Photopolymer for Optical Holography and Holographic Interferometry

Summary: In our laboratory, we have continued in experimental study of acrylamide-based photopolymer recording material. Our exposition and detection setup was used for real-time measurements of a diffraction grating formation process. Based on the results of our measurements, the chemical composition of the material was modified to increase sensitivity, value of refractive index modulation and stability of the formed structure. Recently, the material has been successfully applied to holographic interferometry.     

Metal Doped PVA Films for Opto-Electronics-Optical and Electronic Properties,an Overview

Polyvinyl alcohol is unique among polymers. Apart from its preparation, it is not built up in polymerization reactions from monomers, unlike most vinyl-polymers, and it is biodegradable in the presence of suitably acclimated microorganisms. It is an environmentally friendly material for a wide range of applications, from medical ones, based on its biocompatibility, to integrated optics. This paper reviews, in addition to the preparation and optimization of films of polyvinyl alcohol doped with different metal species, the role of dopants and doping technologies in the involved electronic mechanism. The optical properties were studied by UV-VIS-IR, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and other measurement techniques, with applications such as real-time holography, microlasers, optical sensors or nanophotonics in mind.     

Protein recording material: photorecord/erasable protein array using a UV-eliminative linker

Protein patterning on solid surfaces is a topic of significant importance in the fields of biosensors, diagnostic assays, cell adhesion technologies, and biochip microarrays. In this letter, we have established a novel, rapid method for the fabrication of a "protein recording material", which enables us to spatiotemporally regulate the recording, reading, and erasing of a fluorescent protein array as information by a photochemical technique. A photolinker that we synthesized here was used to control the protein array spatiotemporally. The recording process was almost completed after 1 min of photoirradiation to read a clear pattern consisting of a specific protein-ligand complex with high spatiotemporal resolution. The erasing of the protein array was then achieved by photoirradiation onto the entire patterned surface.     

KINETICS OF DYNAMIC HOLOGRAM RECORDING IN POLYMER FILMS WITH IMMOBILIZED BACTERIORHODOPSIN

Abstract
Polymer films with immobilized photosensitive membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin (BR), were prepared and investigated. A sensitive holographic interferometer with phase modulated optical beams was used for investigation of kinetics of dynamic hologram recording in BR polymer films. It was found that phase hologram formation consisted of two quasi-exponential stages demonstrating existence of a diffusive process in obtained films. It was shown that the kinetics of a phase hologram recording by high intensity beams do not correlate with the exponential law. The applicability of BR polymer films as reversible photorefractive materials for dynamic holography and real-time interferometry was discussed.     

KINETICS OF DYNAMIC HOLOGRAM RECORDING IN POLYMER FILMS WITH IMMOBILIZED BACTERIORHODOPSIN

Abstract— Polymer films with immobilized photosensitive membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin (BR), were prepared and investigated. A sensitive holographic interferometer with phase modulated optical beams was used for investigation of kinetics of dynamic hologram recording in BR polymer films. It was found that phase hologram formation consisted of two quasi-exponential stages demonstrating existence of a diffusive process in obtained films. It was shown that the kinetics of a phase hologram recording by high intensity beams do not correlate with the exponential law. The applicability of BR polymer films as reversible photorefractive materials for dynamic holography and real-time interferometry was discussed.     

以Au和Au-Cu为衬底的Si/DLC薄膜的机械性能

通过纳米划痕测试技术(nano-scratch)研究了以Au和Au-Cu(xAu=93%, xCu=7%)为衬底, 多晶硅Si为基片的类金刚石(DLC)薄膜的机械性能, 其中DLC薄膜厚度约为10 nm. 研究结果表明, Au-Cu衬底对Si/DLC薄膜的结合力比Au衬底对Si/DLC薄膜的结合力要好. 紫外(244 nm)为激发光源的拉曼光谱测试结果显示在相同薄膜制备条件下Au-Cu衬底比Au衬底含有更多的sp3成分, 同时也意味着以Au-Cu为衬底的Si/DLC薄膜具有更高的硬度和密度. 通过对研究结果的分析讨论可以得出, 由于具有较好的结合力和高硬度, Au-Cu是磁记录磁头保护膜Si/DLC薄膜的更好lead材料.     

Photodielectric Polymers for Holographic Use

The use of polymeric materials as “thick” recording media for holographic applications is discussed. These materials offer some interesting applications owing to their high diffraction efficiency, high storage density, excellent angular and spectral discrimination, as well as in situ real-time recording. The present state of art is outlined, as are prospects for the future.     

Influence of atmospheric oxygen on hydrogen detection on Pd using Kelvin probe technique

Influence of oxygen concentration in the measurement atmosphere on detection of hydrogen using Kelvin probe was studied. The studied material was a 100-μm-thick palladium foil, which was mounted in a 3D printed electrochemical flow cell. The used setup enables hydrogen loading with in-situ contact potential measurement of the hydrogen exit side of the Pd electrode. The hydrogen loading and unloading procedure, including insertion of different amounts of hydrogen into the Pd membrane and recording resulting values of contact potential difference, was performed at distinct oxygen concentrations ranging between 1 and 80 vol%. An increasing amount of oxygen in the atmosphere surrounding the hydrogen-loaded Pd electrode resulted in an accelerated removal of hydrogen from the Pd. The kinetics of this reaction was studied based on Kelvin probe measurements, and a reaction mechanism is discussed.     

The use of signal averaging techniques for the quantitation and mass measurement of high molecular weight compounds using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

The measurement and recording of peak signals at high mass is often difficult and susceptible to a large degree of error. Signal averaging of repetitive scans has been used to improve detection limits and aid nominal mass assignment by peak matching. This is illustrated using glucagon as the reference material to determine the mass of the [MH]⁺ peak in the molecular ion cluster of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, and caesium iodide as reference to mass-measure a 13-unit oligonucleotide.     

Guidance on the contents of accompanying documentation for reference materials (RMs)

The use of reference materials (RMs) is a key activity for the improvement and maintenance of a worldwide coherent measurement system. As detailed in ISO Guide 33, RMs with different characteristics are used in measurement processes, for the purpose of precision control, bias assessment, calibration, assigning values to other materials, and maintaining conventional scales, to name a few. For the establishment of metrological traceability of measurement results to international scales or other measurement standards, proper use of certified reference materials (CRMs) is essential. From the perspective of a reference material producer, the documentation that is provided with an RM is the value-adding component of the material; for the user, the document is critical for the correct implementation and use of the RM in the measurement process. The ISO Committee on Reference Materials (ISO/REMCO) recognised the importance of the documentation that accompanies a reference material as early as 1981 when the first edition of ISO Guide 31 was published. The third edition of the Guide that was published recently considers the appropriate accompanying documentation for all types of reference materials, i.e. CRMs and non-certified RMs.     

Uncertainty calculations in the certification of reference materials 4. Characterisation and certification

The main objective of the certification of a reference material is to determine its property values including their uncertainty. In the previous parts of this series, the basis for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty of the property values has been examined, including the conversion of homogeneity and stability study data into standard uncertainties. In this final part, the determination of the property values and the modelling of the certification process is discussed. It is noted that the characterisation of a reference material can be modelled in some cases using analysis of variance statistics, but a more generally applicable model can be developed based on χ²-fitting. Furthermore, it is concluded that there is an advantage in using absolute standard uncertainties instead of relative ones when modelling the certification process. Received: 14 October 2000 Accepted: 21 January 2001     

Multi-modal biochip for simultaneous, real-time measurement of adhesion and electrical activity of neurons in culture

Recent evidence suggests that integrin-mediated adhesion of neurons has immediate functional implications for learning and memory. In addition, adhesion of neurons to artificial substrates often determines the effectiveness and life of implants in the brain and peripheral nervous system. In this study, we present a novel biochip capable of simultaneous, quantitative, real-time monitoring of integrin-mediated adhesion and electrophysiology of primary neurons in vitro. The proposed technology combines acoustic micro-resonators capable of tracking changes in mechanics of the adhering neuronal layer, and microelectrode arrays for recording extracellular unit activity. Our results showed in four different experimental paradigms that the acoustic sensor response to adhering cells is correlated to integrin-mediated adhesion and that the micro-sensor is capable of monitoring the dynamics of neuronal adhesion over a period of 9 days. Finally, using our unique dual measurement platform, we performed simultaneous, real-time measurement of integrin-mediated adhesion and single cell electrophysiology in a neuronal culture. The sensitivities of the micro-resonators were 4-5 orders of magnitude greater than the sensitivity of the macro-scale resonators in response to adhering neurons. This multi-functional sensor platform offers insight into the interplay between integrin-mediated adhesion and neural function on a temporal resolution beyond any currently available experimental method and can therefore potentially lead to novel discoveries on the interactions between neuronal adhesion and function.     

光催化材料原位红外池系统的研制

光催化可利用充足的太阳能分解水制氢以及降解各种有机污染物, 同时还可以将CO₂还原成有机低碳燃料, 是解决当今所面临的能源和环境问题最理想的技术途径之一.目前, 红外光谱仪只能对光催化材料的分子结构进行常规分析, 无法对其进行光照过程的实时监测, 也无法实现光照时光催化反应机理的实时探测与表征.光催化材料原位红外池系统可以实现光催化材料光照过程的实时监测, 从而解析原位红外光催化的反应机理, 实现光照时光催化材料反应机理的实时探测与表征.系统为光催化材料的测试研究提供了有力的技术保障, 是红外光谱仪功能开发的重要技术创新.     

酰化法测定端羟基聚丁二烯羟值的测量不确定度评定

评定了酰化法测定端羟基聚丁二烯羟值的测量不确定度。分析了测量重复性、称量过程及标准物质稳定性等因素所带来的不确定度分量,采用酰化法测定端羟基聚丁二烯羟值的扩展不确定度为0.01mmol/g。     

Sensitive and selective analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and their precursors by supersonic jet/resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), some of which are extremely toxic, are present at low concentrations in incinerator flue gases. The on-line real-time measurement of these compounds is necessary, since these concentrations fluctuate drastically with the process conditions used. Supersonic jet/resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SSJ/REMPI/TOF-MS), which provides both high selectivity and sensitivity, appears suitable for application to the on-line real-time monitoring of PCDD/Fs. In this review, the resonant ionization wavelengths of PCDD/Fs and their precursors are given. Moreover, improvements in SSJ/REMPI/TOF-MS that lead to enhanced sensitivity and selectivity are presented. That is, novel ionization sources and advanced ionization schemes are reported for the sensitive measurement of PCDD/Fs and their precursors. Those techniques are advantageous for the trace analysis of these compounds.     

Ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry as a non-destructive instrumental visualization technique to monitor inorganic fouling and cleaning on reverse osmosis membranes

Fouling is readily acknowledged as one of the most critical problems limiting the wider application of membranes in liquid separation processes. A better understanding of fouling layer formation and its monitoring is needed in order to improve on existing cleaning techniques. The overall objective of this research was to develop a non-destructive, real-time, in situ visualization technique or device for fouling layer monitoring. Ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) was employed as a visualization technique to provide real-time characterization of the fouling layer. The fouling experiment was carried out with 2 g/l calcium carbonate solution. Results confirmed that there is a correspondence between the flux decline behavior and the UTDR response from membranes in reverse osmosis (RO) modules. The ultrasonic technique could effectively detect fouling layer initiation and growth on the membrane in real-time at different axial velocities. In addition to the measurement of fouling, the ultrasonic technique was also successfully employed for monitoring membrane cleaning. The UTDR technique, due to its extremely powerful capabilities and its use in monitoring devices, can be of great significance in the membrane industry.     

A photosensitive material based on methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid copolymer

The possibility of recording holographic images in a photosensitive material based on methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid copolymer, which is more heat-resistant than poly(methyl methacrylate) used as a base for optical recording media, was examined. Introduction of acrylic acid units into poly(methyl methacrylate) macromolecule does not prevent recording and reconstruction of holographic images, but, at the same time, affects the dynamics of variation of the diffraction efficiency of diffraction lattices recorded in this polymer.     

The determination of tertiary dodecyl mercaptan by low thermal mass gas chromatography-dual plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detection

Tertiary dodecyl mercaptan (TDM) is commonly used as a chain transfer agent in the manufacturing process of styrene/butadiene latex for use in carpet and paper industries. A gas chromatographic technique has been successfully developed for the measurement of TDM based on its sulfur content for material identification, trend analysis, or for the monitoring of un-reacted residual material in final products. The method employs low thermal mass gas chromatography (LTM-GC) and a dual-plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detector (DP-SCD) to attain a high degree of sensitivity and selectivity. Using the technique described, a detection limit in the range of 0.5 ppm (v/v) TDM and less than 1 min analysis time can be achieved. Response is linear over four orders of magnitude with high degree of repeatability of less than 5% RSD.     

Hyperdimensional NMR spectroscopy with nonlinear sampling

An approach is described for joint interleaved recording, real-time processing, and analysis of NMR data sets. The method employs multidimensional decomposition to find common information in a set of conventional triple-resonance spectra recorded in the nonlinear sampling mode, and builds a model of hyperdimensional (HD) spectrum. While preserving sensitivity per unit of measurement time and allowing for maximal spectral resolution, the approach reduces data collection time on average by 2 orders of magnitude compared to the conventional method. The 7-10 dimensional HD spectrum, which is represented as a set of deconvoluted 1D vectors, is easy to handle and amenable for automated analysis. The method is exemplified by automated assignment for two protein systems of low and high spectral complexity: ubiquitin (globular, 8 kDa) and zetacyt (naturally disordered, 13 kDa). The collection and backbone assignment of the data sets are achieved in real time after approximately 1 and 10 h, respectively. The approach removes the most critical time bottlenecks in data acquisition and analysis. Thus, it can significantly increase the value of NMR spectroscopy in structural biology, for example, in high-throughput structural genomics applications.     

Determination of the reference value of nitrogen mass fraction in the reference material of Polish soil

Ensuring a traceability and meaningful of a measurements is one of the most important stages of each analysis, each measurement. It is especially important for measurement of the environmental samples, like soil, which is a very complex matrix. A certified reference materials (CRMs) should be routinely used for this purpose. The paper discusses the procedure for preparation of the soil samples for certification as CRM. As for agricultural reasons there is a growing demand for CRMs regarding a nitrogen mass fraction in the Polish soil, we prepared such a material and established the reference value with associated measurement uncertainty. Homogeneity and stability of the material were shown to be appropriate for the intended purpose. The presented approach can also be used in a process of manufacture of a laboratory reference material, which can be used for a routine quality control.