Aberration analyses for liquid zooming lenses without moving parts

Liquid lenses with an adjustable focal length are of particular interest for their potential applications in compact imaging or zooming systems. We have analyzed the aberrations for liquid zooming lenses and compared them with those of traditional lenses. Based on the 3rd order aberration theory, possible structures for the liquid zooming lens without moving mechanism were determined. We showed that a two-group liquid lens system is the simplest one that contains no moving mechanical parts and has enough parameters to correct all chromatic aberrations for any focal length and most monochromatic aberrations for certain focal lengths.     

左手性介质平板透镜系统的赛德尔像差特性

根据初级像差理论广泛研究了由左手性介质构造的平板透镜系统的赛德尔像差特性.由初级像差加和定理推导了适合于这种系统的赛德尔和数公式,并指出了寻找消赛德尔像差的平板透镜系统的方法.作为两个特例,分别讨论了消赛德尔像差的左手性介质单透镜和双胶合透镜系统.     

左手性介质透镜系统的赛德尔像差特性研究

根据初级像差理论，系统研究了由左手性介质构造的透镜系统的赛德尔像差特性.分析了左手性介质单折射曲面的赛德尔像差特性，发现其消初级球差的曲面类型比普通介质更为灵活且可用于实成像系统.依据薄透镜赛德尔和数公式，分析和设计了三种只有左手性介质才具备的可消部分赛德尔像差的薄透镜结构参数，提出了几种能同时消除全部五种赛德尔像差的由左手性介质构造的透镜组合系统.研究表明左手性介质相对于普通介质在消像差方面存在较大优势，在光学设计时可以采用更少的折射表面个数或更简单的表面形状即可到达同等的成像性能.     

混合复消色差透镜组的设计原理

通过对混合复消色差透镜组的像差分析导其结构参数的求解方程，根据计算机模拟结果发现，二元光学元件以正透镜为基底和以负透镜为基底时单色像差状况大体相当，但以正透镜为基底时色球差要小得多。     

Third-order design of aspheric spectacle lenses

The theory of third-order aberrations for a system of rotationally symmetric aspheric thin lenses and relations for calculation of the shape of rotationally symmetric aspheric spectacle lenses with zero astigmatism are described. A comparison of aspheric and spherical spectacle lens design is presented. Possible applications of aspheric lens surfaces are proposed including the design of a spectacle lens with two types of primary aberrations corrected, an anastigmatic spectacle lens with minimum weight and a spectacle lens with the desired aesthetic shape. Our work performs a complex analysis of the third-order design of spectacle lenses considering not only astigmatism but all types of primary aberrations and their combinations.     

从几何光学研究负折射率透镜的有限尺寸效应

从几何光学理论证明了,在左手系材料(负折率材料)透镜中存在完善聚焦的概念。当该透镜的尺寸可以认为是无穷大时,该透镜是无几何像差透镜。进一步考虑了有限透镜孔径对成像面上成像质量的影响,模拟结果表明:成像面上亮度对比度分布不均匀;且随着透镜孔径大小与厚度的比值减小,像的对比度将会增加。     

Polychromatic intensity point spread function of a birefringent lens

We study the intensity point spread function (IPSF) of a uniaxial birefringent lens sandwiched between two linear polarizers under broadband illumination having flat-top spectral profile. The optic axis of the birefringent crystal is perpendicular to the lens axis. For monochromatic input illumination, a low-power birefringent lens offers enhanced resolution under parallel-polarizers configuration and apodization under crossed-polarizers configuration with a single focus as well. At a relatively high value of birefringence parameter, the proposed system behaves as a double-focus lens. The present communication uses a novel technique to study the effect of polychromatic illumination on the imaging characteristics of birefringent lenses. The studies reveal that the imaging characteristics of the low-power birefrigent lens does not deteriorate considerably under polychromatic illumination. However, for a polychromatic beam with large bandwidth, the imaging behavior of the system having high birefringence parameter deviates appreciably from that under strictly monochromatic illumination. The said system even loses its inherent bi-focal nature due to depolarization of polarized polychromatic light upon passage through the birefringent crystal.     

Closed-form representations for third-order aberrations of two-aspherical mirror aplanats with the mirror tilt and decenter

Approximate equations are derived for imaging aberrations of two-aspherical-mirror aplanats for soft X-ray imaging. These expressions include the Seidel terms for unperturbed states and the axial coma resulting from the tilt and decenter of the mirror surface. A simple analytical method for reducing both the Seidel terms and the axial coma enables us to design novel soft X-ray imaging systems utilizing a wide field of view with reduced sensitivity to mirror misalignments. The method is illustrated by applying it to a two-mirror system for soft X-ray microscopy with a magnification m =−1/50. The design example showed an appreciable reduction in sensitivity, as compared with the existing anastigmatic designs that include a standard Schwarzschild configuration. Imaging aberrations of the novel system are also confirmed by a numerical ray tracing method.     

Design of a dynamic refocus system based on the Seidel aberration theory

This Letter presents an optical design method based on the Seidel aberration theory for dynamic refocus systems.The function of a dynamic refocus system is to increase the amount of return photons when a pulsed laser travels over an extended height range. In this study, the dynamic refocus system is a short focal image system. The aberrations of the dynamic refocus system are calculated individually. Aplanatic lenses are used to eliminate the main spherical aberration. A field lens is used to change the stop position in order to eliminate comas and astigmatism. The effectiveness of the initial design results are confirmed, and the designed dynamic refocus objective with an aperture of F-number 0.98 and a focal length of 14.325 mm is achieved. The total motion of the dynamic refocus mirror is approximately 216 at heights that ranged from 8 to 18 km. The optimum result shows that the dynamic refocus system is an ideal optical image system at each conjugating height with10 km sample thicknesses.     

Cc,Cs, and parasitic correction in quadrupole probe-forming lenses

Approximate expressions are derived for the second and third order aberrations of a quadrupole doublet, allowing for aberrations intrinsic to fields of perfect symmetry, for parasitic aberrations of imperfect symmetry, and for compensating multipole lenses. Five third-order coefficients are found, and expressed in terms of four octopole strengths and the first-order parameters of the doublet as determined by its dimensions. For compensation of third-order aberrations of achromatic quadrupole/octopole lenses, either skew octopole lenses are required externally, or lenses with more than 8 poles are required coincident with the quadrupoles. If an octopole lens is added between the quadrupoles of the achromatic doublet, the spherical aberration of a condenser lens may be compensated. Such a Cs and Cc compensated quadrupole doublet is suitable for use as a probe-forming lens in focused ion beam systems and ion microscopes.     

阴极透镜象差的变分理论

本文运用变分原理研究了电磁复合聚焦阴极透镜的象差理论,导出了在任意象平面中象差系数的普遍公式。它们可以用Glaser导出的象差系数的线性组合来表示。这就表明了宽束与细束电子光学系统的象差都可以用统一的变分方法处理,并建立了两者之间的联系,本文采用矢量形式描写阴极透镜的近轴轨迹,并采用矩阵形式描写象差。本文所得的象差系数较之文献上已有结果形式更为简洁且适用于计算机计算。本文考虑了阴极面上磁场和横向电场不为零的情况,因而所得结果较为普遍。 关键词：     

宽谱段大口径透射式摄影镜头设计

 设计了一种宽谱段大口径透射式摄影镜头,主要光学参数：焦距f′=200mm,口径D=160mm,视场角2ω=18°,光谱范围400μm～950μm。通过增加透镜个数,分裂厚透镜,选择具有相似色散特性的玻璃等方法将双高斯物镜复杂化,并且通过减小透镜通光口径消除部分边缘光线来改善像质。最终设计出的光学系统在空间频率30lp/mm时MTF 大于0.55,且各种像差都得到了很好地校正,像质均匀,满足宽谱段大口径摄影镜头的要求。     

扫描型长波红外连续变焦光学系统

基于斯特林制冷式4×288元光伏型碲镉汞二维探测器, 根据红外扫描成像系统原理, 设计了一个扫描型长波红外连续变焦光学系统。根据系统指标要求对光学指标进行分解计算及光学优化设计得到系统的光学参数和外形结构图, 并对扫描光学系统的冷反射进行分析优化。该光学系统采用三次成像的结构, 由变焦望远镜组、扫描摆镜、中继镜组、成像镜组4部分组成, 包含9片透镜和2片反射镜。为了降低校正色差成本, 系统使用了硫系玻璃镜片。光学仿真结果表明:系统在耐奎斯特频率处的全视场光学传递函数大于0.35, 全视场畸变小于2%。最后, 对系统进行了成像实验验证, 结果表明:该系统可以实现30.8~154 mm范围内连续变焦, 变焦过程中目标景物清晰, 细节分辨率高, 无冷反射现象出现, 该系统具有分辨率高、热灵敏度高、像质清晰等特点。     

制作工艺误差对X射线组合折射透镜聚焦性能影响研究

本文主要介绍对X射线组合折射透镜的制作工艺误差对其聚焦性能影响的研究结果. 首先给出采用深度X射线光刻技术制作的PMMA材料圆柱面型X组合折射透镜的工艺测试结果,得出制作工艺误差值,定性分析制作工艺误差对X射线组合折射透镜聚焦性能的影响. 然后根据实际的制作工艺误差建模,给出详尽的理论分析和定量的理论模拟结果. 最后在北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)上,构建基于PMMA材料的圆柱面型X射线组合折射透镜的微束聚焦实验系统,实际测试了有明显工艺误差和尽量消除工艺误差的两种X射线组合折射透镜的聚焦性能,给出实测结果 关键词： X射线组合折射透镜 制作工艺误差 X射线聚焦性能 同步辐射     

Achromatic doublets using group indices of refraction

One main function of short pulses is to concentrate energy in time and space [1]. The use of refractive lenses allows us to concentrate energy in a small volume of focusing around the focal point of the lens. When using refractive lenses, there are three effects that affect the concentration of energy around the focal point of the lens. These are the group velocity dispersion (GVD), the propagation time difference (PTD), and the aberrations of the lens. In this paper, we study lenses which are diffraction limited so that the monochromatic aberrations are negligible; the group velocity dispersion and the propagation time difference are the main effects affecting the spreading of the pulse at the focus. We will show that for 100-fs pulses the spatial spreading is larger than the temporal spreading of the pulse. It is already known that the effect of spatial spreading of the pulse due to PTD can be reduced by using achromatic optics. We use the theory proposed by A. Vaughan to analyze simple lenses and normal achromatic doublets, where normal means doublets that we can buy from catalogs. We then use the Vaughan theory to design achromatic doublets in phase and group, which produce no spatial spreading of the pulse, i.e., PTD = 0, when the doublet is designed for the carrier of the pulse. We compare these phase and group achromatic doublets with normal achromatic doublets. Finally, we show that apochromatic optics can give a much better correction of PTD than using normal achromatic doublets.     

Compensation for chromatic aberrations in acousto-optic systems used in spectral analysis of images

This paper considers novel optical schemes that are related to acousto-optic systems for the spectral analysis of images. The systems are characterized by a low level of transverse and longitudinal chromatic aberrations. Mathematical expressions that describe the magnitudes of the transverse aberration in various configurations of acousto-optic filters are derived. A decrease in longitudinal chromatic aberrations is examined in an optical scheme that is based on a single objective lens and an additional negative lens. A similar analysis is carried out for a confocal system that is formed of two objective lenses. The experimental investigations carried out in the visible range of the spectrum demonstrated a decrease in the longitudinal shifts of images by a factor of 2.5 and by as much as two orders of magnitude or more in the transverse image shifts.     

用于半导体激光打标机的谐衍射/折射f-theta镜

根据半导体激光器发射波长的范围和谐衍射透镜的特点,讨论了含有谐衍射光学元件的混合f-theta镜的设计.将谐衍射面型引入到半导体激光器及Nd:YAG激光器打标镜的设计中,使用普通的光学材料,使系统在0.8-1.5 μm波段内很好地校正了各种单色像差和色差,在各个分立波长上系统的光学传递函数接近或达到衍射极限.系统结构紧凑、片数少、兼容性好、具有良好的像差特性,适用于半导体激光器及Nd:YAG激光器打标系统.     

Exploration of amphoteric and negative refraction imaging of acoustic sources via active metamaterials

The present work describes the design of three flat superlens structures for acoustic source imaging and explores an active acoustic metamaterial (AAM) to realise such a design. The first two lenses are constructed via the coordinate transform method (CTM), and their constituent materials are anisotropic. The third lens consists of a material that has both a negative density and a negative bulk modulus. In these lenses, the quality of the images is “clear” and sharp; thus, the diffraction limit of classical lenses is overcome. Finally, a multi-control strategy is developed to achieve the desired parameters and to eliminate coupling effects in the AAM.     

Focusing femtosecond X‐ray free‐electron laser pulses by refractive lenses

The possibility of using a parabolic refractive lens with initial X‐ray free‐electron laser (XFEL) pulses, i.e. without a monochromator, is analysed. It is assumed that the measurement time is longer than 0.3 fs, which is the time duration of a coherent pulse (spike). In this case one has to calculate the propagation of a monochromatic wave and then perform an integration of the intensity over the radiation spectrum. Here a general algorithm for calculating the propagation of time‐dependent radiation in free space and through various objects is presented. Analytical formulae are derived describing the properties of the monochromatic beam focused by a system of one and two lenses. Computer simulations show that the European XFEL pulses can be focused with maximal efficiency, i.e. as for a monochromatic wave. This occurs even for nanofocusing lenses.     

Optimization of the lens-array structure for performance improvement of integral imaging

The seemingly inherent deficiencies of integral imaging systems-in particular, the depth of field limitation-are, in this Letter, partly resolved by using an irregular lens array, where each lens is either rotated or displaced from its original position in the conventional flat lens array. It is shown that having an array of lenses in the integral imaging system has some sort of redundancy that could be exploited to improve the quality of the image formation. The needed rotation or displacement of constituent lenses in the array is found by using a meticulous optimization algorithm, which tries to evenly distribute the optical rays emanating from each of the lenses to form the final image.