Evaluation of solar spectral irradiance distribution using an index from a limited range of the solar spectrum

The output energy of photovoltaic (PV) modules under outdoor conditions is greatly influenced by the spectral irradiance distribution of the solar spectrum. To analyze this effect on PV modules, the spectral irradiance distribution, which is one-dimensional data, has to be represented by a zero-dimensional index. The average photon energy (APE) is an index for spectral irradiance distributions, which represents the average energy per photon in a spectrum. We have previously analyzed the uniqueness of the shape of the solar spectrum in the wavelength range of 350–1050 nm, and one corresponding value of APE showed a specific shape of spectral irradiance distribution. In this study, new indexes were calculated for a limited wavelength range of 350–750 nm and multiple bands of 450–500 nm and 800–850 nm of the solar spectrum for easy measurement and calculation. The result shows the uniqueness of new indexes to the shape of measured solar spectrum and the standard deviations were found to be quite small. This indicates that the new indexes are reasonable for representing the spectral irradiance distribution and its effect on PV performance.     

Impact of average photon-energy coefficient of solar spectrum on the short circuit current of photovoltaic modules

The output energy of photovoltaic (PV) modules is influenced by the spectral irradiance distribution of the solar spectrum under outdoor conditions. To rate the precise output energy of PV modules, the correction of short circuit current (I_SC) based on actual environmental conditions is needed, because I_SC significantly depends on the shape of the spectral irradiance distribution. The average photon energy (APE) is a zero-dimensional index for spectral irradiance distribution, and APE value uniquely describes the shape of a solar spectrum. Thus, APE has an impact on I_SC of PV modules. In this contribution, the relationship between APE coefficient and I_SC of the multi-crystalline silicon, single-crystalline silicon, heterojunction intrinsic thin-layer, back contact, copper indium selenide and cadmium telluride PV modules has explored. It is revealed that APE value changes the I_SC of PV modules which appeared to have immense possibilities of I_SC correction using APE coefficient. This new approach can be very effective for precise rating the output energy of PV modules under actual outdoor conditions.     

Influence of the spectral power distribution of a LED on the illuminance responsivity of a photometer

The measurement accuracy in the photometric quantities measured through photometer head is determined by the value of the spectral mismatch correction factor (c(S_t,S_s)), which is defined as a function of spectral power distribution of light sources, besides illuminance responsivity of the photometer head used. This factor is more important when photometric quantities of the light-emitting diode (LED) style optical sources, which radiate within relatively narrow spectral bands as compared with that of other optical sources, are being measured. Variations of the illuminance responsivities of various V(λ)-adopted photometer heads are discussed. High-power-colored LEDs, manufactured by Lumileds Lighting Co., were used as light sources and their relative spectral power distributions (RSPDs) were measured using a spectrometer-based optical setup. Dependences of the c(S_t,S_s) factors of three types of photometer heads (f₁′=1.4%, f₁′=0.8% and f₁′=0.5%) with wavelength and influences of the factors on the illuminance responsivities of photometer heads are presented.     

高能闪光照相X射线能谱的理论研究

 用Monte-Carlo方法模拟球对称客体系统的闪光照相中X光光子的输运过程。分别在单客体情况和全系统情况下,给出了记录平面上各种光子谱及其在记录平面上的空间分布。结果表明：记录区边缘的谱形与源光子谱形很相似;深穿透区各点之间的谱形差别不大,谱平均光子能量近似相同,并且位于使高Z材料的光子线吸收系数最小的能量范围内。 结果还表明,高能闪光照相的光子能谱会因客体中光子的光程不同而有较大的差别。     

高能闪光照相X射线能谱的理论研究

用Monte-Carlo方法模拟球对称客体系统的闪光照相中X光光子的输运过程。分别在单客体情况和全系统情况下,给出了记录平面上各种光子谱及其在记录平面上的空间分布。结果表明：记录区边缘的谱形与源光子谱形很相似;深穿透区各点之间的谱形差别不大,谱平均光子能量近似相同,并且位于使高Z材料的光子线吸收系数最小的能量范围内。 结果还表明,高能闪光照相的光子能谱会因客体中光子的光程不同而有较大的差别。     

人眼波前像差的动态特性研究

人眼波前像差随时间涨落会引起人眼光学性能和视觉功能的改变.采用改进的HartmannShack波前传感器人眼像差仪对10只屈光度为0D~-5.0D、直径为3mm和6mm的人眼瞳孔的波前像差进行测量,其中每只人眼在5s内连续测量125次,测量频率为25Hz.为确定测量过程中是否引入人为像差,对人造眼3mm和6mm瞳孔的动态波前像差进行测量比对.结果表明:所测量的10只人眼3mm和6mm瞳孔总的Zernike波前像差均方根涨落幅度的平均值分别为0.087μm和0.105μm,均大于Marechal衍射极限;Zernike第3阶到第7阶波前像差均方根涨落幅度随像差阶数的递增而下降,涨落幅度为0.06~0.02μm;人眼波前像差的涨落频率达6Hz.     

燃烧型发烟剂红外光谱特性专家系统的研究

为了实现燃烧型抗红外发烟剂配方的快速筛选,文章在基于最小自由能法的烟火药燃烧产物预测模型的基础上,设计了燃烧产物推理机,建立了燃烧型发烟剂光谱特性专家系统,研究了利用专家系统进行发烟剂配方快速筛选的可行性。在用户输入发烟剂配方后,专家系统能够计算出发烟剂的燃烧产物及其含量,然后利用红外加谱技术,对各产物红外谱图进行加合,模拟出烟幕的红外谱图,进而利用面积积分法,预测出烟幕在3～5 μm和8～14 μm的遮蔽指数。文章使用FTIR光谱仪对一种HC型发烟剂进行了测试,结果表明,专家系统的计算产物与实际产物相吻合,遮蔽指数预测值与发烟剂的实际测试表现一致,为燃烧型发烟剂配方的快速筛选提供了一种新方法。     

多注RKA束流调制的理论与模拟比较分析

采用非线性理论探索了同轴多注相对论速调管放大器(CMRKA)的束波互作用特性,并与PIC结果进行了验证分析。首先推导了实心电子束的几何因子,然后分别给出了归一化调制电流和电子束动能的积分微分方程,并给出了多注速调管放大器的同轴输入腔间隙耦合系数的公式。对于束压为600 kV、束流为5 kA的16注电子束,当输入腔间隙电压分别为4.6,32.7,189 kV时,采用一维非线性理论和三维粒子模拟程序分别计算了基波电流调制系数和距离的关系,理论和模拟结果比较一致。当间隙电压为4.6 kV时,理论计算了多注电子数的个数分别为8, 12, 16以及实心电子束的半径与单注电子束通道半径比6/15, 8/15, 10/15(通道半径不变)时基波电流调制系数随传输距离的变化。结果表明,随着多注电子数的个数和电子束半径的增加,基波电流调制系数有逐渐变大的趋势。此外还计算了当间隙电压为20 kV时,归一化电流和归一化电子束动能随时间的变化和归一化常数N(z)与调制电流的n次谐波的电流调制系数随传输距离的变化。     

Spectral‐Luminescence Characteristics of Polyphenyls and Polyacenes in the Gas Phase in Electron‐Beam Excitation

The spectra of electronenergy loss, excitation functions, and fluorescence spectra in excitation of the vapor of polyphenyls and polyacenes by electron beams of different energies are determined. The influence of successive complication of the molecules under study on these spectralluminescence characteristics is tracked. Unlike the optical absorption spectra, in the spectra of electronenergy loss of all the substances studied one observes a band which is related to the singlettriplet transition S ₀–T ₁. The transitions up to S ₀–S ₅ are recorded in excitation of the molecules by highenergy electrons, including the region of vacuum ultraviolet. From the functions of fluorescence excitation the authors have determined the excitation thresholds that correlate with the energies of the S ₁ levels, except for pyrene in which the S ₀–S ₁ transition is forbidden and does not show up not only in photon excitation but also in electronbeam excitation, although the intercombination forbiddenness in the latter case is removed and the S ₀–T ₁ band is observed.     

窄线SeyfertⅠ型星系

本文将概述窄线SeyfertⅠ型星系 (包括具有类似性质但光度较大的类星体 )的主要观测特征、物理内涵及其理论解释和在活动星系核内部结构上的反映。窄线SeyfertⅠ型星系 (NLS1 ,以后NLS1都认为包括NLSI星系和NLS1类星体 )具有窄的允许线Hβ,它兼有Sy1和Sy2的某些特征。它具有强的FeⅡ光学线和弱的 [OⅢ ]λ5 0 0 7禁线 ,这明显不同于Sy2。在观测相关量的主成分统计分析中表明NLS1是活动星系核第一主向量表现为极端的一类。这包括 :( 1 )HβFWHM取极小 ;( 2 )FeⅡλ45 70 /Hβ 取极大 ;( 3)SⅢ ]λ1 892 /CⅢ ]λ1 90 9取极大 ,亦一定范围内宽线区电子密度取大值 ;( 4 )CⅣλ1 5 4 9线中心蓝移取极大 ;( 5 )高光度NLS1的软X射线光子数谱指数Γx 取极大 ;( 6)X射线相对流量变化方差最大等。基于以上观测结构和相应统计规律 (观测量与HβFWHM的关系 ) ,解释NLS1现象最佳的模型是高相对吸积率L/LEdd模型。NLS1比之典型宽线活动星系核具有较低的中心黑洞质量MBH。进一步 ,还发现这一模型是活动星系核主...