伪可变体系的几何构造分析

伪可变体系几何可变性的研究，对轻型结构的设计分析已变得十分重要，本文先分析能量与平衡之间的普遍关系，进而得出判定体系可变性的能量准则。通过拉格朗日乘子的引入，建立能量泛函，得出判定极值的二次型。然后证明了乘积力法与能量法的一致性，并讨论了宜于计算机分析实现的矩阵表示方法。结果表明，若二次型确定，则体系伪可变；当关确定时，体系部分可变部分可变；否则体系含二阶以上的无究小机构。     

伪可变复杂系统的计算机识别方法

伪可变体系是介于常可变与不变体系间的一种结构，通常其识别较为复杂。本文基于计算机分析方法，讨论了伪可变复杂系统的两种判别程序。首先给出仅有一个自内力模态下，简单情形的识别过程。然后分析迭代判别法在判定伪可变复杂系统中的应用。最后提出多阶段自内力模态识别法，结果表明这一方法通常要比迭代法简便得多。本研究结果有助于对现代预应力结构体系的研究．     

伪可变复杂系统的计算机识别方法

伪可变体系是介于常可变与不变体系间的一种结构，通常其识别较为复杂。本文基于计算机分析方法，讨论了伪可变复系统的两种判别程序，首先给出仅有一个自内力模态下，简单情形的识别过程，然后分析迭代判别在判定伪可变复杂系统中的应用。最后提出多阶段自内力模态识别法，结果表明这一方法通常要比迭代法简便得多。本研究结果有助于对现代预应力结构体系的研究。     

空间几何构造分析的有限单元法

提出空间杆系几何构造分析的有限单元法，构造了两种单元(链杆单元和准梁单元)的几何约束矩阵，集成为整体矩阵并引入承条件后，通过对其阶数与秩的比较分析确定体系的几何可变性及静定性．本法原理简单，便于计算机实施，结果完备：对于几何不变体系，可指出多余约束的数目；对于几何可变体系，可给出体系的自由度数及相应的运动模态，并确定自由度的常变瞬变性质．     

中心与焦点判定问题的V函数法

结合Lyapunov稳定性理论和非线性微分方程的线性化分析方法，将Lyapunov函数应用于中心与焦点的判定问题，提出并证明了判定中心和焦点的V函数法。通过对一个非线性二次系统的分析，将V函数法与后继函数法进行了比较。比较结果表明用V函数法解决中心与焦点的判定问题是有效的，而且更方便快捷。     

压缩简支矩形板二次屈曲和二次分枝点分析

本文是在矩形板后屈曲平衡路径已经确定的基础上,运用能量法和参数摄动法研究矩形板二次屈曲和二次分枝点的问题。本文提出用特征方程描述矩形板二次屈曲的方法,对具有后屈曲稳定性态弹性结构的二次屈曲分析有一定的普遍意义。     

数字全息干涉相位导数计算的研究

应变测量对材料评估与分析非常重要。通过计算数字全息干涉的相位导数可实现应变测量。本文针对数字全息干涉相位导数提取问题,对数字剪切法和基于二维伪维格纳法进行研究。数字剪切法通过对干涉复相量的数字平移实现剪切,确定干涉相位导数,而二维伪维格纳法则通过对干涉复相量的二维伪维格纳分布变换,由变换模极值对应的频域参数确定相位导数。数字剪切法需干涉复相量的数字剪切过程,还需相位去包裹。由于激光散斑噪声的影响,直接数字剪切法处理效果较差,通过对剪切干涉复相量滤波,能较好消除散斑噪声影响。二维伪维格纳法无需数字剪切和相位去包裹,就可同时得到2个方向的干涉相位导数,但处理时间较长,处理效果较差。最后,用数字全息干涉法对四周固定、中心加载铝圆盘进行了实际测量,并分别用数字剪切法和二维伪维格纳法进行了分析。结果表明,滤波数字剪切法处理时间适中,处理效果较好。     

压电材料中三维I型断裂力学分析

讨论了不可导通情况下三维横观各向刚性压电材料中受拉伸和电载荷作用的平片裂纹Ⅰ型断裂力学问题．使用自限部分概念，从二维线性压电理论出发，严格得到了一组以裂纹面位移间断和电势间断为未知变量的超奇异积分方程组；应用二维超奇异积分的主部分析法，从理论上分析得到了裂纹前沿应力和电势奇性指数以及应力和电位移奇性场，从而找到了以裂纹面位移间断和电势间断表示的应力和电位移强度因子、能量释放率表达式；为所得到的超奇异积分方程组建立了数值法，并用此计算了若干典型的平片裂纹问题，数值结果令人满意．     

平面曲轴八缸Ⅴ型内燃机二阶往复惯性力二轴平衡法分析

前文[1]曾引用“四轴概念”分析平面曲轴8缸v型内燃机二阶往复惯性力的平衡方案,得出了一些结果;但除夹角r=60°一例之外,其余均须用四根轴才能达到平衡,因而本文把已得出的结果再作简化.简化工作分为两部分,一部分是为较小夹角的,例如专为区间0≤r≤π/3的;一部分是为较大夹角区间π/3≤r≤π的. 本文的二轴平衡法并非径用二轴概念入手进行分析,而是利用理论力学力系变换原理由四轴平衡体系~[1,2]简化出二轴平衡体系.后者可弥为“四轴平衡”的“二轴当量”,因为它们的平衡效应是相等的;文中有时叫做“二轴平衡当量”.     

笛沙格定理的结构力学分析再证明

结构力学中的几何组成分析方法与射影几何存在深刻的内蕴关系. 这种内蕴关系可以被用于笛沙格定理的证明. 通过构造一种特殊的杆件体系,从几何组成分析与受力分析两个角度进行分析,采用“算两次思想”分别得出杆件体系几何可变分别与笛沙格定理的条件与结论等价,从而证明笛沙格定理与其逆定理.     

A linearized theory of elastic dielectrics which couples electrically to flexural vibrations

Assuming that the free energy depends on the deformation gradient and the spatial electric field, we derive the expressions for the Cauchy stress tensor and the spatial electric displacement from an observer invariant quadratic form of the free energy via the strict definitions of these quantities. Specific forms of the Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor and the material electric displacement are then deduced and linearized in a particular sense. As an application of the resulting theory, we formulate the problem of an electrically driven disc within the context of the classical bending theory of thin plates. The material of the disc is assumed to have at most the symmetry of a hexagonal system of classC _6v.The resulting coupled differential equations for the axial mechanical displacement of the middle surface and the material electric potential indicate that the problem is not empty. This result is of particular interest in view of the fact that it is generally held that the classical theory of piezoelectricity does not permit such couplings to occur.     

Dynamic finite element with diagonalized consistent mass matrix and elastic-plastic impact calculation

There are some common difficulties encountered in elastic-plastic impact codes such as EPIC^[1,2], NONSAP^[3] etc. Most of these codes use the simple linear functions usually taken from static problems to represent the displacement components. In such finite element formulation, the strain and stress components are constants in every element. In the equations of motion, the stress components in general appear in the form of their space derivatives. Thus, if we use such form functions to represent the displacement components, the effect of internal stresses to the equations of motion vanishes identically. The usual practice to overcome such difficulties is to establish as self-equilibrium system of internal forces acting on various nodal points by means of transforming equations of motion into variational form of energy relation through the application of virtual displacement principle. The nodal acceleration is then calculated from the total force acting on this node from all the neighbouring elements. The transformation of virtual displacement principle into the variational energy form is performed on the bases of continuity conditions of stress and displacement throughout the integrated space. That is to say, on the interface boundary of finite element, the assumed displacement and stress functions should be conformed. However, it is easily seen that, for linear form function of finite element calculation, the displacement continues everywhere, but not the stress components. Thus, the convergence of such kind of finite element computation is open to question. This kind of treatment has never been justified even in approximation sense. Furthermore, the calculation of nodal points needs a rule to calculate the mass matrix. There are two ways to establish mass matrix, namely lumped mass method and consistent mass method [4]. The consistent mass matrix can be obtained naturally through finite element formulation, which is consistent to the assumed form functions. However, the resulting consistent mass matrix is not in diagonalized form, which is inconvenient for numerical computation. For most codes, the lumped mass matrix is used, and in this case, the element mass is distributed in certain assumed proportions to all the nodal points of this element. The lumped mass matrix is diagonalized with diagonal terms composed of the nodal mass. However, the lumped mass assumption has never been justified. All these difficulties are originated from the simple linear form functions usually used in static problems.In this paper, we introduce a new quadratic form function for elastic-plastic impact problems. This quadratic form function possesses diagonalized consistent mass matrix, and non-vanishing effect of internal stress to the equations of motion. Thus with this kind of dynamic finite element, all above-said difficulties can be eliminated.     

Conditions of stability and instability for a pair of arbitrarily stratified compressible fluids in an arbitrary non-uniform gravity field

The work continues and develops authors’ previous investigation of stability in the small for a two-layer system of inhomogeneous compressible fluids in the uniform gravity field. Here we present a solution of a similar problem in the case of arbitrary non-uniform potential gravity field. The equilibrium stratification of both density and elastic properties of the fluids is supposed arbitrary, as well as the shape of open on top reservoir filled by the fluids. The problem of stability of equilibrium is analyzed as the corresponding problem for the non-linearly elastic bodies, basing on the static energy criterion with regard for the boundary conditions at all parts of the boundary. The crucial element of the analysis is conversion of the quadratic functional of second variation of total potential energy of the system into a “canonical” form that enables to determine its sign. Making use of this canonical form, we obtain almost coinciding with each other necessary and sufficient conditions for stability (those being valid also for an arbitrary number of layers).     

Energy and dissipation of inhomogeneous plane waves in thermoelasticity

Inhomogeneous small-amplitude plane waves of (complex) frequency ω are propagated through a linear dissipative material. For thermoelasticity we derive an energy-dissipation equation that contains all the quadratic dependence on the field quantities, see Eq. (10). In addition, we derive a new energy-dissipation equation (Eq. (22)) involving the total energy density which contains terms linear in the field quantities as well as the usual quadratic terms. The terms quadratic in the small quantities in the energy density, energy flux and dissipation give rise to inhomogeneous plane waves of frequency 2ω and to (attenuated) constant terms. Usually these quadratic quantities are time-averaged and only the attenuated constant terms remain. We derive a new result in thermoelasticity for these terms, see Eq. (54). The present innovation is to retain the terms of frequency 2ω, since they are comparable in magnitude to the attenuated constant terms, and a new result, see Eq. (44), is derived for a general energy-dissipation equation that connects the amplitudes of the terms of the energy density, energy flux and dissipation that have frequency 2ω. Furthermore, for dissipative waves or inhomogeneous conservative waves the (complex) group velocity is related to these amplitudes rather than to the attenuated constant terms as it is for homogeneous waves in conservative materials.     

Energy change due to the appearance of cavities in elastic solids

The paper presents an overview of the problem of assessing an increment of strain energy due to the appearance of small cavities in elastic solids. The following approaches are discussed: the compound asymptotic method by Mazja et al., the Eshelby-like method used in the classical works on the mechanics of composites, the homogenization method, and the topological derivative method proposed by Sokołowski and Żochowski. The increment of energy is expressed by a quadratic form with respect to strains referring to the virgin solid. All the methods lead to the same formula for the increment of energy. It is expressed by a quadratic form with respect to strains referring to the virgin solid. This quadratic form turns out to be unconditionally positive definite. Explicit formulae are derived for an elliptical hole and for a spherical cavity. The results derived determine the characteristic function of the bubble method of the optimal shape design of elastic 2D and 3D structures.     

Elliptical inhomogeneity with polynomial eigenstrains embedded in orthotropic materials

A closed-form solution for elastic field of an elliptical inhomogeneity with polynomial eigenstrains in orthotropic media having complex roots is presented. The distribution of eigenstrains is assumed to be in the form of quadratic functions in Cartesian coordinates of the points of the inhomogeneity. Elastic energy of inhomogeneity–matrix system is expressed in terms of 18 real unknown coefficients that are analytically evaluated by means of the principle of minimum potential energy and the corresponding elastic field in the inhomogeneity is obtained. Results indicate that quadratic terms in the eigenstrains induce zeroth-order elastic strain components, which reflect the coupling effect of the zeroth- and second-order terms in the polynomial expressions on the elastic field. In contrast, the first-order terms in the eigenstrains only produce corresponding elastic fields in the form of the first-order terms. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the normal and shear stresses at the interface between the inhomogeneity and the matrix. Furthermore, the solution reduces to known results for the special cases.     

On nonlinear vibrations of a heavy mass point on a spring

We present a complete study of small nonlinear vibrations of a swinging spring with a nonlinear dependence of the spring tension on its elongation. We use the Hamiltonian normal form method. The Hamiltonian normal form profitably differs from the general normal form of differential equations, because it has an additional integral. To reduce the Hamiltonian to normal form, we use the invariant normalization method, which significantly reduces the computations. The normal form asymptotics are obtained by successively calculating the quadratures in the same way for both resonance and nonresonance cases. The solutions of Hamiltonian equations in normal form showed that the periodic change of vibrations from vertical to horizontal modes and vice versa occurs only in the case of 1:1 and 2:1 resonances. In the case of 2:1 resonance, this effect manifests itself in the quadratic terms of the equation, and in the case of 1:1 resonance, it manifests itself if the cubic terms are taken into account. In all other cases, both in the case of resonance and without any resonance, the vibrations occur at two constant frequencies, which slightly differ from the linear approximation frequencies. In the case of 2:1 resonance, we found the maximum frequency detuning at which the effect of the energy pumping from one vibration mode to another disappears. 1:1 resonance is physically possible only for a spring with a negative cubic additional term in the strain law.     

Energy integrals for mechanical systems with nonlinear nonholonomic constraints

The work analyzes energy relations for nonholonomic systems, whose motion is restricted by nonlinear nonholonomic constraints. For the mechanical systems with linear constraints, the analysis of energy relations was carried out in [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] …. On the basis of corresponding Lagrange’s equations, a general law of the change in energy dε/dt is formulated for mentioned systems by the help of which it is shown that there are two types of the laws of conservation of energy, depending on the structure of elementary work of the forces of constraint reactions. Also, the condition for existing the second type of the law of conservation of energy is formulated in the form of the system of partial differential equations. The obtained results are illustrated by a model of nonholonomic mechanical system.     

Gas bubble oscillations in a fluid in the presence of 2:1 resonance between the radial and deformation oscillation frequencies

Small nonlinear oscillations of an ellipsoidal bubble in a fluid in the presence of 2:1 frequency resonance between the radial and ellipsoidal modes are considered. The equations of motion are reduced to Hamiltonian form. The quadratic and cubic terms are taken into account in the expansion of the Hamiltonian. The Hamilton function is transformed to the normal form using the invariant normalization method in the first approximation. This makes it possible to construct an analogy between the system considered and the well-known problem of a pendulous spring. The radial and ellipsoidal bubble oscillation modes correspond to the vertical and horizontal coordinates of a material point, respectively. In the absence of resonance the solution of the nonlinear equations differs from the solution of the linear equations by only a small (quadratic in the amplitude) change in the oscillation frequency. In the resonance case the radial and ellipsoidal oscillation modes periodically change places and the energy of one mode is converted into that of the other. The interest in the system in resonance is associated with precisely this fact. The question of the dissipation effect in real media is considered. The decay rate depends significantly on the physical properties of the material and, in certain special cases, can be small enough for the energy transfer effect to manifest itself.