各向异性介质多分量感应测井三维Born几何因子理论研究

几何因子理论被广泛运用于感应测井仪器设计、响应特征分析及高分辨率曲线处理, 现有的感应测井几何因子主要适用于二维各向同性介质, 难以满足各向异性介质多分量感应测井的研究需要. 本文基于Born近似方法将Born几何因子扩展至各向异性介质, 推导了各向异性介质多分量感应测井三维Born几何因子表达式, 随后进一步考察了多分量感应测井对地层各向异性的敏感性和探测能力. 数值模拟结果表明, 各向异性系数越大, 多分量感应测井几何因子空间分布越复杂, 其对各向异性的敏感性越高. 多分量感应测井仪器在不同倾斜角度对各向异性均具有较高的敏感性. 直井条件下, xx共面分量受各向异性影响严重, 井斜角在40°–60°时, xz/zx交叉分量对各向异性的敏感性高, 水平井中zz同轴分量则对各向异性的探测能力最强. 各向异性介质三维Born几何因子弥补了现有几何因子理论的不足, 可为国内新型多分量感应测井仪器研发及储层各向异性评价方法的发展提供有利条件.     

电磁感应与感应测井

感应测井是利用互感,使得在发射线圈中的交流电流在接收线圈中感应出电动势,而这个电动势又与地层电导率有关．因此,它是利用电磁感应原理研究地层电导率的测井方法     

电磁感应与感应测井

感应测井是利用互感，使得在发射线圈中的交流电流在接线线圈中感应出电动热，而这个电动势又与地层电导率有关。因此，它是利用电磁感应原理研究地层电导率的测井方法。     

倾斜井眼中感应测井正演模拟与响应特征

感应测井仪器的发射源可简化为一系列磁偶极子,其在层状地层中产生的电磁场可分解成彼此独立的TE波和TM波叠加,且TE波和TM波完全由两个标量方程确定.首先研究倾斜井眼中磁偶极子场的TE波和TM波分解,推导多层介质中电磁场振幅以及地层界面上广义反射和透射系数的递推公式,给出层状地层电磁场解析解.然后利用数值结果分析考察砂泥岩薄交互层中,地层层厚、井眼倾角变化等对感应测井响应的影响.     

单轴各向异性异向介质平板波导中的导模特性

 推导了介电常数张量和磁导率张量中各分量带有不同符号的单轴各向异性异向介质平板波导的导行条件。根据分量符号的正负组合,分情况讨论了导行TE波的偶模特性,画出了平板波导中为实横波数时的布里渊图。结果表明,在特定条件下此平板波导中有无穷多导模,这与传统介质波导及各向同性异向介质平板中只有有限数量模式存在有很大不同。此外,还发现当分量参数满足一定条件时,出现了多个虚横波数的传输模式解,并且该模式存在高频截止。     

基于高精度自适应hp-FEM的随钻电阻率测井电场数值模拟

采用高精度自适应hp有限元(FEM)算法对随钻电阻率测井电场分布情况进行模拟,能够根据地层模型的实际情况和误差指示自动选择合适的细化方式和计算策略,不需要对整个求解域进行计算就能使有用信号呈指数速率准确地收敛到其真值附近.计算结果显示,获得的接收线圈感应电动势的相位差和幅度比曲线和地层分层情况吻合较好,有助于实际随钻电阻率测井资料的解释.     

非均质各向异性地层中方位随钻电磁测井响应三维有限体积法数值模拟算法

方位随钻电磁测井是一种能够实时探测地层边界、实现地质导向与井眼成像的新型测井技术. 本文根据方位随钻电磁测井仪器的典型线圈系结构, 首先引入柱坐标系下非均质完全各向异性地层中电流源并矢Green函数, 并利用电磁场叠加原理给出倾斜发射线圈激发的电场以及倾斜接收线圈上感应电动势的计算公式; 然后应用电流源电场并矢Green函数的混合势克服非均质地层中电磁数值模拟的低感应数问题, 通过ρ 和z方向上Lebedev网格设法降低网格节点个数, 并且利用标准化算法确定柱坐标系下非均质单元上的等效电导率. 在此基础上, 用三维有限体积法建立柱坐标系电场混合势的离散方法, 得到一个交错网格上电场矢势和标势大型代数方程, 并用不完全LU分解以及稳定双共轭梯度法确定数值解. 最后, 通过数据模拟结果对算法的有效性进行检验, 并考察钻铤、线圈倾斜角度以及地层各向异性等参数对仪器响应的影响. 数值结果表明: 在柱坐标系下用三维有限体积法的数值模拟算法处理非均质各向异性层中方位随钻电磁测井响应可以得到很好的结果. 钻铤、电导率各向异性、层边界均对方位随钻电磁波测井响应产生较大的影响; 在电阻率较大的地层, 幅度比和相位差响应越小; 发射线圈和接收线圈同时倾斜时, 幅度比和相位差响应受地层的影响更灵敏.     

孔隙地层井壁上的声波首波及其诱导电磁场的原因

声波测井时孔隙地层中的声波首波平行于井轴沿井壁传播，它既有轴向位移分量，又有垂直于井壁的位移分量.这种以快纵波速度传播的波, 不仅含有由快、慢纵波势给出的梯度场,而且还含有由横波势给出的旋度场.慢纵波势的梯度是渗流位移首波的主要构成成分, 也是声电效应测井响应中存在伴随声波首波电场的主要原因.首波包含有旋度位移场，是存在伴随声波首波磁场的原因. 关键词： 孔隙介质 声波首波 诱导电磁场 测井     

电磁测井的物理基础

本文介绍电磁场理论在石油测井中的应用，主要介绍感应测井和相位介电测井的基本原理．感应测井涉及变化频率较低的似稳电磁场问题，可由测量感应电动势的振幅来区分油气层与非油气层．相位介电测井涉及高频变化的电磁场问题，可由测量电动势的位相差来解决区别油气层与水淹层的问题．两种测井方法所测的电动势都是由变化电磁场的非辐射场部分产生的，因此它们是这部分非辐射场在工业技术上应用的重要例子．     

多分量横波远探测成像测井仪研制及应用*

该文成功研制出一种新型的胜利多分量横波远探测成像测井仪。该仪器采用低频偶极声源设计,低频高效隔声体、高保真大数据快速传输技术,实现高信噪比多分量反射横波信号的采集,从而可以对井外远距离、不同走向的地质异常体进行探测;并结合专用成像处理软件,可以较好压制低频斯通利波反射,有效提取弱的反射横波信号,最终实现了远程偶极反射横波成像。该测井仪器理论上可以对井外320 m范围内地质异常体进行探测,在刻度井的测试中清晰探测到80 m内的地质异常体,实际测井中已成功获得井外100 m范围内的成像结果。     

三维感应成像测井仪设计与实现*

砂泥岩薄互层电阻率准确测量是提高泥质砂岩储层计算的一项重要工作。为了解决薄互层电阻率准确测量问题,该文提出一种三维感应成像测井仪的设计与实现方法。首先,基于感应电磁测量方法,设计由1个三轴发射器、4个单轴接收阵列和3个三轴的接收阵列组成的三维探测器。在此基础上,通过三维线圈系参数与结构创新设计、多频循环发射、高精度多道同步采集、高性能发射接收一体化集成等技术实现,在每一个深度点可获取78个电导率测量值。最后,利用数据校正与处理技术来消除各种环境影响,经过理论模型和实际资料的处理结果均证实,该仪器处理得到5条不同径向探测深度的水平电阻率与垂向电阻率、地层倾角等曲线,实现了对薄互层电阻率的准确测量。     

Dielectric behavior and PTCR effect in nanocrystallite PMN ferroelectric ceramics

The ac behavior of a nanocrystallite lead magnesium niobate (PMN) ceramic sample was studied over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. The results revealed a diffuse phase transition and very high dielectric constant at lower frequencies. The high value of the dielectric constant at lower frequencies is shown to be due to barrier layer formation. A positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) was observed in the temperature dependence of the ceramic resistivity. The results are explained on the basis of the Heywang and Jonker models. The Schottky barrier formed at grain boundary regions acts as a trap for the electrons available from oxygen vacancies in the ceramics. This provides PTCR characteristics from the transition temperature to about 208°C.     

Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of NiCuZn ferrites prepared by microwave sintering method suitable for MLCI applications

Polycrystalline NiCuZn soft ferrites with stoichiometric iron were prepared by a novel microwave sintering method. The powders were calcined, compacted and sintered at 950 °C for 30 min in a microwave sintering furnace. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure. The grain size was estimated using SEM micrographs. The lattice constant is found to increase with increase in zinc concentration. The sintered ferrites have been investigated for their physical, magnetic and electrical properties such as bulk density, X-ray density, porosity, anisotropy constant, initial permeability, saturation magnetization, DC resistivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss as a function of zinc concentration. Permeability, saturation magnetization, dielectric constant and dielectric loss were found to increase while DC resistivity was found to decrease with the replacement of Zn with Ni. The present series of ferrites are found to posses properties that are suitable for the core materials in multilayer chip inductors.     

NMR properties of petroleum reservoir fluids

NMR well logging of petroleum reservoir require the measurement of the NMR response of water, oil, and gas in the pore space of rocks at elevated temperatures and pressures. The viscosity of the oil may range from less than 1 cp to greater than 10,000 cp. Also, the oil and gas are not a single component but rather a broad distribution of components. The log mean T1 and T2 relaxation time of dead (gas free) crude oils are correlated with viscosity/temperature and Larmor frequency. The relaxation time of live oils deviate from the correlation for dead crude oils. This deviation can be correlated with the methane content of the oil. Natural gas in the reservoir has components other than methane. Mixing rules are developed to accommodate components such as ethane, propane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Interpretation of NMR logs uses both relaxation and diffusion to distinguish the different fluids present in the formation. Crude oils have a broad spectrum of components but the relaxation time distribution and diffusion coefficient distribution are correlated. This correlation is used to distinguish crude oil from the response of water in the pores of the rock. This correlation can also be used to estimate viscosity of the crude oil.     

Simulation of Electromagnetic Wave Logging Response in Deviated Wells Based on Vector Finite Element Method

The vector finite element method of tetrahedral elements is used to model 3D electromagnetic wave logging response. The tangential component of the vector field at the mesh edges is used as a degree of freedom to overcome the shortcomings of node-based finite element methods. The algorithm can simulate inhomogeneous media with arbitrary distribution of conductivity and magnetic permeability. The electromagnetic response of well logging tools are studied in dipping bed layers with the borehole and invasion included. In order to simulate realistic logging tools, we take the transmitter antennas consisting of circular wire loops instead of magnetic dipoles. We also investigate the apparent resistivity of inhomogeneous formation for different dip angles.     

Influence de l'adsorption métallique sur la résistivitéélectrique de films minces d'or

Precise electrical resistance and thickness measurements are used to study metallic adsorption on thin gold films under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The large variations of resistance observed for impurity coverage lower than a monolayer are interpreted by classical size effect. Adsorption of various “sp” and transition metals have been investigated. We report here some typical plots showing the resistance increase of gold films about 250 Å thick versus metallic impurity coverage. Different informations obtained from these curves are discussed. The adatom resistivity at very low coverage is determined experimentally; its variations versus valence impurity are similar to the bulk impurity resistivity; the role of the adsorption site is also examinated. In some cases the overlayer growth mechanism can be determined, specially when it is of the Frank-van der Merwe type; in this case, the influence of temperature on the structure of the first monolayer has been investigated. For coverage greater than a monolayer, some examples of intermetallic compound formation or intergranular migration revealed by electrical resistance measurements, X-rays and electron microscope observations are given.     

三维声波测井探测特性分析与处理技术应用*

三维声波测井技术是近年来测井领域的重要进展,由于其集成了井孔轴向、径向和周向的三维信息探测能力,因而在各种复杂油气藏勘探开发中具有广阔的应用前景。从井孔声波探测的基本原理入手,对三维声波测井在井孔径向和周向的探测特性进行了研究。并且在传统资料处理方法的基础上,研发了适合三维声波测井的各向异性快速反演技术、径向速度层析反演技术以及井周慢度成像技术。现场实测的资料处理表明,三维声波测井仪器较传统多极子阵列声波测井仪器有较大优势,在探测井周地层三维信息方面有较好的应用前景。此外,该仪器也具有三维远探测的应用潜力。     

岩石化学成分及复介电常数与光谱特征的关系探究

实验对辽宁省兴城地区的97块岩石样本测量了350～2 500 nm间光谱反射率,岩石化学成分及部分样本的复介电常数值,并用包络线去除法计算了光谱吸收深度。研究基于岩石化学成分光谱特征理论、介电常数相关理论,利用相关性分析的方法求得岩石各化学成分与光谱吸收深度间的相关系数曲线、岩石复介电常数与光谱反射率间的相关系数曲线。通过归纳总结曲线形态特征,获得以下信息：(1)岩石中SiO₂,Al₂O₃,CaO,K₂O,MgO,灼失含量与光谱吸收深度在波段(1 900～2 500 nm)间相关性明显,在1 900,2 200和2 300 nm等化学元素识别特征波段处,出现局部极大/极小值;火成岩中Fe₂O₃含量与光谱吸收深度在铁元素的特征波段(400～550 nm)有着良好的相关性,相关系数达-0.406。探讨岩石光谱吸收特征与其化学成分含量间的关系在通过遥感影像进行成矿预测、识别岩性等方面都有着积极的作用。(2)岩石复介电常数总体与岩石反射率呈负相关,实部相关性优于虚部,实部相关系数在1 900 nm附近达到极小值-0.753。观查曲线可知,介电常数实部与光谱反射率相关系数在1 900和2 200 nm附近都有着良好的相关性,因此实验运用不同的模型拟合了在该处的响应关系函数曲线。介电常数是介质的基本物理性质之一,现有研究中多在微波波段中分析电磁波特征与介电常数间的关系,该研究在可见光和近红外波段范围内探究了二者间的关系,为进一步探讨岩石介电特性和光谱特征奠定了基础。     

宽带高增益双层硅基MEMS微带天线阵列

针对传统微带天线带宽窄和增益低等问题,设计了一种易与射频（RF）前端集成的硅基微带天线。该天线设计结合MEMS工艺,将高阻硅和低阻硅通过键合工艺形成双层硅基底,来改善微带天线介质基板的等效介电常数,有效增大了天线的带宽。同时通过在地面引入缺陷地结构（DGS）,有效的抑制谐波的产生。在此基础上设计了中心频率为10 Hz,22天线辐射阵列。仿真结果表明,天线相对阻抗带宽达到15.9%,增益超过10.9 dB,比传统微带天线有明显提升,同时满足引信中天线抗干扰的要求。