Kinetic model for supercritical water gasification of algae

The article reports the first quantitative kinetics model for supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of real biomass (algae) that describes the formation of the individual gaseous products. The phenomenological model is based on a set of reaction pathways that includes two types of compounds being intermediate between the algal biomass and the final gaseous products. To best correlate the experimental gas yields obtained at 450, 500 and 550 °C, the model allowed one type of intermediate to react to gases more quickly than the other type of intermediate. The model parameters indicate that gas yields increase with temperature because higher temperatures favor production of the more easily gasified intermediate and the production of gas at the expense of char. The model can accurately predict the qualitative influence of the biomass loading and water density on the gas yields. Sensitivity analysis and reaction rate analysis indicate that steam reforming of intermediates is an important source of H(2), whereas direct decomposition of the intermediate species is the main source of CO, CO(2) and CH(4).     

In situ FTIR spectroelectrochemical study on the mechanism of ethylene glycol electrocatalytic oxidation at a Pd electrode

The adsorption and electrooxidation pathways of ethylene glycol (EG) on polycrystalline palladium surfaces have been investigated in both alkaline and acidic media by in situ FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry. Palladium exhibits a high electrocatalytic activity in alkaline solution with low onset oxidation potentials and high current densities, depending on the pH, as well as on the supporting electrolyte. Higher potentials are required for EG oxidation in acidic solutions, where the catalytic performance decreases with increasing the pH. The products and intermediates of EG oxidation on Pd are influenced by the pH. In alkaline media, both C(2) species (glycolate, glyoxal, glyoxylate and oxalate) and C(1) species (formate and carbonate) are formed in mutual concentrations depending on the pH. In contrast, CO(2) is selectively produced in acidic aqueous solution.     

Electroreduction of carbon monoxide on palladium electrodeposits in solutions containing copper ions

It is shown that the electroreduction of CO proceeds on electrolytic deposits of palladium (edPd) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ + (1–5) mM CuSO₄ + CO(sat) solutions at the potentials more positive than the Cu²⁺/Cu equilibrium potential. Among the CO reduction products, methanol and formaldehyde are identified. The current efficiency with respect to CH₃OH exceeds 75% on edPd formed in 1% PdCl₂+0.5 M H₂SO₄ solutions. In addition, Cu⁺ ions, which probably form complexes with CO, are detected in the solution and are assumed to play the role of intermediate species in the mediator catalysis along with copper adatoms.     

Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Highly Concentrated CO2 Using a p-InP Electrode

Carbon dioxide was photoelectrochemically reduced at a p-type InP photocathode in highly concentrated CO₂ solution in methanol at elevated pressure (40 atm). Relatively high current densities were achieved (200 mA/cm²) with high current efficiencies for CO production (~90%). These current densities are approximately an order of magnitude higher than those reported previously in the literature for photoelectrochemical reduction due to the very high CO₂ concentration (~8 mol/L). Other products were hydrogen and methyl formate (produced via reaction between formic acid and the methanol solvent), Hydrocarbons were produced in only trace amounts.     

CO2在金属表面活化的能学方法研究

应用UBI-QEP方法, 估算了CO2-在金属表面的吸附热, 并计算了CO2在Cu(111)、Pd(111)、Fe(111)、Ni(111)表面的各种反应途径的活化能垒. 结果表明, CO2-在4种过渡金属表面相对的稳定性和CO2解离吸附的活性顺序一致,均为Fe>Ni>Cu>Pd. 说明CO2-可能是CO2解离吸附的关键中间体. 在Cu、Pd、Ni表面上, CO2解离吸附的最终产物是CO,而在Fe表面其最终会解离成C和O. 在Cu、Fe、Ni表面, CO2加氢活化是一种有效模式, 而在Pd上则不容易进行. 在Cu和Pd表面,碳酸盐物种也可能是CO2活化的重要中间体.     

Reduction of CO2 to CO using low-coordinate iron: formation of a four-coordinate iron dicarbonyl complex and a bridging carbonate complex

A reduced diiron(I) complex reacts with CO(2) to give two iron-containing products. One product has a carbonate bridge, which isomerizes rapidly at -70 degrees C and may be derived from an oxodiiron intermediate. The formation of this product releases free CO, which leads to a four-coordinate iron dicarbonyl complex. This product is the first crystallographically characterized example of a four-coordinate iron dicarbonyl species, a moiety that may be present in the active site of Hmd ("iron-sulfur cluster free") hydrogenase.     

Pathways for methanol steam reforming involving adsorbed formaldehyde and hydroxyl intermediates on Cu(111): density functional theory studies

Plane-wave density functional theory calculations have been carried out to explore possible pathways in methanol steam reforming (MSR) on Cu(111). We focus on reactions involving the adsorbed formaldehyde intermediate (CH(2)O) produced by methanol decomposition and the surface hydroxyl (OH) species generated by dissociative adsorption of H(2)O. Several possible pathways leading to the H(2) + CO(2) products have been identified. The two most likely pathways involve the formate (CHOO), rather than the carboxyl (COOH), intermediate, and they possess barriers lower than that of the rate-limiting step of MSR, namely the dehydrogenation of adsorbed methoxyl (CH(3)O) species.     

CuO-ZnO-ZrO_2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整反应机理和中间态

应用质谱在线技术,对CuO-ZnO-ZrO2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整(SRM)反应进行程序升温脱附(TPD)和程序升温表面反应(TPSR)研究.结果表明:在反应态催化剂表面,甲醇以分子吸附态形式存在,甲醇水蒸汽重整反应经历甲酸根中间物种.分别用CuO、CuO-ZnO、CuO-ZnO-ZrO2作催化剂,甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别高于5.4%、0.37%和0.17%时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO2和H2;而甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别低于5.4%、0.37%和0.17%时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO、CO2和H2.     

CuO-ZnO-ZrO2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整反应机理和中间态

应用质谱在线技术,对CuO-ZnO-ZrO2催化甲醇水蒸汽重整（SRM）反应进行程序升温脱附（TPD）和程序升温表面反应（TPSR）研究.结果表明:在反应态催化剂表面,甲醇以分子吸附态形式存在,甲醇水蒸汽重整反应经历甲酸根中间物种.分别用CuO、CuO-ZnO、CuO-ZnO-ZrO2作催化剂,甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别高于5.4％、0.37％和0.17％时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO2和H2;而甲醇在气流中的摩尔分数分别低于5.4％、0.37％和0.17％时,甲酸根中间态的分解产物为CO、CO2和H2.     

Dissociation and recombination in the photochemical decay of carbonyl cyanide CO(CN)2 in cryogenic matrixes

The photochemistry of CO(CN)2 in cryogenic matrixes has been investigated employing pulsed laser excitation at 193 nm. During irradiation, the parent molecule, the intermediate, and the final photoproducts were monitored by IR spectroscopy. Four new species were identified including the isocyano isomer of the parent NCC(O)NC, cyanogen NCCN, isocyanogen CNCN, and CO according to spectroscopic features and ab initio calculations. After prolonged irradiation, the only remaining species were CO and the two isomers NCCN and CNCN. A reaction scheme is proposed which is in agreement with the first dissociation step being a branching of the decay path into the radical channel to CN+OCCN and the molecular channel to CO+(CN)2. The caged radicals of the former reaction either recombine to the parent molecule and its isomer which are both photolyzed again or they react directly to the stable and final products.     

In-situ flow-cell IRAS observation of intermediates during methanol oxidation on low-index platinum surfaces.

Structural effects on intermediate species of methanol oxidation are studied on low-index planes of platinum using in-situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy. A flow cell is designed for rapid migration of reactant and product species on the electrode surface. IR spectra show adsorption of formate and the formation of carbonate species on the Pt(111) surface at potentials higher than that of CO oxidation. The band assignments for carbonate and formate are confirmed by vibrational isotope shifts. On Pt(100), the absorption band of adsorbed formate is much smaller than that on Pt(111). On the other hand, there is no adsorbed formate on Pt(110) in the potential region examined. The band intensity of formate follows the order: Pt(111)>Pt(100)>Pt(110). This order is opposite to that of the current density in the regions of higher potential. Adsorbed formate on Pt(111) behaves like a catalyst-poisoning intermediate, like adsorbed CO.     

Coadsorption Interfered CO Oxidation over Atomically Dispersed Au on h-BN

Similar to the metal centers in biocatalysis and homogeneous catalysis, the metal species in single atom catalysts (SACs) are charged, atomically dispersed and stabilized by support and substrate. The reaction condition dependent catalytic performance of SACs has long been realized, but seldom investigated before. We investigated CO oxidation pathways over SACs in reaction conditions using atomically dispersed Au on h-BN (AuBN) as a model with extensive first-principles-based calculations. We demonstrated that the adsorption of reactants, namely CO, O₂ and CO₂, and their coadsorption with reaction species on AuBN would be condition dependent, leading to various reaction species with different reactivity and impact the CO conversion. Specifically, the revised Langmuir–Hinshelwood pathway with the CO-mediated activation of O₂ and dissociation of cyclic peroxide intermediate followed by the Eley–Rideal type reduction is dominant at high temperatures, while the coadsorbed CO-mediated dissociation of peroxide intermediate becomes plausible at low temperatures and high CO partial pressures. Carbonate species would also form in existence of CO₂, react with coadsorbed CO and benefit the conversion. The findings highlight the origin of the condition-dependent CO oxidation performance of SACs in detailed conditions and may help to rationalize the current understanding of the superior catalytic performance of SACs.     

CeO2(110)表面上CO氧化反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了O2与CO在CeO2(110)表面的吸附反应行为. 研究表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(110)表面吸附热力学不利, 而在氧空位表面为强化学吸附, O2分子被活化, 可能是重要的氧化反应物种. CO在洁净的CeO2(110)表面有化学吸附与物理吸附两种构型, 前者形成二齿碳酸盐物种, 后者与表面仅存在弱的相互作用. 在氧空位表面, CO可分子吸附或形成碳酸盐物种, 相应吸附能均较低. 当表面氧空位吸附O2后(O2/Ov), CO可吸附生成碳酸盐或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 过渡态计算发现,O2/Ov/CeO2(110)表面的三齿碳酸盐物种经两齿、单齿过渡态脱附生成CO2. 利用扩展休克尔分子轨道理论分析了典型吸附构型的电子结构, 说明表面碳酸盐物种三个氧原子电子存在离域作用, 物理吸附的CO及生成的CO2电子结构与相应自由分子相似.     

Selective coupling of methylene groups at a Rh/Os core, yielding C2, C3, or C4 fragments: roles of the adjacent metals in carbon-carbon bond formation

The mixed-metal complex, [RhOs(CO)(4)(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] (1; dppm = micro-Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2)) reacts with diazomethane to yield a number of products resulting from methylene incorporation into the bimetallic core. At -80 degrees C the reaction between 1 and CH(2)N(2) yields the methylene-bridged [RhOs(CO)(3)(micro-CH(2))(micro-CO)(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] (2), which reacts further at ambient temperature to give the allyl methyl species, [RhOs(eta(1)-C(3)H(5))(CH(3))(CO)(3)(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] (4). At intermediate temperatures compounds 1 and 2 react with diazomethane to yield the butanediyl complex [RhOs(C(4)H(8))(CO)(3)(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] (3) by the incorporation and coupling of four methylene units. Compound 2 is proposed to be an intermediate in the formation of 3 and 4 from 1 and on the basis of labeling studies a mechanism has been proposed in which sequential insertions of diazomethane-generated methylene fragments into the Rh-C bond of bridging hydrocarbyl fragments occur. Reaction of the tricarbonyl species, [RhOs(CO)(3)(micro-CH(2))(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] with diazomethane over a range of temperatures generates the ethylene complex [RhOs(eta(2)-C(2)H(4))(CO)(3)(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] (7a), but no further incorporation of methylene groups is observed. This observation suggests that carbonyl loss in the formation of the above allyl and butanediyl species only occurs after incorporation of the third methylene fragment. Attempts to generate C(2)-bridged species by the reaction of 1 with ethylene gave no reaction, however, in the presence of trimethylamine oxide the ethylene adducts [RhOs(eta(2)-C(2)H(4))(CO)(3)(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] (7b; an isomer of 7a) and [RhOs(eta(2)-C(2)H(4))(2)(CO)(2)(dppm)(2)][BF(4)] (8) were obtained. The relationship of the above products to the selective coupling of methylene groups, and the roles of the different metals are discussed.     

Dissecting the intimate mechanism of cyanation of {2Fe3S} complexes related to the active site of all-iron hydrogenases by DFT analysis of energetics, transition states, intermediates and products in the carbonyl substitution pathway

A bridging carbonyl intermediate with key structural elements of the diiron sub-site of all-iron hydrogenase has been experimentally observed in the CN/CO substitution pathway of the {2Fe3S} carbonyl precursor, [Fe(2)(CO)(5){MeSCH(2)C(Me)(CH(2)S)(2)}]. Herein we have used density functional theory (DFT) to dissect the overall substitution pathway in terms of the energetics and the structures of transition states, intermediates and products. We show that the formation of bridging CO transitions states is explicitly involved in the intimate mechanism of dicyanation. The enhanced rate of monocyanation of {2Fe3S} over the {2Fe2S} species [Fe(2)(CO)(6){CH(2)(CH(2)S)(2)}] is found to rest with the ability of the thioether ligand to both stabilise a mu-CO transition state and act as a good leaving group. In contrast, the second cyanation step of the {2Fe3S} species is kinetically slower than for the {2Fe2S} monocyanide because the Fe2 atom is deactivated by coordination of the electron-donating thioether group. In addition, hindered rotation and the reaction coordinate of the approaching CN(-) group, are other factors which explain reactivity differences in {2Fe2S} and {2Fe3S} systems. The intermediate species formed in the second cyanation step of {2Fe3S} species is a mu-CO species, confirming the structural assignment made on the basis of FT-IR data (S. J. George, Z. Cui, M. Razavet, C. J. Pickett, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 4037-4046). In support of this we find that computed and experimental IR frequencies of structurally characterised {2Fe3S} species and those of the bridging carbonyl intermediate are in excellent agreement. In a wider context, the study may provide some insight into the reactivity of dinuclear systems in which neighbouring group on-off coordination plays a role in substitution pathways.     

19-electron intermediates in the ligand substitution of CpW(CO)3* with a Lewis base

The photochemical reactions of [CpW(CO)3]2 with the Lewis base P(OMe)3 are examined on the nanosecond and microsecond time scales using step-scan FTIR spectroscopy. Photolysis at 532 nm produces the 17-electron (17e) radicals CpW(CO)3*, which are in equilibrium with the 19-electron (19e) radicals CpW(CO)3P(OMe)3* on the nanosecond time scale. The reactions of the 19e radical are directly observed for the first time; the major reaction pathway is spontaneous loss of a carbonyl to form the 17e species CpW(CO)2P(OMe)3*, with a barrier of 7.6 +/- 0.3 kcal/mol for this process. The minor reaction pathway (<20%) at this concentration of P(OMe)3 (85 mM) is disproportionation to form the products CpW(CO)3P(OMe)3+ and CpW(CO)3-. On the microsecond time scale, the 17e radicals CpW(CO)2P(OMe)3* dimerize to form the ligand substitution product [CpW(CO)2P(OMe)3]2. These results indicate that the 19e species is a stable intermediate rather than transition state in the ligand substitution reaction, and this type of reactivity is likely to be typical of 17e organometallic radicals which undergo associative substitution mechanisms.     

Photodissociation of formyl fluoride in rare gas matrixes

Photodissociation of formyl fluoride (HCOF) is studied in Ar, Kr, and Xe matrixes at 248 and 193 nm excitation by following spectral changes in the infrared absorption spectra. In all matrixes, the main photodissociation products are CO/HF species, including CO-HF and OC-HF complexes and thermally unstable CO/HF species (a distorted CO/HF complex or a reaction intermediate), which indicate negligible cage exit of atoms produced via the C-F and C-H bond cleavage channels. However, the observation of traces of H, F, CO, CO(2), F(2)CO, FCO, and HRg(2)(+) (Rg = Kr or Xe) in Kr and Xe matrixes would imply some importance of other reaction channels too. The analysis of the decay curves of the precursor shows that dissociation efficiency of HCOF increases as Ar < Kr < Xe, the difference being the factor of 10 between Ar and Xe. Moreover, HCOF dissociates 20-50 times faster at 193 nm compared to 248 nm. Interestingly, whereas the CO/HF species are stable with respect to photolysis in Ar, they photobleach in Kr and Xe matrixes at 248 and 193 nm, even though the first excited states of CO and HF are not energetically accessible with 193 and 248 nm photons. In krypton matrix, the photodissociation of CO/HF species at 248 nm is observed to be a single photon process. Quantum chemical calculations of electronic excitation energies of CO-HF and OC-HF complexes show that the electronic states of HF and CO mostly retain their diatomic nature in the pair. This clearly demonstrates that photodissociation of CO/HF complexes is promoted by the surrounding rare gas lattice.     

CuPd催化剂调节中间反应能垒提高电催化CO2生成二碳产物的选择性

过度的碳排放已造成了严重的全球环境问题,电催化CO2还原是一种利用间歇性过剩电能将CO2转化为有价值的化学物质的有效策略.在多种CO2还原产物中,二碳(C2)产物(如乙烯、乙醇)因其比一碳产物(如甲酸、甲烷、甲醇)具有更高的能量密度而备受关注.Cu是唯一能用电化学方法将CO2转化为多碳产物的单金属催化剂.如何提高Cu基催化剂上CO2还原为C2产物的效率已引起了极大关注.电催化还原CO2生成C2产物有两个重要步骤:一是参与碳碳偶联反应的CO*中间体的量(*代表中间体吸附在基底表面),二是碳碳偶联步骤的能垒.对于Cu单金属催化剂,虽然其表面碳碳偶联步骤的能垒相对较低,但是Cu对CO2的吸附能力和CO2*加氢能力并不高,导致在Cu表面不能生成足量的CO*中间体参与碳碳偶联反应,因而对C2产物的选择性和活性并不理想.与Cu单金属催化剂相反,在Pd单金属催化剂表面,CO*中间体的形成具有超快的反应动力学,但是CO*易在Pd表面中毒且后续碳碳偶联步骤的能垒极高,使其表面不能生成C2产物.为了充分发挥Cu(碳碳偶联步骤能垒较低)和Pd(CO*形成具有超快反应动力学)的双重优势,本文构建了一种紧密的CuPd(100)界面,以调节中间反应能垒,从而提高C2产率.密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明,CuPd(100)界面增强了CO2的吸附,且降低了CO2*加氢步骤的能垒,从而能够催化生成更多的CO*中间体参与碳碳偶联反应.且CuPd(100)界面上CO2还原为C2产物的电位决定步骤能垒为0.61 eV,低于Cu(100)表面的(0.72 eV).本文采用了一种简便的湿化学法制备了CuPd(100)界面催化剂.X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱测试以及扩展X射线吸收精细结构光谱结果表明,合成的是相分离的CuPd双金属催化剂,而非CuPd合金催化剂.同时高分辨透射电镜可以观察到清晰的CuPd(100)界面.由此可见,本文成功合成了CuPd(100)界面催化剂.程序升温脱附实验结果表明,CuPd(100)界面对CO2和CO*的吸附比Cu强,结果与理论预测一致.气体传感实验结果表明,CuPd(100)界面CO2*加氢能力比Cu强.为评估CuPd(100)界面催化剂的催化活性,进行了CO2电化学还原实验.结果表明,在0.1 mol/L的KHCO3电解液中,CuPd(100)界面催化剂在–1.4 VRHE下,C2产物的法拉第效率为50.3％ ±1.2％,是同电位下Cu催化剂的(23.6％ ±1.5％)的2.1倍,C2产物的选择性是Cu催化剂的2.4倍,且具有更高的电流密度和更大的电化学活性面积.本文通过调控中间反应能垒以合理设计铜基CO2还原电催化剂提供了参考.     

Reactions of CH(3)CHO(.+) and of CH(3)COH(.+) with water upon Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance conditions

The reactions of CH(3)CHO(+) and of CH(3)COH(+) with water yield the same products, at almost the same rate. It is shown, by using a characteristic reaction of the carbene structure, that a molecule of water converts CH(3)COH(+) into its more stable isomer CH(3)CHO(+), which is a new example of catalyzed 1,2-H transfer. The dominant product is the proton-bound dimer of water which, in fact, comes from the [H(2)OH(+)...CH(3)(.)] and [H(2)OH(+)...CO] primary products whose observed abundances are poor. In a related system, ionized formamide/water, a water molecule catalyzes the 1,3-transfer leading from the solvated carbene to the [H(2)O...H(+)...H(2)N-C=O)] stable intermediate, which eliminates CO without back energy. In contrast, such a process does not take place in the studied system since the cleavage of the so formed [H(2)OH(+)...CH(3)CO] transient intermediate involves a high back energy; this is explained by the charge repartition within this intermediate. In fact, a different pathway takes place. The solvated acetaldehyde ion isomerizes into a terbody intermediate in which protonated water is bonded to a CO molecule on the one hand and to a methyl radical on the other hand. Simple cleavages of this complex yield the observed products.     

丁烯自由基和O2反应机理的理论研究

应用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)对丁烯自由基C₄H₇和O₂的反应机理进行了研究. 在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平上优化了反应通道上的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型, 并计算出它们的振动频率和零点能(ZPVE), 并对能量进行了零点能校正. 计算结果表明, C₄H₇和O₂形成三种氧环中间体, 再分别分解, 这是主要的反应形式. 生成物主要为羰基化合物, 其次还有一定比例的CO.