Study of the substituent groups effect on the room-temperature phosphorescent emission of fluorene derivatives in solution

We present here the first study of the effect of substituent groups and the chemical structure of fluorene derivatives on phosphorescent emission. A group of fluorene derivatives have been studied with a new methodology of room-temperature phosphorescence emission called heavy atom induced room-temperature phosphorescence (HAI-RTP). This methodology makes use of RTP emission directly from the compound in fluid solution, without a protective medium but only with the presence of high concentrations of heavy atom perturbers and an oxygen scavenger. These experimental conditions permit sufficient interaction between the perturbers and the phosphors to produce effective population of the triplet states of the latter and, consequently, intense phosphorescent emission. Good deoxygenation conditions are obtained using sodium sulfite as the oxygen scavenger. We show here that it is possible that many fluorene derivatives can exhibit RTP emission in aqueous solutions in the absence of a protective medium. Phosphorescence spectral characteristics of these compounds (excitation and emission wavelengths and lifetime) and the optimization of the chemical variables involved in the phosphorescence phenomenon are reported. Under optimal experimental conditions, calibration graphs and detection and quantification limits in the ng ml⁻¹ level have been established.     

3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-functionalized manganese doped ZnS quantum dots for room-temperature phosphorescence sensing ultratrace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aqueous solution

New strategies for silica coating of inorganic nanoparticles became a research hotspot for enhancing the mechanical stability of colloidal particles and protecting colloidal particles against oxidation and agglomeration, and so on. In this paper, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized Mn doped (AF MnD) ZnS QDs was prepared to be firsyly through the use of silane coupling agents to form an active layer of silica, then sol-gel reaction of TEOS co-deposited with APTES on the surface of resultant active layer of silica. The emitted long lifetime room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of the resultant nanomaterials allows an appropriate delay time so that any fluorescent emission and scattering light can be easily avoided. The APTES anchored on the layer of silica can bind 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) species to form TNT anion through acid-base pairing interaction, the TNT anion species may increase the charge-transfer pathways from the nanocrystals to nitroaromatic analytes, therefore further enhance the quenching efficiency of RTP. Moreover, APTES as capped reagents can enlarge the spectral sensitivity and enhance RTP response of nanocrystals to the electron-deficient nitroaromatic and nitrophenol species. Meanwhile, AF MnD ZnS QDs also exhibited a highly selective response toward TNT analyte through significant color change and quenching of ⁴T₁ to ⁶A₁ transition emission. This AF MnD ZnS QDs based sensor showed a very good linearity in the range of 0.05-1.8 μM with detection limit down to 50 nM (quenching percentage of phosphorescence intensity of 8%) and RSD of 3.5% (n = 5). The reported QDs-based chemosensors here open up a promising prospect for the sensitive and convenient sensing of TNT explosive.     

Subtle structure tailoring of metal-free triazine luminogens for highly efficient ultralong organic phosphorescence

Highly efficient ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) based on a series of metal-free triazine luminogens was achieved via subtly structural tailoring of bromine substituted positions.Impressively,p-BrAT in solid state displayed high phosphorescence efficiency up to 9.7% with a long lifetime of 386 ms,which was one of the highest efficient UOP materials reported so far in metal-free compounds.     

固相萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中苯胺类化合物及基质干扰的消除

建立了固相萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱检测水中18种苯胺类化合物的分析方法,并优化了固相萃取和色谱条件。水样经混合型阳离子交换柱(MCX)或硅胶基体阳离子交换柱(SCX)富集后,用氨水甲醇溶液洗脱,用超纯水适当地稀释后,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。以ODS柱为分离柱,甲醇-0.005%(v/v)甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,多反应监测模式分析,内标法定量。18种苯胺类化合物的分析时间在15 min之内。采用MCX柱萃取时,16种苯胺化合物的方法检出限为0.002~0.035 μ g/L,地表水样品的加标回收率为72.5%~92.5%,相对标准偏差为1.4%~9.6%;采用SCX柱萃取时,17种苯胺类化合物的方法检出限为0.013~0.207 μ g/L,地表水样品的加标回收率为66.5%~102%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~13.6%。本实验还考察了消除基质干扰的5种方法,结果表明,调整色谱分离条件是最有效的方法,其次是选择合适的前处理方法。更换离子源、内标法定量和利用基质标准溶液校正也可在一定程度上消除或补偿基质干扰。     

Influence of chloride anions on the electrodeposition and electroactivity of the polymer matrix in polypyrrole,poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methylpyrrole) and polypyrrole derivatives functionalized by titanocene centers,in dry non-aqueous solutions

We report electrochemical studies on the influence of a small concentration of chloride ions on the electroactivity of the polymer matrix of polypyrrole (PPy), poly(N-methylpyrrole) [p(N-MePy)] and a poly(titanocene-propyl-pyrrole) derivative, p(Tc3Py) [Tc(CH₂)₃NC₄H₄; Tc=CpCpTiCl₂; Cp=C₅H₅; Cp=C₅H₄] in acetonitrile (AN), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The polymer films were obtained on Pt disc electrodes from AN solutions of the monomers containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF₆) as the supporting electrolyte and then transferred to the corresponding monomer-free solution. Studies in Cl^–-containing solutions have shown that the p(Tc3Py) matrix is very sensitive to the presence of Cl^– ions in all the above solvents, namely that it was subjected to electrochemical degradation at potentials above 0.1 V vs. a Ag/0.01 M Ag⁺ in AN reference electrode. Degradation of the p(Tc3Py) matrix was also observed in chloride-free DMF+TBAPF₆ solutions. Addition of chloride ions to the AN solution containing pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole or Tc3Py inhibits the deposition of the polymer films. On the other hand, we have found that PPy and p(N-MePy) matrices after their deposition in chloride-free AN solutions show much more stable redox responses in contact with chloride and/or DMF solutions. Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.Abbreviations AN acetonitrile - Cp cyclopentadienyl - DMF N,N-dimethylformamide - N-MePy N-methylpyrrole - p(N-MePy) poly(N-methylpyrrole) - PPy polypyrrole - p(Tc3Py) poly[Tc(CH₂)₃NC₄H₄] - Py pyrrole - Tc titanocene=bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride, Cp₂TiCl₂, or its radical CpCpTiCl₂ (Cp=C₅H₄) - Tc3Py titanocene-propyl-pyrrole, Tc(CH₂)₃NC₄H₄ - THF tetrahydrofuran Contribution to the 3rd Baltic Conference on Electrochemistry, Gdansk-Sobieszewo, Poland, 23–26 April 2003Dedicated to the memory of Harry B. Mark, Jr. (28 February 1934–3 March 2003)     

亲水作用色谱固定相及其在中药分离中的应用

亲水作用色谱(HILIC)作为一种分离极性化合物的液相色谱模式,近年来越来越受到关注和重视。一方面是因为强极性化合物的分离问题引起了各个研究领域的重视,如药物分析、代谢组学、蛋白质组学等研究领域都不同程度地涉及强极性化合物的分离问题;另一方面是由于HILIC具有流动相组成简单、分离效率较高、与质谱兼容以及反压较低等优势。固定相是HILIC发展和应用的基础,本文主要从固定相分子结构的角度对HILIC固定相的结构特征、保留特性以及应用概况等进行了综述。对传统正相色谱固定相用于HILIC以及专门设计的HILIC固定相进行了介绍,评述了各自的优缺点和应用概况;对近年来HILIC固定相在中药分离中的应用进行了介绍;并对HILIC固定相的发展进行了展望。     

pi-Electron interaction of PAHs with anion-exchange silica gels modified with anionic metal-porphine and -phthalocyanine derivatives as HPLC stationary phase for preparative column in organic solvents

To develop easy-to-prepare stationary phases for HPLC, we investigated anion-exchange silica gels, Nucleosil 5SB (Nuc), modified with metal-porphines and -phthalocyanines (M-P). The modified silica gels (M-P_N) were evaluated for the availability as a stationary phase of HPLC for the separation of π-electron-rich polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polar and non-polar eluents. Separation ability of silica gels modified with Cu-phthalocyanine derivative (Cu-PCS_N) was comparable to that of the silica gels binding Cu-PCS through sulfonamide bonds; however, the latter requires troublesome procedures for the preparation. The PAHs tested interact with Cu-PCS_N in non-polar organic eluents through their π-electrons similarly as in the case of the PYE column^®, in which interaction with PAHs was reported to be only the π-π-electron interaction.     

Silica gel-immobilized-vanillin derivatives as selective solid-phase extractants for determination of chromium (III) in environmental samples by ICP-OES

A method is described for the selective extraction of chromium(III) from aqueous solutions and natural water samples, based on the use of two newly synthesized solid-phase extractors via silica gel-immobilized-vanillin derivatives (I,II). Experimental conditions for effective adsorption of trace levels of Cr(III) were optimized with respect to different experimental parameters using batch and column procedures in detail. The optimum pH values for the separation of Cr(III) simultaneously on the newly sorbents were both 4.0 and complete elution of Cr(III) from the sorbents surface was carried out using 2.0 mL of 0.5 mol L^− 1 HCl. The sorption capacity of phase I towards Cr(III) was found to be 0.700 mmol g^− 1 where the sorption capacity of phase II was 0.538 mmol g^− 1. The detection limits (3σ) of the method defined by IUPAC were found to be 0.87 and 0.64 ng mL^− 1 with enrichment factors of 100 and 75 for phases I and II, respectively. The method has been applied for the determination of Cr(III) in biological materials and water samples with satisfactory results.     

基质固相分散-高效液相色谱法测定鲫鱼肌肉中残留的辛硫磷

建立了鲫鱼肌肉中残留的辛硫磷的基质固相分散-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(MSPD-HPLC-DAD)的分析方法。通过优化样品处理条件,确定选取0.50 g鲫鱼肌肉样品与1.5 g弗罗里硅土、0.5 g无水硫酸钠混合研磨,并采用丙酮-正己烷溶液(体积比为40:60)为洗脱剂,洗脱剂用量为25 mL。优选的最佳色谱条件为：ODS色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水(体积比为50:50),流速0.6 mL/min,检测波长270 nm,进样量为20 μL。在上述条件下,辛硫磷质量浓度在0.01～10 mg/L范围内与响应信号呈良好的线性关系(r20.9994),检出限为3.3 μg/kg;相对标准偏差为1.1%～6.3%(n7);3个添加水平(0.05,0.1,1 mg/kg)下得到的回收率为88%～112%。该方法操作简单,耗时少,精密度高,符合农残分析的要求。     

Miniaturized matrix solid phase dispersion procedure and solid phase microextraction for the analysis of organochlorinated pesticides and polybrominated diphenylethers in biota samples by gas chromatography electron capture detection

This work has developed a miniaturized method based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) using C18 as dispersant and acetonitrile–water as eluting solvent for the analysis of legislated organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in biota samples by GC with electron capture (GC-ECD). The method has compared Florisil^®-acidic Silica and C18 as dispersant for samples as well as different solvents. Recovery studies showed that the combination of C18–Florisil^® was better when using low amount of samples (0.1 g) and with low volumes of acetonitrile–water (2.6 mL). The use of SPME for extracting the analytes from the solvent mixture before the injection resulted in detection limits between 0.3 and 7.0 μg kg⁻¹ (expressed as wet mass). The miniaturized procedure was easier, faster, less time consuming than the conventional procedure and reduces the amounts of sample, dispersant and solvent volume by approximately 10 times. The proposed procedure was applied to analyse several biota samples from different parts of the Comunidad Valenciana.     

Determination of volatile organic compounds in human breath for Helicobacter pylori detection by SPME-GC/MS

Helicobacter pylori living in the human stomach release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be detected in expired air. The aim of the study was the application of breath analysis for bacteria detection. It was accomplished by determination of VOCs characteristic for patients with H. pylori and the analysis of gases released by bacteria in suspension. Solid-phase microextraction was applied as a selective technique for preconcentration and isolation of analytes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the separation and identification of volatile analytes in breath samples and bacterial headspace. For data calculation and processing, discriminant and factor analyses were used. Endogenous substances such as isobutane, 2-butanone and ethyl acetate were detected in the breath of persons with H. pylori in the stomach and in the gaseous mixture released by the bacteria strain but they were not identified in the breath of healthy volunteers. The canonical analysis of discrimination functions showed a strong difference between the three examined groups. Knowledge of substances emitted by H. pylori with the application of an optimized breath analysis method might become a very useful tool for noninvasive detection of this bacterium.     

Method development and validation for optimised separation of salicylic, acetyl salicylic and ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations by hydrophilic interaction chromatography and response surface methodology

This paper introduces a design of experiments (DOE) approach for method optimisation in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). An optimisation strategy for the separation of acetylsalicylic acid, its major impurity salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations by HILIC is presented, with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM) and Derringer's desirability function. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to build the mathematical models and then to choose the significant parameters for the optimisation by simultaneously taking both resolution and retention time as the responses. The refined model had a satisfactory coefficient (R2>0.92, n=27). The four independent variables studied simultaneously were: acetonitrile content of the mobile phase, pH and concentration of buffer and column temperature each at three levels. Of these, the concentration of buffer and its cross-product with pH had a significant, positive influence on all studied responses. For the test compounds, the best separation conditions were: acetonitrile/22 mM ammonium acetate, pH 4.4 (82:18, v/v) as the mobile phase and column temperature of 28°C. The methodology also captured the interaction between variables which enabled exploration of the retention mechanism involved. It would be inferred that the retention is governed by a compromise between hydrophilic partitioning and ionic interaction. The optimised method was further validated according to the ICH guidelines with respect to linearity and range, precision, accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. The robustness of the method was also determined and confirmed by overlying counter plots of responses which were derived from the experimental design utilised for method optimisation.     

漂浮液滴固化分散液液微萃取与高效液相色谱联用检测环境水样中的3种烷基苯酚

建立了漂浮液滴固化分散液液微萃取(DLLME-SFO)方法,以脂肪酸作为萃取剂,以甲醇作为分散剂,与高效液相色谱联用检测了环境水样中3种烷基苯酚。对影响前处理方法的因素进行了详细考察,在最佳萃取条件(60μL萃取剂辛酸、600μL分散剂甲醇、pH值为2.0~8.0、10 mL水样中加入0.5 g NaCl)下,3种烷基苯酚在20~1 500μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数不小于0.998 5,3种目标化合物的检出限为0.45~0.61μg/L,富集倍数为145~169,实际样品中3个水平的加标回收率为80.1%~109.9%。该方法将脂肪酸作为萃取剂,与HPLC联用实现了烷基苯酚的富集与检测,为环境水样中烷基苯酚的检测提供了对环境友好的前处理新方法。     

Development of a validated liquid chromatographic method for quantification of sorafenib tosylate in the presence of stress‐induced degradation products and in biological matrix employing analytical quality by design approach

The current research work envisages an analytical quality by design‐enabled development of a simple, rapid, sensitive, specific, robust and cost‐effective stability‐indicating reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for determining stress‐induced forced‐degradation products of sorafenib tosylate (SFN). An Ishikawa fishbone diagram was constructed to embark upon analytical target profile and critical analytical attributes, i.e. peak area, theoretical plates, retention time and peak tailing. Factor screening using Taguchi orthogonal arrays and quality risk assessment studies carried out using failure mode effect analysis aided the selection of critical method parameters, i.e. mobile phase ratio and flow rate potentially affecting the chosen critical analytical attributes. Systematic optimization using response surface methodology of the chosen critical method parameters was carried out employing a two‐factor–three‐level–13‐run, face‐centered cubic design. A method operable design region was earmarked providing optimum method performance using numerical and graphical optimization. The optimum method employed a mobile phase composition consisting of acetonitrile and water (containing orthophosphoric acid, pH 4.1) at 65:35 v/v at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with UV detection at 265 nm using a C₁₈ column. Response surface methodology validation studies confirmed good efficiency and sensitivity of the developed method for analysis of SFN in mobile phase as well as in human plasma matrix. The forced degradation studies were conducted under different recommended stress conditions as per ICH Q1A (R2). Mass spectroscopy studies showed that SFN degrades in strongly acidic, alkaline and oxidative hydrolytic conditions at elevated temperature, while the drug was per se found to be photostable. Oxidative hydrolysis using 30% H₂O₂ showed maximum degradation with products at retention times of 3.35, 3.65, 4.20 and 5.67 min. The absence of any significant change in the retention time of SFN and degradation products, formed under different stress conditions, ratified selectivity and specificity of the systematically developed method.