液相对流对定向凝固胞/枝晶间距的影响

采用类金属透明模型合金丁二腈-1.8 wt%丙酮(SCN-1.8 wt%Ace)合金, 研究了平行于生长界面前沿的液相对流对定向凝固胞/枝晶生长行为及胞/枝晶间距的影响. 对于胞晶生长, 在液相对流作用下, 其尖端将会出现分岔, 使得胞晶间距减小, 并且液相对流流速越大, 胞晶尖端分岔越明显, 胞晶组织越细小, 胞晶间距越小. 至于枝晶生长, 其生长行为与胞晶不同. 当抽拉速度较小时, 液相对流作用下枝晶两侧三次臂的生长速度将会超过枝晶尖端生长速度, 形成新的枝晶列, 使得枝晶一次间距减小, 并且液相对流流速越大枝晶一次间距越小; 当抽拉速度较大时, 液相对流作用下迎流侧二次臂生长发达,且会抑制上游枝晶生长, 使得枝晶一次间距增大, 并且液相对流越强枝晶一次间距越大. 关键词： 定向凝固 胞晶间距 枝晶间距 液相对流     

切向流动作用下SCN-3wt% H2O枝晶定向生长过程研究

实时观察了切向流动作用下SCN-3wt% H₂O合金的定向凝固过程,研究了该合金枝晶生长方向、尖端半径、枝晶一次臂间距以及二次臂生长速度的变化规律.实验观察到能够代表枝晶尖端溶质边界层的“亮带”,该亮带在流动作用下的非对称性证实了切向流动能够改变枝晶前沿溶质的对称分布,使溶质边界层厚度沿背流侧向迎流侧逐渐减薄,枝晶生长发生迎流偏转,且偏转角度随抽拉速度的提高而减小.同时,流场与浓度场的耦合促进枝晶间的优胜劣汰,枝晶一次臂间距显著增大.固液界面处的强迫流动还能够引发相邻枝晶间环流,加速迎流处二次臂生长而抑制背流处生长. 关键词： 定向凝固 枝晶生长 切向流动     

切向流动对偏晶合金定向生长机理的影响

研究了静态和切向流动作用下对二氯苯-丁二腈(DCB-SCN)偏晶合金的定向凝固过程.实验结果表明,静态条件下,DCB以小平面相方式生长,随着抽拉速度的提高,DCB-SCN偏晶凝固组织形貌发生液/固两相完全分离组织-规则纤维状共生组织-不规则弥散组织转变.施加切向流动作用后,DCB生长晶面出现胞状扰动,并且偏晶共生纤维间距随流速的增高而变大,但对于同一流速,仍然满足λV^0.5=常数.同时,切向流动能够细化弥散偏晶组织中第二相颗粒尺寸,这主要缘于流动引发的固液界面形态变化能     

Ti-45at.% Al合金定向凝固过程中显微组织演化的计算机模拟

采用基于溶质扩散控制模型CA方法对Ti-45at.% Al合金定向凝固过程中显微组织演化过程进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明,在温度梯度较高时,初生晶核间距无论大小,均可通过分枝或竞争生长而使一次胞晶/枝晶间距得到调整.在抽拉速度一定情况下,随着温度梯度增加,胞晶/枝晶间距减小,在温度梯度一定情况下,随着抽拉速度增大,观察到胞晶/枝晶混合结构,混合结构区随温度梯增大而增大,模拟结果与实验观察相符合. 关键词： Ti-45at.% Al合金 定向凝固 组织演化 数值模拟     

各向异性表面张力对定向凝固中深胞晶生长的影响

利用匹配渐近展开法和多变量展开法求出定向凝固深胞晶生长的浓度场和界面形态的全局渐近解,研究各向异性表面张力对定向凝固深胞晶生长的影响.结果表明,各向异性表面张力对定向凝固过程深胞晶生长有显著的影响.随着各向异性表面张力增大,胞晶前端部分浓度减小而胞晶界面收缩;胞晶根部的浓度增大而界面曲率增大或根部的曲率半径减小,各向异性表面张力使得深胞晶界面振幅增加.本文结果能够计算定向凝固过程中深胞晶生长的浓度、界面形态.     

二元合金高速定向凝固过程的相场法数值模拟

利用相场法对二元合金高速定向凝固过程进行了模拟，为简化计算，采用了温度冻结近似.模拟了定向凝固时平界面失稳、界面形态演化、溶质浓度分布以及高速绝对稳定性条件下胞晶向平面晶的转变等，得到了不同抽拉速度下胞晶间距、胞晶尖端温度以及有效溶质分配系数等参数，显示了高速生长条件下的溶质截留效应. 关键词： 定向凝固 相场法 高速绝对稳定性 溶质截留     

界面能各向异性对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用元胞自动机 (cellular automaton, CA) 模型研究了界面能各向异性对二维定向凝固枝晶生长的影响. 模拟结果显示当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向一致时, 随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由弱界面能各向异性时的海藻晶转变为强界面能各向异性时的树枝晶. 同时, 界面能各向异性强度会影响稳态枝晶尖端状态的选择, 界面能各向异性越强, 定向凝固稳态枝晶尖端半径越小, 尖端界面前沿的液相浓度和过冷度越小. 稳态枝晶生长的尖端状态选择参数与界面能各向异性强度也存在标度律的指数关系, 而枝晶一次间距则受界面能各向异性强度影响较弱. 当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向呈-40°夹角时随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由海藻晶逐渐转变为退化枝晶, 后又逐渐转变为倾斜枝晶. 关键词： 元胞自动机 枝晶 界面能各向异性     

用CA方法模拟界面能各向异性对胞晶生长形态的影响

用元胞自动机（CellularAutomaton,CA）模型研究了界面能各向异性对二维定向凝固胞晶的生长形态的影响,建立了判定胞晶生长达到稳态的判据．结果显示,当界面能各向异性强度非常小时,胞晶尖端很容易分岔,胞晶形态不容易稳定．而当界面能各向异性强度足够大时,容易形成稳定的胞晶形态,同时界面能各向异性强度会显著影响稳定胞晶的形态,界面能各向异性越强,稳态胞晶间距越小,胞晶尖端半径越小,尖端半径与胞晶间距的比值越小,固液界面前沿的浓度与过冷度越小．     

激光快速凝固条件下Cu-31.4%Mn合金的微观组织特征

利用连续波CO2激光器对Cu 314%Mn进行了系列表面熔凝实验，对该合金的组织形态和胞晶间距选择规律进行了研究.结果表明：随着生长速度的提高，组织形态由低速平界面向展宽胞晶、规则胞晶、展宽胞晶、类平面晶和高速绝对稳定平界面转变.在快速凝固条件下，Cu 314%Mn合金的胞晶间距存在一个选择范围，最大、最小和平均胞晶间距与生长速度的关系分别为λmax=682v-033s，λmin=289v-028s和=435v-031s，实验结果与Hunt Lu模型的预测结果相吻合.     

CA-LBM模型模拟自然对流作用下Al-4.7%Cu合金的枝晶生长

建立耦合温度场、流场、溶质场的CA-LBM(元胞自动机格子玻尔兹曼方法)数值模型模拟了Al-4.7%Cu固溶体合金的凝固过程。模拟结果再现了自然对流条件下单个枝晶、多个枝晶的生长以及柱状晶向等轴晶转变过程。研究结果表明,自然对流对单个枝晶形貌有明显的影响,使枝晶生长非对称化,即迎流方向的枝晶生长得到促进,顺流方向的枝晶生长受到抑制。对铸锭CET过程的计算表明,自然对流促进温度均匀化,在凝固过程中等温线弯曲程度先增大后减小。另外,自然对流加速了凝固进程,并有细化晶粒的作用。CA-LBM模型再现了自然对流条件下柱状晶的竞争生长、柱状晶向等轴晶的转变以及溶质的晶界偏析。     

Effect of gravity convection on interface morphology during solidification

An experimental apparatus consisting of a crystal growth room and a crystal growth observation system was developed for the study of the effect of the gravity convection perpendicular to the growth direction on the growth process by use of model alloy succinonitrile (SCN)-5wt%ethanol. It was found that the convection improves the stability of the interface and causes the downstream alternation of the cell growth direction because of the dual effect of the Stokes force and the gravity. The second dendrite arm facing the flow comes into being earlier than that at another side when the interface transforms cell to dendrite. Then the dendrite at the side facing the flow comes into being earlier. The second dendrite arm facing the flow grows faster and is more developed than that at another side. In addition, the primary dendrite arm spacing increases and the dendrite tip radius decreases under the gravity convection. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50331040 and 60171043)     

弱熔体对流对定向凝固中棒状共晶生长的影响

利用渐近方法求出在弱对流熔体中定向凝固棒状共晶生长的浓度场的渐近解,研究了弱熔体对流对定向凝固中棒状共晶生长的影响.结果表明,弱熔体对流对定向凝固中棒状共晶生长有显著的作用;平均界面过冷度不仅与棒状共晶的棒间距、生长速度有关,还与流动强度有关;当生长速度一定时,随着流动强度增大,棒状共晶的平均界面过冷度减小.利用最小过冷原则,获得棒间距与生长速度和流动强度的关系.结果表明,当生长速度比较小时,随着流动强度增大,棒状共晶的棒间距增大;当生长速度比较大时,随着流动强度增大,棒状共晶的棒间距变化减弱;棒状共晶的生长速度越小,流动对棒状共晶生长的影响越大.利用本文的解析结果计算在对流条件下Al-Cu共晶的棒间距,结果显示随着转速增大或径向距离增大,共晶的间距增大,这与Junze等的实验结果相符合.     

离心压气机内部非定常流场的数值模拟

应用NUMECA软件对跨声速离心压气机级动静叶相互干涉形成的三维非定常粘性流场进行了数值模拟,给出了不同时刻叶片表面压力系数的变化曲线,不同时刻不同流向位置截面上速度沿流道宽度方向分布的变化曲线.模拟结果表明压力场和速度场的非定常特性主要表现在叶轮出口、径向间隙以及整个扩压器内.压力面上的非定常现象较吸力面上显著.     

Undulation instability under shear: A model to explain the different orientations of a lamellar phase under shear?

We study the effects of a dilation on a sheared smectic A phase. Through a linear analysis, we show that undulation may grow in the direction of the flow and of the vorticity as found in previous works. At higher shear rates, we evidence that the undulation along the flow disappears whereas it persists in the vorticity direction. We determine the stable or unstable zone as a function of the shear rate and of the lamellar spacing. This allows us to draw a theoretical shear diagram of the instability. Finally we compare our results with the orientations found experimentally in a lyotropic lamellar phase under shear. Our diagram describes qualitatively and quantitatively the transition observed at high shear rate. Received 18 October 1999     

In situ deuteron NMR investigations of sheared liquid crystalline polymers

The flow behavior of nematic liquid crystalline polysiloxanes of the side-chain type is studied by in situ 2H NMR spectroscopy on samples under shear in a cone-and-plate cell. The director orientation as a function of applied shear rate is determined from the quadrupole splitting of the spectra. The data analysis yields the two Leslie viscosity coefficients alpha2 and alpha3 and the flow-alignment parameter lambda = -(alpha3 + alpha2)/(alpha3 - alpha2). The values of lambda were determined for several homopolymers with only one type of side chain and random copolymers containing two different side chains. The results show that the flow behavior is related to the phase structure of the polymers, which varies with their composition. Only polymers with large amounts of smectic clusters in the nematic state show the tumbling instability (absolute value(lambda) < 1); other polymers are flow aligning (absolute value(lambda) > or = 1). For some polymers, a transition from tumbling at low temperature to flow aligning at high temperatures was observed.     

Visualizing shear stress in Görtler vortex flow

Shear stress distributions were obtained from velocity measurements in a concave surface boundary layer flow in the presence of Görtler vortices by means of a single hot-wire probe for several streamwise (x) locations. A set of vertical wires of 0.20 mm diameter were positioned at a distance of 10 mm upstream from the leading edge of a concave surface of radius of curvature R=1.0 m to pre-set the wavelength of the vortices so to obtain the most amplified wavelength Görtler vortices. Consequently, the wavelength of the vortices was set equal to the wire spacing and preserved downstream. In addition to the high shear regions near the wall, one positive peak at the head of the mushroom-like structures and two relatively weak negative peaks at the vicinity of the low-speed streaks are found in the iso-?u/?y contours. They are believed to be related to the formation of the inflectional point in the velocity profile across boundary layer. The occurrence of the inflection points in the spanwise distributions of streamwise velocity component u is associated with the appearance of the second peak of the ?u/?z shear near the boundary layer edge. The nonlinear effect of Görtler instability is to increase the wall shear stress, and further enhancement beyond the turbulent values is due to the presence of secondary instability.     

A1 and A2 transitions in superfluid 3He in 98% porosity aerogel

Superfluid 3He in high porosity aerogel is the system in which the effects of static impurities on a p-wave superfluid can be investigated in a systematic manner. We performed shear acoustic impedance measurements on this system (98% porosity aerogel) in the presence of magnetic fields up to 15 T at the sample pressures of 28.4 and 33.5 bars. We observed the splitting of the superfluid transition into two transitions in high fields in both bulk and liquid in aerogel. The field dependence of the splitting in aerogel resembles that of the bulk superfluid 3He caused by the presence and growth of the A1 phase. Our results provide the first evidence of the A1 phase in superfluid (3)He/aerogel.