走近湍流

简要回顾了20世纪湍流研究的进展,特别是近30多年湍流研究的新成就。对于湍流研究的若干热点问题提出了一些看法。     

剪切湍流大尺度相干结构的模式研究

发展了一种计算剪切湍流大尺度相干结构的新模式．该模式的基础是认为大尺度相干结构为湍流场中流体脉动能量增长最快的那部分,且包含大部分的湍流脉动能量．在此基础上。通过对湍流相干能量方程的推演。建立了描述大尺度相干结构的特征控制方程,并应用Ｃｈｅｂｙｓｈｅｖ多项式方法求得湍流相干能量的最大增长率在波数空间的分布,从而获得对应的大尺度相干结构．应用该模式研究了槽流和一自然对流中的大尺度相干结构,得到的近壁区流动结构与实验现象十分接近．     

A model of stress dissipation in second-moment closures

The paper presents a modified expression for the dissipation rate tensor _ij in the second-moment closure models, which employs the dissipation flatness parameterE and the turbulenceRe number. The expression reproduced the distribution among the three diagonal components of _ij in agreement with the direct numerical simulation of a plane channel flow ofMansour, Kim and Moin, 1988. Implemented in a low-Re-number differentialRe-stress model the relationship yielded predictions of dissipative components better than other models, albeit spoiled by still unsatisfactory modelling of the equation for the energy dissipation rate . on leave from Mainski Fakultet, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia Hercegovina.     

Turbulence modelling of the shear layers in the trailing edge region of a modern rear-loaded airfoil at incidence

After carefull analysis in a turbulent zero-pressure gradient flow, various simple algebraic turbulence models were applied to the almost separated flow on the upperside of an airfoil at incidence. The Johnson-King and Horton non-equilibrium (or rate equation) models give clearly improved results.     

Evaluating turbulence model predictions of transition

This paper presents initial results from a collaborative assessment of turbulence model predictions for transition under the influence of free-stream turbulence. Results are presented from a number of test cases and some recommendations are made as to the best present models for use in engineering design codes.     

剪切湍流的涡黏张量模式

对剪切湍流提出了涡黏系数为四阶张量的涡黏张量模式。引入近代数学中Ｍｏｏｒｅ－Ｐｅｎｒｏｓｅ广义逆矩阵的研究结果,给出了构造涡黏张量各分量的计算公式。用平面后台阶流动验算了剪切湍流的涡黏张量模式,比ＲＳＭ和ｋ－ε模式更接近实验结果。提出了剪切湍流涡黏张量模式的应用设想。     

Two-Equation Turbulence Modelling of a Transitional Separation Bubble

Calculations of the Reynolds averaged equations using two different turbulence models have been compared with direct numerical simulation of a transitional separation bubble. Three methods of transition modelling were investigated. The first had no transition adjustment, the second involved fixing the transition point at the location observed in the simulation and the third was a direct transformation of a method proposed by Wilcox [1] which involved sensitising the eddy viscosity and transport equations to the local turbulent Reynolds number. The models captured the general features of the flow but were unable to show the recovery behaviour of the flow behind the bubble. Reasons for the failure are discussed using apriori analysis of terms in the model equations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

可压缩边界层的入口合成湍流生成方法

在壁湍流中开展RANS-LES方法混合模拟时, 入口处添加合理的湍流脉动能够缩短流场向完全湍流的发展距离, 提高数值模拟精度以及节省计算资源. 采用SA-IDDES方法对槽道湍流和可压缩湍流边界层开展了数值模拟研究, 对比了3种较为常用的合成湍流方法对流场发展的影响, 包括合成湍流生成器(STG)、数字滤波法(DFM)和合成涡方法(SEM); 研究了不同合成湍流入口条件下流场壁面摩阻、流场结构、雷诺应力的发展过程, 评估了各方法在壁湍流中的表现. 其中在不可压槽道湍流和可压缩湍流边界层的模拟中, STG方法展现了较短的摩阻恢复距离, 流场结构与雷诺应力发展相比DFM也有一定的优势. 在高马赫数湍流边界层的数值模拟中, 忽略热力学量脉动可能会降低合成边界层脉动恢复到物理真实脉动的速度. 因此, 文章进一步基于STG给出的速度脉动, 在入口处通过若干强雷诺比拟方法(SRA, GSRA和HSRA)添加热力学脉动量, 对比研究了对可压缩湍流边界层流场发展的影响, 结果显示是否添加热力学脉动对于流场摩阻和雷诺应力发展影响较小, 但对流场中的热力学量影响显著, 其中GSRA下流场热力学量恢复得最快.     

Computations of strongly swirling flows with second‐moment closures

The present study is concerned with simulating turbulent, strongly swirling flows by eddy viscosity model and Reynolds stress transport model variants adopting linear and quadratic form of the pressure–strain models. Flows with different inlet swirl numbers, 2.25 and 0.85, were investigated. Detailed comparisons of the predicted results and measurements were presented to assess the merits of model variants. For the swirl number 2.25 case, due to the inherent capability of the Reynolds stress models to capture the strong swirl and turbulence interaction, both the linear and quadratic form of the pressure–strain models predict the flow adequately. In strong contrast, the k–ϵ model predicts an excessively diffusive flow fields. For the swirl number 0.85 case, both the k–ϵ and Reynolds stress model with linear pressure–strain process, show an excessive diffusive transport of the flow fields. The quadratic pressure–strain model, on the other hand, mimics the correct flow development with the recirculating region being correctly predicted. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation and Modelling of a Skewed Turbulent Channel Flow

A time-dependent three-dimensionally skewed flow is investigated using direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The effect on the instantaneous and mean turbulent field is investigated. Instantaneous flowfields reveal that the skewing has the effect of initially reducing the strength and height of quasi-streamwise vortices of both signs of rotation with respect to the skewing. A mechanism for this process is put forward. The mean flowfields show drops in turbulence quantities such as turbulence kinetic energy. In addition to this, two-equation turbulence modelling of the flow is carried out. This highlights a deficiency, in that the standard turbulence models are unable to capture the drop in turbulence intensity due to the skewing. A modification based on the exact dissipation equation is found to significantly improve the model behaviour for this flow. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Investigation of Alternative Length Scale Substitutions in Detached-Eddy Simulation

The objective of this work is the comparison of three different DES-style hybrid RANS/LES implementations based on the Wilcox k– model. The three variants are designed to investigate alternative methods of substitution of the DES length scale within the background Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model. Basis for comparison is provided by both the idealised case of the decay of isotropic turbulence (DIT) as well as the practical case of the massively separated, turbulent flow around an airfoil at high angle of attack. The results of the investigations are discussed in detail, the outcome of which is an emphasis of the importance of DIT as a method for calibration, as well as of the relative freedom with which alternative DES-inspired approaches can be implemented for flows of practical relevance.     

Flow Regimes of Interaction of a Turbulent Plane Jet into a Rectangular Cavity: Experimental Approach and Numerical Modelling

The present work is devoted to the experimental and numerical study ofthe interaction of a turbulent plane jet with a rectangular cavity.Several flow regimes have been found to occur: the non-oscillationregime, the stable oscillation regime and an unstable oscillationregime. The first two regimes have been particularly considered. Theexperimental study has been carried out using hot wire anemometry andsome visualisations. The numerical predictions based on statisticalmodelling have been made using on the one hand the standard k– model and on the other hand a two-scales split spectrum model. The structuralproperties of the flow have been described for the different situations.For the oscillatory regime, a parametrical study allowed to determinethe influence of the jet exit location and the Reynolds number on thefrequency of the jet flapping. The one point closures have been able topredict the oscillatory regime, and in particular the two-scales modelled to improved results because better account is taken of lag effectsin unsteady non-equilibrium situations.     

Modelling of inhomogeneous turbulence in the absence of mean velocity gradients

In this paper we propose a new rational model for turbulent transport of Reynolds stresses and dissipation. For this purpose we first analyse some properties of diffused turbulence i.e. turbulence where dissipation is balanced by turbulent diffusion arising from inhomogeneity. Then we use some of these results to deduce some mathematical requirements that must be satisfied by any rational model and we show that they are not verified by available models. Consequently we derive a more general model taking into account the various properties of diffused turbulence.     

Riblet modelling using a second-moment closure

A low Reynolds number second-moment closure has been used to calculate a turbulent boundary layer which develops over a riblet surface with zero pressure gradient. The calculated mean velocity distributions compare favourably with measurements. Calculated Reynolds stresses away from the riblet surface region are also in agreement with measurements. In the vicinity of the riblets, the model reflects the increased anisotropy of the Reynolds stress tensor inadequately. Possible reasons for this shortcoming are discussed and suggestions for improving the model are made.     

Wall-Distance-Free Turbulence Models Applied to Incompressible Flows

Abstract

A comparative study of low-Re wall-distance-free (WDF) turbulence models in incompressible flows is presented. The study includes the WDF k-? and the three-equation WDF k-?-γ as well as two k-? models which invoke the distance from the wall. The models are implemented in conjunction with a characteristics-based method and an implicit unfactored scheme. Comparison with direct-numerical-simulation data reveals that the WDF models provide much more accurate results for the dissipation rate, especially in the near wall region. A grid refinement study further reveals that the models which explicitly involve the distance from the wall cannot capture the correct turbulence dissipation rate behaviour in the near-wall region even on the finest grid, where grid-independent solution is achieved. However, the low-Re WDF models require slightly more iterations than the other k - ? models to converge. Results are presented for channel, flat plate and backward-facing step flows.     

Principles and Performance of TCL-Based Second-Moment Closures

The paper argues that to achieve the desired width of applicability for use in general CFD software, turbulence modelling at second-moment level needs to be based upon making the pressure-strain term and other major processes comply with the two-component limit (TCL), a strategy first advocated by Lumley [24]. The approach is especially powerful for flows close to surfaces that are far from flat and in applications to horizontal, stably-stratified flows where, due to the action of buoyancy, the stress tensor also approaches a two-component form. A range of recent applications of TCL modelling is presented including flow in curved ducts, three-dimensional wall jets, free-surface jets and stably-stratified mixing regions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.