超微电极实时监测植物细胞壁参与调控的单细胞活性氧爆发（英文）

植物细胞活性氧爆发在植物的抗病以及信号转导中起着非常重要的作用,植物内活性氧产生及代谢受到复杂而精确的机制调控,从而维持正常的活性氧水平以发挥其生理功能.然而,在单细胞水平开展活性氧爆发实时监测及其调控机制研究一直受到很大的挑战.本文以碳纤维微盘电极(CFMDE)为基底电极,利用Nafion的模板效应,采用电化学沉积法制得纳米铂颗粒修饰电极(NPt/Nafion/CFMDE);同时采用基于聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的软光刻技术,制备了一种高效固定植物悬浮细胞的琼脂糖阵列微孔芯片.使用NPt/Nafion/CFMDE实时监测了单个拟南芥原生质体活性氧爆发,并证明电化学监测活性氧的主要成分为过氧化氢.在此基础上,采用浅层培养法培养原生质体再生植物细胞壁.电化学监测结果表明,与单个原生质体相比,植物细胞在受到刺激时释放的过氧化氢量显著降低;然而当采用过氧化物酶抑制剂抑制植物细胞壁上过氧化物酶活性后,植物细胞释放过氧化氢量显著回升.研究结果表明,细胞壁在活性氧爆发过程具有很好的调控功能,可望促进植物细胞活性氧爆发及其调控机制的研究.     

光致清洁电极可见光在线更新与细胞实时监测

电化学传感器在用于细胞实时监测过程中,电极界面污染严重影响其检测性能.通过将纳米光催化剂与电化学传感材料复合,构建光致清洁电化学传感器,为电极界面的高效及无损更新提供了新思路.然而光催化产生的活性氧自由基导致细胞损伤,限制了细胞培养及检测过程中电极界面的实时更新.为此,我们在PEDOT@CdS/TiO₂/ITO可见光致更新电极表面旋涂明胶薄层,在保持电极良好的光致清洁和电化学传感性能同时,利用明胶薄层阻碍光催化产生的活性氧自由基扩散至细胞表面,显著降低了细胞损伤.此外,明胶优良的生物相容性有利于细胞的黏附及增殖.利用该电极,我们实现了人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）培养过程中,电极的在线更新以及细胞释放一氧化氮的实时监测.     

锆基金属有机框架纳米酶用于电化学检测过氧化氢的研究

以具有拟过氧化物酶活性的新型含锆金属有机框架(Zr-MOF)为修饰材料,以全氟聚苯乙烯磺酸溶液(Nafion)为稳定剂,使用滴涂法将材料修饰在玻碳电极(GCE)表面,制备用于过氧化氢(H_2O_2)检测的无酶电化学传感器(Nafion/Zr-MOF/GCE)。采用循环伏安法和计时电流法研究H_2O_2在修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果表明:该修饰电极对H_2O_2具有良好的电催化活性,可以明显增强H_2O_2的检测电流值,在浓度为1～45 mmol/L的范围内呈现出良好的线性关系,检出限为0.1 mmol/L。该电化学传感器成功应用于牙膏中H_2O_2含量的测定。     

电位调控电解质迁移过程的ToF-SIMS可视化研究

电子转移过程是电化学反应的核心,而构成电极反应的前提则是电活性物质在电极表面的迁移扩散.对电位调控下电解质迁移过程的观测,有助于对电极表面电化学反应机理进行更加深入的理解.以氯化钾溶液在金电极表面的迁移过程为研究模型,通过制备可用于高真空环境中的微流控电化学池,实现液体电化学飞行时间-二次离子质谱（ToF-SIMS）联用,用于氯化钾溶液在不同电极电位条件下迁移过程的实时监测.通过化学成像呈现不同电位下氯化钾溶液在金电极附近的分布情况,观测到K⁺与H⁺（H₂O）_n在施加-0.30 V电压后,在电极附近存在聚集,施加0.70 V电压后,电极附近处,两物种浓度明显降低.通过液体电化学ToF-SIMS联用,可实现电极调控作用下电解质迁移过程的原位监测,展现了带电粒子在电场作用下的宏观迁移过程,为电极-电解质界面的原位实时监测提供可视化的研究手段.     

Nafion/胆碱双层膜碳纤维电极探测小白鼠大脑内的多巴胺

制备了胆碱(Ch)共价键植的碳纤维电极(Ch/CFE),进而吸附涂敷一薄层Nafion膜得到了Nafion/Ch/CFE。以循环伏安(CV)法和差分脉冲伏安(DPV)法研究了该电极上多巴胺(DA)的电化学响应。使用DPV法,该电极能良好抵抗代谢产物3,4-二羟苯乙酸(DOPAC)和抗坏血酸(AA)的干扰而选择性测量DA。在1.0 mmol/L AA存在下,使用5 mm长Nafion/Ch/CFE测定DA,检出限(S/N=3)为0.1μmol/L;线性范围为0.4~16μmol/L。该电极适于活体监测。将该电极插入小白鼠大脑纹状体内,实时监测了神经递质DA的浓度及其变化,观察到DA水平由静脉注射药物左旋多巴(L-DOPA)后随时间的响应,并发现针刺激对应于中医"风府穴"的头部皮下组织可引起脑内DA的即时性脉冲释放。     

硫堇/Nafion/石墨烯修饰电极对NADH的电催化活性研究

为了提高电化学检测NADH的分析性能,制备了硫堇/Nafion/石墨烯修饰的玻碳电极(GCE),利用Nifion的强离子交换能力将硫堇修饰在电极表面,形成硫堇/Nafion/石墨烯复合电极.与裸玻碳电极相比,在NADH的反应中观察到了电位明显降低和电流响应显著增大.证实了硫堇/Nafion/石墨烯复合电极对NADH有协同的电催化能力.为构造有效地检测NADH的电化学传感器提供一个良好的应用平台.     

基于ZIF-8电化学传感器构建及用于检测饮料中新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮

采用电泳沉积法,成功在玻碳电极（GCE）表面制备了一层ZIF-8材料薄膜,再在其表面滴涂一层全氟化树脂溶液（Nafion）,形成ZIF-8/Nafion复合膜,用于构建检测高倍甜味剂新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮（NHDC）的电化学传感器。利用电化学交流阻抗（EIS）技术对该传感器进行表征,采用循环伏安法（CV）研究NHDC在ZIF-8/Nafion电极表面的电化学行为,并优化实验条件。NHDC在ZIF-8/Nafion膜上有灵敏的响应。采用差分脉冲伏安法（DPV）建立了定量检测NHDC的方法,方法线性范围为0.16～160μmol/L,检出限为56 nmol/L。该方法检测饮料中NHDC的加标回收率范围为99.0%～101.3%。     

基于表面活性剂单分子层修饰碳糊电极的一氧化氮电化学传感器及其应用

报道了一种表面活性剂单分子层修饰碳糊电极,并用于NO的高灵敏电化学检测。研究表明,表面活性剂通过烷基链在电极表面形成的疏水性单分子层微环境对NO的电化学响应具有较好的促进作用。其中,阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对NO的电化学氧化表现出最强的催化活性和增敏作用。在Nafion膜覆盖的CTAB修饰碳糊电极上,NO的安培响应与其浓度在3.6×10-8～1.8×10-5mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.8×10-8mol/L。该电极作为低成本、高灵敏的NO电化学传感器,被成功应用于大鼠肺组织细胞中NO释放的实时监测。     

Nafion含量与阴离子吸附对于铂单原子层核壳结构催化剂制备的影响

本实验利用铜的欠电位沉积技术,在旋转圆盘电极上以碳负载的钯纳米颗粒为核,制备铂单原子层核壳结构催化剂. 电化学测试用于表征不同Nafion含量的添加对于核壳结构催化剂制备的影响. 实验证明,Nafion的存在会影响铜的欠电位沉积,铂与铜的置换反应,并决定最终制备的核壳结构催化剂的氧还原催化反应的活性. 当催化剂薄层中Nafion的含量低于5%的时候,添加Nafion不但可以帮助催化剂附着在旋转圆盘电极表面,而且可以保证制备的催化剂具有较好的氧还原反应催化活性. 在H₂SO₄溶液中,钯纳米颗粒的表面存在特殊的阴离子吸/脱附电化学信号峰,这些信号峰可以用来监测Nafion含量对于铂单原子层核壳结构催化剂制备的影响.     

联吡啶钌/氮掺杂石墨烯/Nafion复合修饰电极电化学分析盐酸异丙嗪的研究

本文采用电化学性能独特的联吡啶钌(Ru(bpy)32+)、氮掺杂石墨烯(NG)和Nafion膜构建了一种新型的盐酸异丙嗪电化学传感器。采用红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜对氮掺杂石墨烯的形貌进行了表征。在Nafion膜中添加导电性好、比表面积大的氮掺杂石墨烯可以增加电子传递速度并且可以防止联吡啶钌扩散到Nafion膜的非电活性区域而增加电极使用寿命。在p H 7.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,盐酸异丙嗪在Ru(bpy)32+/NG/Nafion修饰电极上的循环伏安曲线表明,与单一的裸玻碳电极、Ru(bpy)32+/Nafion修饰电极以及NG/Nafion修饰电极相比,该修饰电极使盐酸异丙嗪得氧化峰电流显著增加,而峰电位明显负移,表明采用Ru(bpy)32+/NG/Nafion膜制备的复合修饰电极对盐酸异丙嗪呈现出较强的电化学催化作用。优化实验条件后,发现在1.0×10-6mol·L-1~1.0×10-4mol·L-1.浓度范围内,盐酸异丙嗪的氧化峰电流与其浓度呈良好的线性关系,检测限为3.6×10-7mol·L-1。而且该电极的重现性、稳定性和选择性良好,采用标准加入法可成功用于商业盐酸异丙嗪注射液中盐酸异丙嗪的测定。     

Fast Antioxidation Kinetics of Glutathione Intracellularly Monitored by a Dual-Wire Nanosensor

The glutathione (GSH) system is one of the most powerful intracellular antioxidant systems for the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. However, the rapid kinetics information (at the millisecond to the second level) during the dynamic antioxidation process of the GSH system remains unclear. As such, we specifically developed a novel dual-wire nanosensor (DWNS) that can selectively and synchronously measure the levels of GSH and ROS with high temporal resolution, and applied it to monitor the transient ROS generation as well as the rapid antioxidation process of the GSH system in individual cancer cells. These measurements revealed that the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the GSH system is rapidly initiated against ROS burst in a sub-second time scale, but the elimination process is short-lived, ending after a few seconds, while some ROS are still present in the cells. This study is expected to open new perspectives for understanding the GSH antioxidant system and studying some redox imbalance-related physiological.     

芯片毛细管电泳评估脂质体介导超氧化物歧化酶减低细胞内氧化应激

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)可用作抗氧化的药物。它能催化并清除细胞内的活性氧组分(ROS),保护细胞免受自由基的氧化破坏。但是由于SOD分子量较大,难以透过细胞膜进入细胞内,显著降低了SOD的药效。本研究用激光共聚焦荧光显微镜拍摄的荧光图像说明,纳米脂质体可介导SOD进入细胞。用芯片毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光分析法(MCE-LIF)测定单细胞中ROS和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的荧光信号强度,评估了用脂质体包裹的SOD与细胞作用的抗氧化效果。用脂质体包裹的SOD与肝癌细胞共培养2h,与直接用SOD作用于肝癌细胞相比较,细胞内ROS明显降低,GSH明显提高。实验结果说明,用脂质体包裹SOD是一种减低细胞内氧化应激的有效给药途径。     

Optical probes for detection and quantification of neutrophils’ oxidative burst. A review

Neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), are the most common type of white blood cells, comprising about 50-70% of all white blood cells. In the event of inflammatory processes, neutrophils display increased mobility, tissue influx ability, prolonged life span, and an increased phagocytic capacity, constituting the initial participants in the cellular defense of the organism. One of the most important defense systems of neutrophils corresponds to their ability to mediate a strong oxidative burst through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). While oxidative burst is important for the elimination of invading microorganisms, the overproduction of ROS and RNS or the impairment of endogenous antioxidant defenses may result to detrimental effects to the host. The nature and the extent of ROS and RNS production by neutrophils in response to different stimuli is, consequently, a matter of extensive research, with scientific reports showing an enormous variability on the detection methodologies employed. This review attempts to provide a critical assessment of the most common approaches to identify and quantify reactive species formed during the neutrophils’ oxidative burst. The detection mechanisms and performance, as well as advantages and limitations of the different methodologies, are scrutinized, focusing on the use of fluorimetric, chemiluminometric and colorimetric probes.     

High-throughput determination of glutathione and reactive oxygen species in single cells based on fluorescence images in a microchannel

A novel high-throughput method is presented based on fluorescence images of cells in a microchannel for determination of glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside single cells. We first present a method to determine GSH and ROS separately, in which GSH in cells is derivatized by 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde (NDA), and intracellular ROS is labeled using dihydrorhodamine 123. The cells with either fluorescent derivatized GSH or fluorescent labeled ROS are introduced into a microchannel and fluorescence images of every moving cell in the microchannel are taken continuously using a highly sensitive thermoelectrically cooled electron-multiplying CCD. The fluorescence intensities of the images correspond to the masses of GSH or ROS. An average detection rate of 80-120 cells/min is achieved. We then propose a method for simultaneously determining GSH and ROS, in which ROS is first labeled in the cells. The labeled cells are then introduced into the whole channel and allowed to immobilize onto the glass substrate. The fluorescence images of all the cells in the channel are taken. NDA is then introduced into the channel to derivatize the GSH in the immobilized cells, and fluorescence images of all cells are taken again. An average analysis rate of 20 cells/min is achieved. The masses of GSH and ROS in the single cells can be obtained from the fluorescence intensities of the images using their calibration curves. Since the cells are not lysed, there is no problem with adsorption of biological macromolecules and cellular debris on the channel wall, so that channel treatment, necessary in usual single-cell analysis techniques using CE and microchip electrophoresis, is no longer necessary. For single global cells, this method can also be used to determine the concentrations of ROS and GSH, which has not been reported previously. The concentrations of ROS and GSH in single global cells can be calculated from the determined masses and the cell volume (derived from the diameter of the round fluorescence image of the derivatized GSH). For gastric cancer cells, the concentrations of GSH and ROS are in the range 0.35x10(-3)-1.3x10(-3) mol/L and 0.77x10(-) (6)-1.5x10(-6) mol/L, respectively.     

基于局部高盐界面润湿策略构筑的固态金属锂软包电池

固态金属锂电池因其优异的安全性和高的理论能量密度被认为是最具前景的下一代储能电池体系之一。随着以硫化物为代表的高离子导率电解质被逐渐开发,金属锂与固态电解质界面成为限制固态电池应用的主要瓶颈。金属锂/电解质的固固界面存在着界面接触差、界面电荷传输阻力高等问题。本文以固态金属锂软包电池为研究对象,通过由1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2,2,3,3-四氟丙基醚、乙二醇二甲醚与双三氟磺酰亚胺锂组成的局部高盐液态电解液(HFE-DME LiTFSI)对金属锂/固态电解质界面进行润湿,增加金属锂与固态电解质之间的离子接触,降低离子传输阻力,从而提高锂离子在界面的传输能力。在30 mm×30 mm Li|Li4Ti5O12(LTO)固态软包电池中,通过3.0μL·cm^?2 HFE-DME LiTFSI局部高盐液态电解液润湿金属锂与固态电解质界面,软包电池的界面电阻从4366Ω·cm^?2降低到了64Ω·cm^?2。在0.1C与0.5C倍率下,LTO的放电比容量分别达到107与96 mAh·g^?1。同时,Li-S固态软包电池在0.01C及0.02C下,比容量也达到了1100与932 mAh·g^?1。     

Electrochemical detection in a microfluidic device of oxidative stress generated by macrophage cells

The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS), i.e., the initial phase of oxidative stress, by macrophage cells has been studied by electrochemistry within a microfluidic device. Macrophages were first cultured into a detection chamber containing the three electrodes system and were subsequently stimulated by the microinjection of a calcium ionophore (A23187). Their production of ROS and RNS was then measured by amperometry at the surface of a platinized microelectrode. The fabricated microfluidic device provides an accurate measurement of oxidative release kinetics with an excellent reproducibility. We believe that such a method is simple and versatile for a number of advanced applications based on the detection of biological processes of secretion by a few or even a single living cell.     

Effects of NAC and Gallic Acid on the Proliferation Inhibition and Induced Death of Lung Cancer Cells with Different Antioxidant Capacities

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a recognized antioxidant in culture studies and treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases, but in some cases, NAC is a pro-oxidant. To study the effect of NAC on cell proliferation in the presence or absence of ROS stress, we used the stable ROS generator gallic acid (GA) to treat CL1-0 lung cancer cell models with different antioxidant activities. Different antioxidant activities were achieved through the ectopic expression of different PERP-428 single nucleotide polymorphisms. GA increased ROS levels in CL1-0/PERP-428C cells and caused cell death but had no effect on CL1-0/PERP-428G cells within 24 h. We found that 0.1 mM NAC eliminated GA-induced growth inhibition, but 0.5 mM NAC enhanced GA-induced CL1-0/PERP-428C cell death. However, in the absence of GA, NAC exceeding 2 mM inhibited the growth of CL1-0/PERP-428G cells more significantly than that of CL1-0/PERP-428C cells. Without GA, NAC has an antioxidant effect. Under GA-induced ROS stress, NAC may have pro-oxidant effects. Each cell type has a unique range of ROS levels for survival. The levels of ROS in the cell determines the sensitivity of the cell to an antioxidant or pro-oxidant. Cells with different antioxidant capacities were used to show that the intracellular ROS level affects NAC function and provides valuable information for the adjuvant clinical application of NAC.     

Up-regulation of defense enzymes is responsible for low reactive oxygen species in malignant prostate cancer cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in a diversity of important phenomena in the process of tumor development. To investigate the alterations of oxidative stress and their related systems in tumor progression, a variety of components in the antioxidative stress defense system were examined in prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and LNCaP. Cell surface molecules involved in metastasis were expressed highly in PC3 cells compared with LNCaP cells, and strong invasion ability was shown in PC3 cells only. ROS level in LNCaP cells was twice higher than that in PC3 cells, although nitric oxide (NO) level was similar between the two cell lines. The content of GSH increased up to about 2-fold in PC3 compared with LNCaP. Activities of glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione S-transferase except catalase are significantly higher in PC3 cells than in LNCaP cells. Furthermore, oxidative stress-inducing agents caused down-regulation of GSH and glutathione S-transferase much more significantly in LNCaP cells than in PC3 cells. These results imply that malignant tumor cells may maintain low ROS content by preserving relatively high anti-oxidative capacity, even in the presence of stressful agents.     

Application of the chemiluminescence systems to evaluate the role of Fcgamma and complement receptors in stimulating the oxidative burst in neutrophils

We have established a luminol- and a lucigenin-dependent CL methods to investigate the role of the receptors for Fc portion of IgG (FcgammaR) and/or complement receptors (CR) in mediating the oxidative burst in neutrophils from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared with healthy controls. In the luminol-CL system, all the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for light production, whereas in the lucigenin-CL system, only the first ROS generated, converts the lucigenin into an unstable intermediate molecule, which also emits light. First, neutrophils from healthy controls and SLE patients were stimulated with different IC opsonized or not with complement from normal human serum (NHS) or SLE serum, in presence of 10(-4) M luminol. This method was able to differentiate the role of the FcgammaR, CR and FcgammaR/CR co-operation in mediating the oxidative burst, as well as show that the oxidative burst mediated by these receptors was reduced in neutrophils from SLE patients. Second, neutrophils from healthy controls and SLE patients were stimulated with different IC, opsonized or not with NHS, in presence of 10(-3) M lucigenin. In this case, the lucigenin-CL system was also able to differentiate the role of FcgammaR and FcgammaR/CR co-operation, as well as show differences among healthy controls and two different groups of SLE patients according to their clinical manifestations. In conclusion, we have established two sensitive CL systems to study the role of FcgammaR and/or CR in stimulating the oxidative burst of neutrophils, which can be applied in monitoring the involvement of these receptors in the immunopathogenesis of SLE.