Characterization of the PVC phenomena in the exhaust of a cyclone dust separator

A laboratory scale cyclone dust separator with swirl numbers varying from 3.043 to 1.790 was used to examine the effects of different downstream pipework configurations, flowrates and swirl numbers upon the size, shape, and position of the precessing vortex core. Also examined was the effect the precessing vortex core had on the reverse flow zone, and the relationship between the two. It was concluded that the reverse flow zone displaced the central vortex core to create the precessing vortex core. The reverse flow zone would then provide feedback for the precessing vortex core, and precess around the central axis about 30 degrees behind the precessing vortex core (P.V.C). The size and position of the P.V.C was effected by changes in Reynolds number, and any additions of downstream systems to the cyclone would also affect the strength of the P.V.C. The P.V.C would squeeze and accelerate the flow through a constriction set up between the outer limits of the core and of the exit diameter wall. Spiral engulfment vortices were produced on the outside of the flow and served as the initial entrainment mechanism for external flow. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance provided by British Petroleum for this research. P. Yazdabadi acknowledges the award of a SERC Total Technology studentship.     

THEORETICAL NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF A BIOMIMETIC TUNABLE LENS DRIVEN BY DIELECTRIC ELASTOMER 1)

介电弹性体 (dielectric elastomer) 是电活性聚合物智能材料的一种,在外加电场作用下,可产生多种形式的响应.在驱动柔性透镜的变焦方面,相对于传统的机械操控变焦方法 显示出独特的优势.针对一款在电压激励下可高效调节焦距的介电弹性体仿人眼变焦透镜,该透镜由上下两层介电弹性薄膜和固定框架构成,并在封闭腔内充入盐水,上层薄膜涂覆环形柔性电极.在电压激励下,上层膜发生变形,由于盐水的体积保持恒定,引 起下层膜随之变形,使得透镜的焦距发生改变.采用 neo-Hookean 模型,利用变分原理导出了该透镜的控制方程、边界条件和连 续条件.利用打靶法求解了该非线性问题并高效地处理了非线性问题的界面连续条件. 理论分析结果与实验结果相吻合. 利用此模型开展了广泛的参数分析,研究表明,透镜的几何形状、初始焦距、介电弹性体薄膜的预拉伸率、涂覆的电极面积、材料的剪切模量等对透镜焦距的调节性能都有重要的影响.所建立的理论分析模型可为柔性仿生透镜的设计和参数优化提供有效的分析方法.     

Un modèle discret du couplage entre les fils dans une structure tisséeA discrete model for the coupling between the yarns in a woven fabric

The coupling between yarns in a piece of fabric has been analysed at the mesoscopic scale, in terms of its impact on the macroscopic unidirectional behaviour. Starting from a discrete model of a woven structure associated to a variational formulation of the equilibrium of the structure, the coupling between both yarns is introduced, the potential energy of which is calculated. The initial shape of the yarn, represented by a planar undulated beam supposed to be periodic, is described by a Fourier series. The coefficients of the series are expressed vs. the contact force exerted at the top of the undulations, and vs. the mechanical properties of the solicited yarn. The contact force is then expressed vs. the mechanical properties of the transverse yarn and vs. the vertical displacement of the contact point. The potential energy of the coupling is then built, assuming the continuity of the displacement at the contact points. The equilibrium shape of the yarn submitted to unidirectional traction is obtained numerically as the minimum of the total potential energy. The simulated traction curve reproduces in a satisfactorily manner the observed behaviour. The respective contributions of the flexional and extensional effects of the yarn are analysed. The consideration of the coupling enhances the rigidity of the response of the yarn; one demonstrates the effect of the geometrical and mechanical parameters of the transverse yarn. To cite this article: B. Ben Boubaker et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Surface finish of open holes on fatigue life

In this paper, the effect of surface finish of open holes on the fatigue life has been studied. Four defects of the surface finish are simulated. They are scratch, void, inclusion and roundness. Firstly, the effect of the four defects on the stress distributions around the holes has been studied by the finite element method (FEM). The fatigue lives are determined based on the stress distributions by the method of nominal stress approach. The results show that the fatigue lives are dependent on the quantity of the surface finished. There are the critical defect values of scratch, void and inclusion, smaller than which there is no effect of the surface finish on the fatigue life. For these three defects, the fatigue lives decrease with the increasing of the values of the defects. It is the same to the defect of roundness, e.g. the bigger roundness tolerance is, the shorter the life is. Further, an approximate quadratic curve has been found for the relationship between the roundness tolerances and their logarithmic fatigue lives.     

页岩气致密储层渗流模型及压裂直井产能分析

页岩气储层中存在大量的纳微米孔隙,其中气体的流动规律不同于常规气藏. 文章考虑克努森扩散及解吸作用的影响,建立页岩气稳态条件下产能公式,利用渗流阻力法得到了页岩气储层压裂直井产能方程.结合生产实例,进行了数值模拟计算. 结果表明：当裂缝导流能力达到0.12μm²·cm 后,产气量增幅减小,由此对裂缝导流能力进行优化. 游离气产量占总产气量的85%～90%,游离气对总产气量贡献较大. 该模型为页岩气产能预测及开发指标优化提供了理论依据.     

二维稳定流形的自适应推进算法

稳定和不稳定流形是研究动力系统全局特性的重要工具. 一般系统的稳定和不稳定流形的曲率在全局范围内会有明显变化,应根据流形曲率的变化采用不同尺寸的网格单元计算全局流形. 然而在现有二维流形算法中,流形网格单元的尺寸在全局范围内是统一的. 为持续有效地计算全局稳定流形,提高计算网格对流形曲率变化的适应性. 本文在偏微分方程算法的基础上提出一种二维稳定流形的自适应推进算法. 该算法的基本思想是根据稳定流形曲率的变化自适应地调整网格单元的尺寸. 该算法首先在系统的稳定特征子空间中确定稳定流形的一个初始估计,该初始估计的网格单元尺寸设置为初始大小. 然后根据稳定流形网格前沿的曲率特点自适应地产生新的备选网格单元,继而根据相切性条件更新备选点的坐标,并将距离平衡点最近的备选点接受为已知点,最后更新稳定流形网格的前沿并自适应地产生新的备选网格单元,通过这个迭代过程使流形网格自适应地向前推进. 本文算法通过引入流形单元尺寸自适应,成功实现了洛伦兹流形和类球面流形的计算,并与偏微分方程算法进行了对比,结果表明自适应推进算法的流形计算单元的尺寸可在全局范围内根据流形曲率自适应地调整. 利用自适应推进算法计算二维稳定流形,可实现稳定流形的自适应推进.      

Influence of the hall effect on hypersonic flow past a wedge

This paper deals with the problem of the steady-state hypersonic flow of an inviscid compressible gas past a wedge. Inside the wedge a magnetic field is excited in a direction perpendicular to the generator. The flow in the region of perturbation is investigated on the basis of the ordinary equations of magnetohydrodynamics and Ohm's law, written for the case where the Hall effect is taken into account. The system of equations obtained has been solved numerically on a computer by the method of finite differences. The results show that for the given problem the Hall effect intensifies the magnetohydrodynamic action of the magnetic field on the flow. M. D. Ladyzhenskii [1] has also studied hypersonic flow past bodies from inside which a magnetic field is excited. He has investigated the influence of a strong magnetic field on the flow for the case where the Hall effect is neglected. The object of the present study is to determine the importance of the Hall effect.The author wishes to thank M. D. Ladyzhenskii for formulating the problem and discussing the progress of the work.     

一种检测塑性变形的新方法

与仅仅承受弹性变形时不同,当金属试件承受塑性变形或发生疲劳损伤时,内部微观晶粒滑移位错等会导致表面粗糙化。此时其镜面反射能力减弱,漫反射能力增强。据此提出了一种检测试件弹塑性边界和塑性变形程度的新方法。承受均匀拉伸的金属试件被普通光源沿斜向照明,载荷按预定方式逐渐增加。用CCD摄像机沿试件法线方向记录板材试件表面的亮度变化,这些亮度分布摄像机可按一定频率采集以实时图像形式记录下来。我们提出了下述简单直观的方法来分析图像数据。根据实际情况适当选择一个阈值,定义图像中灰度高于阈值的点为亮点,取参数BI为亮点个数的倒数。试验发现在弹性段参数BI基本维持定值;在试件发生屈服时由于表面粗糙化以致漫反射能力增强,图像的亮点数会显著增多,BI参数发生陡然下降的变化,在整个塑性段参数呈单调下降趋势。所以参数BI可以作为描述这一过程的特性参数。由BI的变化可以判断试件塑性变形的发生,也可以作为塑性变形程度的度量。典型的实验结果验证了这一方法,所得结果与用相关搜索方法得到的结果相比较,吻合得相当好。由于这种方法使用白光照明,对环境要求不高,操作过程简单,有望在工程实际中获得广泛的应用。本文还讨论了影响判别精度的阈值选取问题,通过对于所得数据的分析得出阈值选取可以按照误差理论中置信区间的方法来设置,并且置信区间较小时能得到比较好的结果。     

基于剪切梁的地垒断层型矿震解析分析

为得到地垒组合型断层失稳诱发矿震的方式及断层影响区顶板平衡结构的解析解,将顶板简化为剪切梁模型进行分析.基于弹性剪切梁确定了顶板最大等效剪力位置和顶板初次垮落步距的计算公式.顶板等效剪力随着采空区跨度的增加而增加,达到顶板极限值时发生初次来压,顶板断裂位置出现在煤层内部.用弹塑性剪切梁模型分析存在地垒断层的采场顶板初次来压和周期来压,当最大等效剪力达到断层剪切极限时,断层错动,释放能量,发生矿震.     

Accuracy analysis of immersed boundary method using method of manufactured solutions

The immersed boundary method is an effective technique for modeling and simulating fluid-structure interactions especially in the area of biomechanics.This paper analyzes the accuracy of the immersed boundary method.The procedure contains two parts,i.e.,the code verification and the accuracy analysis.The code verification provides the confidence that the code used is free of mistakes,and the accuracy analysis gives the order of accuracy of the immersed boundary method.The method of manufactured solutions is taken as a means for both parts.In the first part,the numerical code employs a second-order discretization scheme,i.e.,it has second-order accuracy in theory.It matches the calculated order of accuracy obtained in the numerical calculation for all variables.This means that the code contains no mistake,which is a premise of the subsequent work.The second part introduces a jump in the manufactured solution for the pressure and adds the corresponding singular forcing terms in the momentum equations.By analyzing the discretization errors,the accuracy of the immersed boundary method is proven to be first order even though the discretization scheme is second order.It has been found that the coarser mesh may not be sensitive enough to capture the influence of the immersed boundary,and the refinement on the Lagrangian markers barely has any effect on the numerical calculation.     

Computing the structural buckling limit load by using dynamic relaxation method

The numerical structural analysis schemes are extensively developed by progress of modern computer processing power. One of these approximate approaches is called "dynamic relaxation (DR) method." This technique explicitly solves the simultaneous system of equations. For analyzing the static structures, the DR strategy transfers the governing equations to the dynamic space. By adding the fictitious damping and mass to the static equilibrium equations, the corresponding artificial dynamic system is achieved. The static equilibrium path is required in order to investigate the structural stability behavior. This path shows the relationship between the loads and the displacements. In this way, the critical points and buckling loads of the non-linear structures can be obtained. The corresponding load to the first limit point is known as buckling limit load. For estimating the buckling load, the variable load factor is used in the DR process. A new procedure for finding the load factor is presented by imposing the work increment of the external forces to zero. The proposed formula only requires the fictitious parameters of the DR scheme. To prove the efficiency and robustness of the suggested algorithm, various geometric non-linear analyses are performed. The obtained results demonstrate that the new method can successfully estimate the buckling limit load of structures.     

On the effect of fiber creep-compliance in the high-temperature deformation of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites

Creep models for unidirectional ceramic matrix composites reinforced by long creeping fibers with weak interfaces are presented. These models extend the work of Du and McMeeking (1995) [Du, Z., McMeeking, R. 1995. Creep models for metal matrix composites with long brittle fibers. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 43, 701–726] to include the effect of fiber primary creep present in the required operational temperatures for ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). The effects of fiber breaks and the consequential stress relaxation around the breaks are incorporated in the models under the assumption of global load sharing and time-independent stochastics for fiber failure. From the set of problems analyzed, it is found that the high-temperature deformation of CMCs is sensitive to the creep-compliance of the fibers. High fiber creep-compliance drives the composite to creep faster, leading however to greater lifetimes and greater overall strains at rupture. This behavior is attributed to the fact that the greater the creep-compliance of the fibers, the higher the creep rate but the slower the matrix stress relaxation – since the matrix must deform with a rate compatible with the more creep-resistant fibers – and therefore the less the load carried by the main load-bearing phase, the fibers. As a result, fewer fibers fail and less damage is accumulated in the system. Moreover, the greater the creep-compliance of the fibers, the slower the matrix shear stress relaxation – and thus the lower the levels of applied stress for which this effect becomes important. The slower the shear stress relaxes, the slower the “slip” length increases. Due to the Weibull nature of the fibers, the fiber strengths at the smaller gauge length of the slip length are stronger; therefore fewer fibers undergo damage. Hence, high fiber creep-compliance is desirable (in the absence of any explicit creep-damage mechanism) in terms of composite lifetime but not in terms of overall strain. These results are considered of importance for composite design and optimization.     

带壳有隔板聚能装药的实验研究

利用脉冲Ｘ射线高速摄影系统，研究了带壳聚能装药爆炸过程中隔板的变形过程，测定了隔板变形速度。同时测出了相应的壳体膨胀速度ｖｅ，药形罩压垮速度ｖ０，射流速度ｖｊ，压垮角和变形角。每条曲线至少有四个实验点，每个实验点均为三次实验的平均值。     

时变张力作用下轴向运动梁的分岔与混沌

轴向运动结构的横向参激振动一直是非线性动力学领域的研究热点之一. 目前研究较多的是轴向速度摄动的动力学模型,参数激励由速度的简谐波动产生. 但在工程应用中,存在轴向张力波动的运动结构较为广泛,而针对轴向张力摄动的模型研究较少. 本文研究了时变张力作用下轴向变速运动黏弹性梁的分岔与混沌. 考虑随着时间周期性变化的轴向张力,计入线性黏性阻尼,采用Kelvin模型的黏弹性本构关系,给出了梁横向非线性 振动的积分--偏微分控制方程. 首先应用四阶Galerkin截断方法将控制方程离散化,然后采用四阶Runge-Kutta方法计算系统的数值解,进而确定其动力学行为. 基于梁中点的横向位移和速度的数值结果,仿真了梁沿平均轴速、张力摄动幅值、张力摄动频率以及黏弹性系数变化的倍周期分岔与混 沌运动,并且通过计算系统的最大李雅普诺夫指数来识别其混沌行为. 结果表明:较小的平均轴速有助于梁的周期运动,梁在临界速度附近容易发生倍周期分岔与混沌行为. 随着张力摄动幅值的增大,梁的振动幅值的混沌区间不断增大. 较小的黏弹性系数和张力摄动频率更容易使梁发生混沌运动. 最后,给出时程图、频谱图、相图以及Poincaré 映射图来确定梁的混沌运动.      

B平面上斜压波热力结构特性的实验研究

首次用转环实验模拟方法研究了β效应对斜压波热力结构的影响,发现β效应有抑制流动的水平混合和垂直混合的作用,使流动趋于正压;β平面上急流随高度降低而减弱,在急流的内外两侧各有一个无量纲温度值分布的突跃区,它们的空间结构与大气环流中的极锋锋区和北极锋锋区的结构相似。     

考虑可控性的压电作动器拓扑优化设计

压电作动器可以把电能转换成机械能,在结构主动振动控制中具有应用背景. 由于压电作动器的布局对振动控制效果影响很大,因此作动器布局优化一直是结构控制研究的关键之一. 为了提高压电结构控制能量的利用效率,本文提出了以提高结构可控性为目标的压电作动器的拓扑优化方法. 基于经典层合板理论对压电结构进行了有限元建模,并采用模态叠加法将动力控制方程映射到模态空间,推导了基于控制矩阵奇异值的可控性指标. 优化模型中,选取可控性指标指数形式为目标函数,将设计变量定义为作动器单元的相对密度,并基于人工密度惩罚模型构造了压电系数惩罚模型,给出了基于控制矩阵奇异值的可控性指标关于设计变量的灵敏度分析方法. 优化问题采用基于梯度的数学规划法求解. 数值算例验证了灵敏度分析方法和优化模型的有效性,并讨论了主要因素对优化结果的影响.      

基于压电纤维复合材料的旋转叶片主动控制

旋转叶片结构的振动失效占据了航空发动机整机故障的相当比重.发展针对旋转叶片结构的减振技术对于减轻叶片重量,提升叶片性能,延长叶片寿命具有重要意义.通过引入压电纤维复合材料(macro fiber composite,MFC)传感器和作动器,研究预变形旋转叶片2:1内共振的主动控制.建立考虑时滞效应的旋转叶片比例微分闭环...     

基于UCM模型的B炸药慢烤泄压结构的作用分析

为了探究热刺激作用下泄压结构对熔铸炸药点火时间及点火前内部物理场变化的影响,设计了有/无泄压结构烤燃弹的内部多点测温慢烤对比试验。基于炸药通用烤燃模型（universal cookoff model, UCM）,建立了炸药熔化后受浮升力驱动流动,反应速率随压力、反应进程等变化的B炸药烤燃计算模型,对有/无泄压结构烤燃弹的炸药在升温过程中的温度场及内部压力变化等情况进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果进行比较。结果表明:慢烤条件下,烤燃弹内部压力呈先缓后急上升趋势;有泄压结构烤燃弹在结构作用前的压力变化趋势与无泄压结构的一致,泄压结构的作用会使炸药自热反应速率骤然降低,炸药内部温度下降,自热反应速率降低和产物气泡驱动的对流共同导致了点火时间的延后;由于对流的作用,炸药点火点都在弹体顶部区域。     

Impact on the surface of a compressible liquid

The evolution of a weak, nearly plane shock wave produced by the impact on the plane boundary of a compressible liquid is considered. At the initial moment the liquid is at rest and occupies the lower half-plane. Then the points of its boundary get instantly velocities directed into the liquid domain. This leads to the formation of a shock wave the intensity of which is non-uniform due to a non-uniform distribution of the impact velocities. Initially the shock wave is plane but then it bends due to the non-linear effects and can later be focused. To analyze the liquid flow, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is used. For finite times the flow and the evolution of the shock wave are described within the framework of the acoustic approximation. For large times the flow becomes non-linear, and the form of the shock front depends essentially on the characteristics of the liquid flow behind it. If the non-uniformity of the impact velocity distribution is slight then the focusing of the shock wave is shown not to occur. The influence of viscosity of the liquid on the structure of its motion is discussed.     

液膜润滑机械端面密封流体动压沟槽侧壁效应研究

针对非接触机械密封端面开槽后所出现的膜厚不连续处存在的侧壁效应,在沟槽边界处将广义伯努利方程引入传统润滑方程,建立了考虑动压沟槽侧壁效应的液膜润滑螺旋槽端面机械密封数值分析模型. 采用有限单元法结合拉格朗日乘子法求解润滑方程,研究了不同螺旋槽几何参数和工况条件下沟槽侧壁效应对密封性能的影响. 结果表明:数值模型可方便捕捉沟槽边界处的压力跃变,侧壁效应在不同螺旋槽深度下表现出截然不同的影响规律,高转速、大螺旋角和小密封间隙下动压沟槽的侧壁效应较为显著. 理论模型和计算方法可为超高速工况螺旋槽机械密封的设计和局部惯性效应的研究提供指导.