Limits of the molar-ratio method

The limiting factors (one constant molar-ratio of metal to ligand, constant excess of masking reagent and buffer, and high enough effective stability) of the molar ratio method are discussed. The lowest values of the effective stability constant for the true metal/ligand ratio to be determined for the complex and for a metal determination to be relatively independent of ligand concentration are calculated.     

多沙唑嗪与血清白蛋白的作用及血清中多沙唑嗪含量的荧光测定法研究

用荧光光度法研究了降血压药物多沙唑嗪与血清白蛋白的相互作用,救 是不同温度下药物与血清白蛋白相互作用的形成常数;讨论了微量金属离子对药物与血清白蛋白形成常数的影响,并根据热力学常数确定了该药物与血清白蛋白之间的作用力类型为疏水作用力;研究了多沙唑嗪的适宜条件并成功应用于血样中含量的测定。     

Determination of zinc to beta-peptide binding constants with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

We present an improvement of the titration method for binding constant determination with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry that is unaffected by differences in ESI response of measured species in solution. The method consists of a calibration and titration, both using an internal standard that allows relative quantitation. This avoids artifacts such as a decrease in overall signal intensity with increasing ligand concentrations, rendering this approach more reliable and meaningful than direct evaluation of ESI peak intensities. We demonstrate the de novo binding constant determination of novel zinc binding beta-peptides, which have been synthesized with the goal of creating secondary structures stabilized by metal complexation.     

Coulometrische argentometrie : Quantitative bestimmung von chlor-, brom- und jodionen

By electrolytic oxidation of various metal anodes, metal ions can be quantitatively introduced into solution. This process can be used for coulometric determination of anions forming insoluble salts with metal ions.Semimicro and micro determinations of chloride, bromide and iodide ions with electrolytically generated silver ions have been performed at constant current and by a simple apparatus. The end-points have been determined with adsorption indicators, i.e. with dichloro(R)fluorescein for chlorides and eosin for bromides and iodides. The lower concentration limit of applicability of this method depends on the sensitivity of the end-point determination method used.The developed method of coulometric argentometry presents a new possibility for coulometric standardization of volumetric solutions, in conformity with our earlier proposals, as well as a further support for the introduction of the coulomb as a primary standard in all analytical chemistry.     

Conditional Stability Constant Determination of Metal Aquatic Fulvic Acid Complexes

Abstract

An ion-exchange chromatography/atomic absorbance spectroscopy method for the determination of the conditional stability constants for metal complexes of an aquatic fulvic acid is described. Employing the Scatchard model, conditional stability constants were determined for metal(II) fulvic acid complexes of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc at pH 7. The effect of pH on the stability constant of the copper-fulvic acid complex is also described.     

Investigation of properties of copper, ferrous complexes with 1-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid and application of substitution reaction in metallic complex to selective determination of trace amounts of metal

The report was the first to establish the new method for the selective determination of trace amounts of metal using the substitution reaction in metallic complex. The reactions between copper(II) and 1-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid (BPANS) and between ferrous(II) and BPANS at pH 3.5 were studied. In absence of any masking reagent, the recommended method was selective in the determination of trace amounts of copper with Fe-BPANS complex as chromogenic reagent because copper(II) can substitute Fe from Fe-BPANS complex to form Cu-BPANS complex. The ordinary spectrophotometric method was unsuitable to the substitution reaction because the excess of Fe-BPANS complex had the high absorption and affected seriously the absorption of Cu-BPTANS complex. The spectral correction principle may eliminate the above influence to give the simple determination of the composition ratio, stepwise absorptivity (epsilon) and stability constant (K) of metal complex. For analysis of samples, the recovery of copper was between 96.5 and 106% with R.S.D. less than 5%.     

Development of Multi-Wavelength Spectral-Correction Method

Beta-correction theory has been applied extensively for the analysis of metal complex solution1-3. Recently, we found that the beta-correction principle was very useful to the determination of metal complex's properties, for example the stepwise real absorptivity (() and stability constant (Km). The new equations were established as follows: and where Ac=((A-((A')/(1-((). The term, Ac indicated the real absorbance of complex ML( ((, ( and ( were all constants), Cligand and CM were the mola…     

Spectrophotometric determination of uranium(VI) with 2-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol in the presence of anionic surfactant

A highly sensitive method for spectrophotometric determination of uranium has been devised. The method is based on formation of a red-violet 1:2 (metal:ligand) complex from the reaction of uranium(VI) with 2-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (3,5-diBr-PADAP) in the presence of an anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulphate. Its molar absorptivity is found to be 9.1 x 10(4)l.mole(-1).cm(-1). The absorbance is constant in the range pH 8.4-9.9 Beer's law is obeyed for 0-1.4 mug/ml concentrations of uranium. In the presence of DCTA the method is selective for uranium, and can be used for the determination of trace amounts of uranium in water samples.     

Fluorimetric determination of copper(II) in aqueous solution using lucifer yellow CH as selective metal reagent

Lucifer yellow CH is shown to be a highly selective fluorescent reagent for the determination of Cu(III) in the microg L(-1) concentration range. The fluorophore is statically quenched by Cu(II); the carbohydrazide group was assigned as the complexing part of the dye molecule. A total range of Cu(II) determination from 0.06 mg L(-1) (1 micromol L(-1)) to 6.3 mg L(-2) (100 micromol L(-1)) with a limit of detection of 0.019 mg L(-1) (0.3 micromol L(-1)) was obtained, along with surprisingly high selectivity. There was no interference from alkaline and earth alkaline metal ions. The cross sensitivity to heavy metal ions was evaluated by the separate solution method and by competitive binding experiments. Calibration plots are shown for Cu(II) determination at different pH and the dissociation constant was determined. The application of the reagent was demonstrated by the determination of the Cu(II) content of tap water samples.     

Extractive-spectrophotometric determination of traces of copper(II) with 4-(p-nitrophenylazo)-2-amino-3-pyridinol

A new extractive-spectrophotometric method for determination of copper(II) with 4-(p-nitrophenylazo)-2-amino-3-pyridinol is proposed. The established stoichiometry and extraction constant are 2:1 ligand:metal and ?1.55, respectively. The molar absorptivity of the complex is 5.19 × 10⁴ liters mol^?1 cm^?1 at 560 nm and Sandell's sensitivity is 1.2 ng cm^?2. The best conditions for determination and effect of other ions are studied. The method proposed is applied in the determination of copper in whisky, liver of fish, and seawater.     

Rapid and selective spectrophotometric determination of manganese in steels and alloys using resacetophenone oxime

A sensitive spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of manganese in aqueous medium. The metal ion forms a yellowish brown coloured complex with resacetophenone oxime (RPO) in ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide buffer of pH 10.5. The 1:1 complex shows maximum absorbance at 380 nm with a Beer's law range of 0.09-1.7 ppm. The molar absorptivity and the Sandell sensitivity are found as 2.5 x 10(4) l.mole(-1).cm(-1) and 0.002 mug/cm(2), respectively. The stability constant of the complex calculated by Job's method is 7.5 x 10(5). The interfering effects of various cations and anions are studied. The present method is applied to the determination of manganese in some steel and alloy samples.     

Spectrophotometric determination of zinc with hydrazidazol in the presence of Triton X-100 and its application in metal analysis

A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of zinc is proposed. The chromogenic agent Hydrazidazol forms a 1:1 chelate with zinc in the presence of Triton X-100 in a medium containing 20-40% ethanol. The molar absorptivity and conditional formation constant have been found to be 2.7 x 1O(4) l.mole(-1).cm(-1) (at 640 nm) and 10(5.32) respectively. Beer's law is obeyed for zinc over the range of 0.2-0.8 mug/ml with a standard deviation of 0.024 mug/ml. The method can be applied to the determination of zinc in cadmium metal and its oxide after preconcentration by selective extraction of zinc thiocyanate into ethyl acetate in the presence of EDTA and thiosulphate as masking agents.     

Reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic method for determination of reaction equilibria involving ionic species: exemplification of the method using ligand substitution reactions of ethylenediaminetetraacetatochromium(III) ion with acetate and phosphate ions

A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic method is presented for the determination of reaction equilibria involving ionic species of the same charge sign as reactant and product compounds. It has been demonstrated that ion-exchange chromatography or reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography is a useful tool for the determination of equilibrium constants of chemical reactions involving ionic species such as metal complexation reactions. Previous work with these methods has been based on the assumption that the limiting retention factors of the reactant and product species are constant independent of concentration of the chemical species (X) in the mobile phase, which reacts with the analyte compound. However, when all the reactant and product species are ions of the same charge sign as that of the species X, it is virtually impossible to apply these methods to the equilibrium constant determination because the retention factors of both the reactant and product species may depend on the concentration of X. In this study, an alternative approach was developed that estimates the limiting retention factors of ionic species from the dependence of the retention factor on the ionic strength of the mobile phase. Ligand substitution reactions of ethylenediaminetetraacetatochromium(III) ion with acetate and phosphate ions were used as model reactions to test this method. The equilibrium constants determined by this method are in good agreement with those obtained by a UV-visible spectrophotometric method.     

The solvent extraction of iron from steel solutions with 2-hexylpyridine prior to the determination of trace elements

The distribution of iron(III) between aqueous hydrochloric acid and 0.1M 2-hexylpyridine in benzene was examined as a function of acid concentration in the aqueous solution, the metal concentration being kept constant, and as a function of increasing ferric chloride concentration at a constant acidity of hydrochloric acid. The distribution coefficient of Fe(III) (tracer) is dependent on the square of the 2-hexylpyridine concentration in the benzene phase. Negatively charged complexes of the type FeCl(2-)(5) may be the species extracted. The formation of a mixture of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with 2-hexylpyridine is indicated. Salting-out effects of a number of salts have been investigated. Separation factors of several metal ions relative to iron(III) in 7M hydrochloric acid are also reported. The results indicate that iron(III) can be selectively separated from a large number of elements, and the method has been utilized for the preconcentration of non-ferrous metal ions in mild steels by selective separation of iron, before their subsequent determination by emission spectrometry.     

Nonextractive spectrofluorimetric determination of aluminium in real, environmental and biological samples using chromotropic acid

An ultra-sensitive and highly selective nonextractive fluorimetric method is presented for the rapid determination of aluminium at nano-trace levels using chromotropic acid as a fluorimetric reagent [lambda(ex) = 360 nm and lambda(em) = 390 nm] in the pH range of 4.1-4.7. The fluorescence intensity of the metal chelate (2:3 complex) reaches a constant value within 1/2 hr and remains unchanged for over 48 hr. The fluorescence intensity aluminium concentration calibration curve is collinear between 1 and 300 ng/ml of Al. A constant fluorescence intensity is obtained over a wide range (1:50-1:1500) of Al:reagent molar concentrations. Large excesses of over 60 cations, anions and complexing agents (like tartrate, oxalate, phosphate, thio-urea, SCN(-), etc.) do not interfere in the Al determination. The developed method was successfully used in assaying aluminium in several standard reference materials (Al-bronze, brass, stainless steel) as well as in some environmental and biological samples. The method is very precise and accurate (S.D = +/-0.001 on 10 ng/ml; 11 determinations).     

金属离子选择电极法测定弱酸的离解常数

通过对弱酸难溶盐平衡体系的讨论,导出了弱酸离解常数,金属离子浓度和溶液ｐＨ值之间的关系,从而给出一种利用金属离子选择电极测定弱酸离解常数的方法。采用该法,本文用钙离子选择电极对Ｈ２ＣＯ３,Ｈ２Ｃ２Ｏ４和ＨＦ的离解常数进行了测定,得到与文献值相一致的结果。同时本法可还以用来测定相应的溶度积常数。     

柱上衍生反相色谱法测定金属配合物的稳定常数

提出一种计算金属配合物稳定常数的新方法。应用住上衍生反相高效液相色谱法,以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠为配体,测定金属配合物的保留时间,用以推导金属配合物的稳定常数。     

Titrimetric determination of gold by precipitation with hydroquinone

A rapid method for the volumetric determination of gold is described. Gold(III) is reduced to metal with excess of hydroquinone at room temperature and the excess is titrated with ceric sulphate. The effect of chloride ion on the reducibility of gold(III) to the metal is discussed. This method can be successfully employed for the determination of gold in presence of certain base and noble metals. The method was successfully adopted for the determination of gold in a commercial sample.     

Application of Ion-Exclusion Chromatography to the Study of Equilibria of Anionic Complexes

Abstract

An ion-exclusion chromatographic method for the determination of a stability constant of an anionic metal complex has been devised. The stability constants (1og β₁) of magnesium diphosphate and magnesium triphosphate complexes at 1=0.1 and 15°C were evaluated to be 5.06 and 5.89 in sodium chloride solution.     

Speciation of trace metals in seawater by anodic stripping voltammetry: Critical analytical steps

The speciation of trace metals in seawater based on the voltammetric (DPASV) titration of ligands by metal addition is considered. The method allows the determination of the total metal amount, the labile fraction, the ligand concentration and the related conditional stability constant. Analytical problems related to sample contaminations during sampling, filtration and storage, displacement of complexing equilibria in freeze storage, the kinetics of the reaction of complexation and the potential kinetic lability of organic complexes are discussed and possible solutions presented. Data on quality control tests carried out to verify the accuracy of the laboratory procedure for trace metal determination in seawater are reported.