrolidinones 5 were synthesized in good yields and with fair to good diastereoselectivities from the chiral non-racemic oxazolopyrrolidinone 4. Various nucleophiles including cuprates, silanes and phosphites were used. The chiral induction is thought to arise from a chelated N-acyliminium species.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. Synthesis of some bioisosteres of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl pyroglutamate

The synthesis of new N-(4-chlorobenzyl) and N-(4-chlorobenzoyl)pyroglutamic esters and amids whose the structure conserves the main structural features of the cholesterol lowering agent crilvastatin is described.     

DFT and quantum chemical investigation of molecular properties of substituted pyrrolidinones

The DFT, quantum-chemical calculations and thermodynamics parameters of 1-{2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]ethyl}pyrrolidin-2-one (HTEP); [2-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester (EOEP); {[2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]thio}acetic acid (OETA); (2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl]thio}acetic acid (PTA) and pyridine (PY) have been calculated with Gaussian 94 and Hybrid B3LYP functional density with 6-31G* basis set. Moreover, the electronic properties such as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) energy and molecular densities have been investigated.     

Structural analysis of Chromophore-Labeled

Disaccharides tagged with p-aminobenzoic acid (ABA) were separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and analyzed on-line with negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS). The formation of glycosylamine instead of reductive amination was selected as the derivatization reaction. In negative ion ESI, the glycosylamine approach provides more information on linkage and anomeric configuration than reductive amination. In CE analysis of ABA-labeled disaccharides, alpha-cyclodextrin (CD) was found to play a crucial role in the separation of linkage isomers. Although ammonium acetate/alpha-CD provided the best resolution of linkage isomers, the borate buffer was superior to alpha-CD in the separation of disaccharides with the same linkage but different anomeric configuration and/or monosaccharide composition. Both alpha-CD and borate suppressed the ion signal in ESI, and operational conditions were successfully obtained using 10 mM alpha-CD or 10 mM borate.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. Synthesis and reactivity of some n-protected pyroglutamic derivatives

The synthesis of pyroglutamoyl chloride N-protected by a methoxycarbonyl or a trifluoroacetyl group is described. Some aspects of the reactivity of these compounds and intermediates have been studied.     

Structural analysis of bikunin glycosaminoglycan

The structure of an intact glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain of the bikunin proteoglycan (PG) was analyzed using a combined top-down and bottom-up sequencing strategy. PGs are proteins with one or more linear, high-molecular weight, sulfated GAG polysaccharides O-linked to serine or threonine residues. GAGs are often responsible for the biological functions of PGs, and subtle variations in the GAG structure have pronounced physiological effects. Bikunin is a serine protease inhibitor found in human amniotic fluid, plasma, and urine. Bikunin is posttranslationally modified with a chondroitin sulfate (CS) chain, O-linked to a serine residue of the core protein. Recent studies have shown that the CS chain of bikunin plays an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of this PG. While no PG or GAG has yet been sequenced, bikunin, the least complex PG, offers a compelling target. Electrospray ionization Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FTICR-MS) permitted the identification of several major components in the GAG mixture having molecular masses in a range of 5505-7102 Da. This is the first report of a mass spectrum of an intact GAG component of a PG. FTICR-MS analysis of a size-uniform fraction of bikunin GAG mixture obtained by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, allowed the determination of chain length and number of sulfo groups in the intact GAGs.     

Structural analysis of wheat stems

Design and development of improved harvesting, preprocessing, and bulk handling systems for biomass requires knowledge of the biomechanical properties and structural characteristics of crop residue. Structural analysis of wheat stem cross-sections was performed using the theory of composites and finite element analysis techniques. Representative geometries of the stem’s structural components including the hypoderm, ground tissue, and vascular bundles were established using microscopy techniques. Material property data for the analysis was obtained from measured results. Results from the isotropic structural analysis model were compared with experimental data. Future work includes structural analysis and comparison with experimental results for additional wheat stem models and loading configurations.     

Structural analysis of mycobacterial lipoglycans

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most effective human pathogens. The mycobacterial cell envelope contains lipoglycans, and of particular interest is lipoarabinomannan (LAM), one of the most potent mycobacterial immunomodulatory molecules. The importance of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis has incited structural studies on this molecule to (1) establish a precise structural model of the molecule and (2) decipher the structure/function relationships. In recent years, we have focused on the two domains essential for LAM biologic activities: the mannosyl-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol anchor and the caps. We review here the recent procedures developed for the structural analysis of these domains.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. Synthesis of N-acylpyroglutamic acids having bactericide and fungicide properties

The best method to prepare N-acylpyroglutamic acids is to react N,O-bistrimethylsilylpyroglutamic acid with acid chlorides or a diketene. These acyl acids display bactericide and fungicide properties against several microorganisms.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. synthesis of N-(2-nitrobenzyl)pyroglutamic acid

While methyl N-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyroglutamate can be obtained from methyl N-trimethylsilylpyroglutamate, the best way to obtain methyl N-(2-nitrobenzyl)pyroglutamate is to react 4-nitro benzyl bromide with the iminoether derived from methyl pyroglutamate.     

Studies on pyrrolidinones. Synthesis of N-acylpyroglutamic esters with bactericide and fungicide properties

The best method to prepare N-acylpyroglutamic esters is to react N-trimethylsilylpyroglutamic esters with acid chlorides or diketene. These acylesters possess bactericide and fungicide properties against several microorganisms.