Relative energies of alpha and beta isomers of Keggin dodecatungstogallate

The relative energies of beta Keggin heteropolytungstates, X(n+) W12O40(8-n)-, decrease as X(n+) is varied within period 3, from P5+ to Si4+ to Al3+. With heating of alpha-H5Ga3+ W12O40 at 200 degrees C in water, an equilibrated mixture of alpha (T(d); one 183W NMR signal) and beta (C(3v); three signals; 1:2:1 ratio) isomers is obtained. From deltaG(exp) = -RT ln K(beta-->alpha), in which (from 71Ga NMR spectra) K(beta-->alpha) (= [alpha]/[beta]) = 5.0, beta-GaW12O40(5-) is 0.65 kcal mol(-1) higher in energy than alpha-GaW12O40(5-). This finding is evaluated by analysis of the X-ray crystal structure alpha-K2Na3[GaW12O40] x 9.3 H2O [trigonal, space group P3(2)21, a = 18.9201(13) A, b = 18.9201(13) A, c = 12.5108(12) A, Z = 3, T = 100(2)K], comparison of the Shannon and Prewitt radii and Pauling electronegativities of Al3+ and Ga3+, and insight from density functional theory calculations, which predicted Ebeta - Ealpha = 0.32 kcal mol(-1).     

Molecular fragmentations: Part VI. Structures and energies of the valence isomers of benzene,and their molecular cations and anions

Molecular structures and energies have been calculated, in the MINDO/3 approximation, for neutral singlets and triplets, and for molecular cations and anions of benzene and seven of its valence isomers.     

Mixed valence isomers

The infrared spectroscopic observation of mixed valence isomers, the two alternate charge distributions of a mixed valence complex, is reported. Asymmetry induced by the 2-methylpyrazine bridging ligand was used to energetically differentiate the two states, and isotopic labeling of CO was used to spectroscopically observe the two states. Infrared line shape analysis was used to determine rate constants for electron transfer of 6.5 x 1011 s-1 and equilibrium constants of 2.2 for the mixed valence isomers.     

Thermodynamic ionization energies and charge transfer reactions in benzene and substituted benzenes

Ionization energies of 11 substituted benzenes of CS₂ related to the ionization energy of benzene were obtained by measurements of the charge exchange equilibrium constants for C₆H₅X⁺ + C₆H₅Y ? C₆H₅Y⁺ + C₆H₅X at 450 and K. Thermodynamic ionization energies of substituted benzenes, related to that of benzene, are found to be higher by 0.5–2.0 kcal/mole than the corresponding photoionization (0—0) values. Exothermic charge transfer reactions between substituted benzenes are found to proceed with rate constants of (1.3–1.6) × 10^?9 cm³/mol s, which agree well with calculated collision rates.     

Molecular enthalpies 3: Ground-state thermodynamic and computed enthalpies of the valence isomers of benzene

This paper is a study of benzene, Dewar benzene, benzvalene, [3]prismane, and 3,3-bicyclopropenyl by the MM2, MM3, MNDO, AM1, and PM3 calculational methods. Comparisons are made with experimental results and ab initio molecular orbital calculations from the literature.     

Relative energies of isomers of C36F2

The symmetry unrestricted C₃₆F₂ isomers formed from fullerene C₃₆, the initial symmetry of which is C_6v, C_6h, or D_2d, have been extensively studied with semi-empirical (AM1 and PM3) calculations. Based on the relationship between the isomer's stability and the adding positions, three patterns of the adding sites of F₂ moiety in the additive reactions have been deducted. The results of the π-orbital axis vector (POAV) analysis indicate that the chemical reactivity of C₃₆ is the result of the high strain in the C₃₆ cage. But, in order to form stable compounds, the effects, which guide the F₂ moiety to select carbon atoms in the C₃₆ cage, are dominated by the conjugate effect in C₃₆F₂ system rather than the strain release in the C₃₆ cage.     

Origin of the surprising enhancement of electrostatic energies by electron-donating substituents in substituted sandwich benzene dimers

A recent study of substituted face-to-face benzene dimers by Lewis and co-workers [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 3854-3862] indicated a surprising enhancement of electrostatic interactions for both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents. Here we demonstrate that charge penetration (an attractive electrostatic interaction arising from the overlap of the electron densities on the two monomers) is the cause of this counterintuitive effect. These charge penetration effects are significant at typical π-π interaction distances, and they are not easily described by multipole models. A simple measure of a substituent's electron-donating or electron-withdrawing character, such as the Hammett parameter σ(m), is unlikely to capture subtle charge penetration effects. Indeed, correlation of the relative total energies or relative electrostatic energies with ∑σ(m) breaks down for multiply substituted face-to-face benzene dimers.     

Double-ionization energies of fluorinated benzene molecules

Results are reported of an experimental determination by double-charge transfer spectroscopy of the previously unknown double-ionization energies of the fluorinated benzene molecules C₆H₅F, l,2-C₆H₄F₂, 1,3-C₆H₄F₂, 1,4-C₆H₄F₂, 1,2,3-C₆H₃F₃, 1,2,4-C₆H₃F₃, 1,3,5-C₆H₃F₃, 1,2,3,4-C₆H₂F₄, 1,2,3,5-C₆H₂F₄, 1,2,4,5-C₆H₂F₄, and C₆HF₅. The data are remarkably similar; the lowest double-ionization energies for all the molecules are within ±0.5 of 25.7 eV, and the data for higher energies suggest that the distributions of electronic state energies for the dications of the molecules show only small variations.     

A substituted benzene ring synthesis

$\text{N}$-Aminopyrroles are used in a new, versatile and high yield substituted benzene ring synthesis.     

A corrected valence force field for benzene

A corrected valence force field for benzene is presented. The force constants have been determined by refining the observed and calculated frequencies of ¹³C and deuterated isotopes. The definitions of various force constant interaction terms are clarified.     

Activation energies in catalytic oxidation of benzene

The existence of a linear correlation between the apparent activation energy of benzene disappearance and the primary selectivity was demonstrated for a series of vanadia based catalysts. Analysis of this correlation leads to the conclusion that the activation energies of reaction 1 as well as activation energies of reaction 2 in benzene oxidation scheme do not differ significantly over a series of these catalysts.

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High levelab initio stabilization energies of benzene

Summary G2 theory is shown to be reliable for calculating isodesmic and homodesmotic stabilization energies (ISE and HSE, respectively) of benzene. G2 calculations give HSE and ISE values of 92.5 and 269.1 kJ mol^–1 (298 K), respectively. These agree well with the experimental HSE and ISE values of 90.5±7.2 and 268.7±6.3 kJ mol^–1, respectively. We conclude that basis set superposition error corrections to the enthalpies of the homodesmotic or isodesmic reactions are not necessary in calculations of the stabilization energies of benzene using G2 theory. The calculated values of the enthalpies of formation of such molecules containing multiple bonds such as benzene ands-trans 1,3-butadiene, which are found from the enthalpies of isodesmic and homodesmotic reactions rather than of atomization reactions, demonstrate good performance of G2 theory. Estimates of theH _f ^o value for benzene from the G2 calculated enthalpies of homodesmotic reaction (2) and isodesmic reaction (3) are 80.9 and 82.5 kJ mol^–1 (298 K), respectively. These are very close to the experimentalH _f ^o value of 82.9±0.3 kJ mol^–1. TheH _f ^o value ofs-trans 1,3-butadiene calculated using the G2 enthalpy of isodesmic reaction (4) is 110.5 kJ mol^–1 and is in excellent agreement with the experimentalH _f ^o value of 110.0±1.1 kJ mol^–1.     

On the structure and valence ionization energies of o-benzyne

The valence ionization energies of o-benzyne, computed using a Green function method and by CI calculations at a molecular geometry optimized with the 6-31G^* basis using a two-term GVB wavefunction, suggest an assignment of the photoelectron spectrum of this molecule which differs from that given by a previous MNDO calculation. The first three ionization energies are found to be nearly degenerate.     

Empirical resonance energies for benzene and pyridine

Empirical resonance energies are calculated for benzene and pyridine from both experimental ΔH_f^o data and from total molecular energies obtained using the 6-31G* basis set as the energy change for three distinct types of reaction. The results show that the aromatic stabilization of pyridine and benzene is essentially the same.     

Overtone spectroscopy of chlorine substituted benzene derivatives

The absorption spectra of di-, tri- and tetra-derivatives of chlorobenzene have been studied in their pure form in the spectral range 400-20,000 cm(-1). A large number of bands associated with the fundamental, the overtones and the combination frequencies of C-H stretching mode have been observed. Vibrational frequencies, anharmonicity constants and dissociation energies, for the C-H stretch vibrations for the six molecules have been determined using local mode model. The C-H stretch frequencies obtained from experiments are compared with the corresponding frequency determined theoretically using RHF and DFT methods with same 6-31+G* basis set. This information has been used for the assignment of several combination bands as well as some weak overtone bands. Effect of hydrogen atom substitution by chlorine atom has been studied by measuring changes in the vibrational frequency of the C-H stretching mode and the C-H bond length. Frequency changes have been well correlated with the change in charge density on carbon as well as chlorine atoms.     

Unconvential construction of a substituted benzene ring

A substituted biphenyl suitable for elaboration to the antibiotic resistomycin ($\text{1}$) has been synthesised by a novel double Michael process involving dimethyl β-oxoglutarate and the diacetylenic diester ($\text{4}$).     

On the evaluation of the energies of hybridized valence states

The method of evaluation of the valence-state energy from the observed term values, as proposed originally by Moffitt [1] for unhybridized valence state and extended by Öpik [3] to the hybridized one, is critically reviewed. It is shown for the hybridized valence states that off-diagonal terms, corresponding to interactions among multiplets of the same symmetry arising from different configurations participating in the hybridized valence state, must also be considered in addition to the diagonal terms considered in Öpik's method. Actual procedure of doing this is given. A numerical example given shows that the improvement of Öpik's method proposed here may be ignored in a crude theory but is worth considering in order that the accurate value of the valence-state energy be obtained.

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Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren zur Berechnung der Energie von Valenzzuständen, wie es von Öpik für den Fall hybridizierter Orbitale erweitert wurde, wird bezüglich der Behandlung von Nichtdiagonalelementen kritisiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß solche Terme, die der Wechselwirkung von Multipletts gleicher Symmetrie, aber verschiedener Konfiguration entsprechen, nur bei verhältnismäßig groben Rechnungen vernachlässigt werden dürfen. Anhand eines Beispiels wird gezeigt, daß sie bei größeren Ansprüchen an die Genauigkeit eingeschlossen werden sollten.

     

Vertical excitation energies to valence states of DMS and DMSO

Coupled cluster linear response formalism has been used to compute the vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths of the lowest valence singlet states of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Unless for one exception, the results are in very good agreement with experiment, but a new assignment of one DMSO transition is proposed. Contribution to the Serafin Fraga Memorial Issue.