A high efficient antireflective down-conversion Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>:Bi<Superscript>3+</Superscript>, Yb<Superscript>3+</Superscript> thin films

The high efficient antireflective down-conversion Y₂O₃:Bi, Yb films have been prepared successfully on Si(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, Upon excitation of ultraviolet photon varying from 300 to 400 nm, near-infrared emission of Yb³⁺ was observed for the film, can be efficiently absorbed by silicon (Si) solar cell. Most interestingly, there is a very low average reflectivity 1.46% for the incident light from 300 to 1100 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest reflectance for the down-conversion thin films prepared by cost efficient method. The surface topography of the high efficient antireflective films can be controllably tuned through the substrate template regulation by optimizing process parameters. Besides, the results showed that there is a close relationship between luminescent property and morphology of the film. With the change of the surface morphology, the intensity of Bi³⁺ and Yb³⁺ emission peaks increase first and then decrease. The obtained results demonstrate that this film can enhance the Si solar cell efficiency through light trapping and spectrum shifting.     

Improvement of quantum efficiency using surface texture of solar cell in the form of pyramid

The work presented in this paper is concerned a detailed study about the light transmission through textured surfaces in a surface made up of pyramids [1, 2]. We investigate to what extent and under what conditions we want to take advantage of ray incidence five times and more [3, 4]. It is found that these analyses can be used to determine the optimal surface texture which provides the best light trapping for solar cells in terms of the total internal reflection occurring in the high-index medium at incidence angles larger than the nominal critical angle [5–11]. One of the main contributions of this paper is the analysis and quantification of the influence of the opening between the heads of the two closest pyramids in textured surface for solar cells and its application on the photovoltaic parameters such as the quantum efficiency. In this model we show that the material can have five and more successive incident ray absorptions instead of three currently, where we changed the direction of the reflected ray, by varying the angle between the two neighbouring pyramids, the incidence angle, the opening between the heads of the two closest pyramids and their height. Thus, with an angle between the two neighbouring pyramid varying between 20° and 12° and for angle of incidence varying between 80° and 84°. For these values of the angle between the two neighbouring pyramids and incidence angle, the opening between the heads of the two closest pyramids varied respectively from 3.53 to 2.10 µm for a pyramid height of 10 µm. This lead to a substantial increase of the quantum efficiency thus the photovoltaic efficiency.     

Higher values of spectral response,absorption coefficient and external quantum efficiency of solar cell in the form of pyramids

This paper presents a study on spectral response, absorption coefficient and external quantum efficiency of solar cell in the form of pyramid [1, 2]. We investigate to what extent and under what conditions we want to take advantage of ray incidence Seven times [3, 4]. It is found that these analyses can be used to determine the optimal surface texture which provides the best light trapping for solar cells in terms of the total internal reflection occurring in the high-index medium at incidence angles larger than the nominal critical angle [3–9]. One of the main contributions of this paper is the analysis and quantification of the influence of the opening between the heads of the two closest pyramids in textured surface for solar cells and its application on the photovoltaic parameters. In this model we show that the material can have seven successive incident ray absorptions instead of five currently, where we changed the direction of the reflected ray, by identifying and install the angle between the two neighbouring pyramids, the incidence angle, the opening between the heads of the two closest pyramids and their height. Thus, with an angle between the two neighbouring pyramid fixed at 12° and for angle of incidence fixed at 84°. For these values of the angle between the two neighbouring pyramids and incidence angle, the opening between the heads of the two closest pyramids fixed at 2.10 μm for a pyramid height of 10 μm. This leads to the largest possible increase in optical efficiency, such as spectral response, Absorption Coefficient and External Quantum Efficiency. The results are in good agreement with the available literature.     

非晶硅太阳电池宽光谱陷光结构的优化设计

陷光是改善薄膜太阳电池光吸收进而提高其效率的关键技术之一. 以非晶硅（α-Si）薄膜太阳电池为例,设计了一种新的复合陷光结构：在Ag背电极与硅薄膜之间制备一维Ag纳米光栅,并通过保形生长在电池前表面沉积织构的减反膜. 采用有限元数值模拟方法,研究了该复合陷光结构对电池光吸收的影响,并对Ag纳米光栅的结构参数进行了优化. 模拟结果表明：该复合陷光结构可在宽光谱范围内较大地提高太阳电池的光吸收;当Ag纳米光栅的周期P为600 nm,高度H为90 nm,宽度W为180 nm时,在AM1.5光谱垂直入射条件下α-Si薄膜电池在300–800 nm波长范围内总的光吸收较无陷光结构的参考电池提高达103%,其中在650–750 nm长波范围内的光子吸收率提高达300%以上. 结合电场强度分布,对电池在各个波段光吸收提高的物理机制进行了分析. 另外,该复合陷光结构的引入,还较大地改善了非晶硅电池对太阳光入射角度的敏感性. 关键词： 非晶硅太阳电池 陷光 银纳米光栅 数值模拟     

Maximizing TEM00 solar laser power by a light guide assembly-elliptical cavity

For maximizing TEM₀₀ solar laser power, a modified light guide assembly-elliptical cavity pumping approach is proposed. By observing refractive and total internal reflection principles, highly concentrated solar radiations from a primary parabolic mirror are firstly collected by a near-hexagonal input face and then transmitted, at low propagation angles, to a near-rectangular output end of the modified assembly. A sharp elliptical pump cavity with an intervening optics is utilized to further couple and concentrate the radiations from the assembly to a thin Nd:YAG rod. Optimum pumping parameters are found through ZEMAX? non-sequential ray-tracing and LASCAD? laser cavity analysis. Compared with the output performances of the parallel-packed light guide assembly-elliptical-cylindrical cavity, 45% increase in TEM₀₀, 10% in multimode solar laser powers are attained by the proposed approach. Experimental results on both the enhanced transmission efficiency of the assembly and the improved focusing capacity of the elliptical cavity with are finally provided.     

Side-pumped continuous-wave Cr:Nd:YAG ceramic solar laser

To clarify the advantages of Cr:Nd:YAG ceramics rods in solar-pumped lasers, a fused silica light guide with rectangular cross-section is coupled to a compound V-shaped cavity within which a 7 mm diameter 0.1 at.% Cr:1.0 at.% Nd:YAG ceramic rod is uniformly pumped. The highly concentrated solar radiation at the focal spot of a 2 m diameter stationary parabolic mirror is transformed into a uniform pump radiation by the light guide. Efficient pump light absorption is achieved by pumping uniformly the ceramic rod within the V-shaped cavity. Optimum pumping parameters and solar laser output powers are found through ZEMAX^© non-sequential ray-tracing and LASCAD^© laser cavity analysis codes. 33.6 W continuous-wave laser power is measured, corresponding to 1.32 times enhancement over our previous results with a 4 mm diameter Nd:YAG single-crystal rod. High slope efficiency of 2.6 % is also registered. The solar laser output performances of both the ceramic and the single-crystal rods are finally compared, revealing the relative advantage of the Cr:Nd:YAG rod in conversion efficiency. Low scattering coefficient of 0.0018 cm^?1 is deduced for the ceramic rod. Heat load is considered as a key factor affecting the ceramic laser output performance.     

Nanoimprint texturing of transparent flexible substrates for improved light management in thin‐film solar cells

We present a nanoimprint based approach to achieve efficient light management for solar cells on low temperature transparent polymer films. These films are particularly low‐priced, though sensitive to temperature, and therefore limiting the range of deposition temperatures of subsequent solar cell layers. By using nanoimprint technology, we successfully replicated optimized light trapping textures of etched high temperature ZnO:Al on a low temperature PET film without deterioration of optical properties of the substrate. The imprint‐textured PET substrates show excellent light scattering properties and lead to significantly improved incoupling and trapping of light in the solar cell, resulting in a current density of 12.9 mA/cm², similar to that on a glass substrate. An overall efficiency of 6.9% was achieved for a flexible thin‐film silicon solar cell on low cost PET substrate. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

相对论效应对激光在等离子体中的共振吸收的影响

采用一维粒子模拟(PIC)方法，研究了相对论效应对P偏振激光斜入射非均匀等离子体时产生的共振吸收的影响. 计算表明，弱相对论情况下，在临界面附近产生的电子等离子体波的相对论非线性效应占主要作用；随着入射光场的逐渐增大，吸收率逐渐降低. 当入射光强超过3.7×10¹⁷W/cm²时，由于超短激光脉冲本身在等离子体中产生相对论效应、等离子体波破裂效应，以及参量不稳定过程激发等，吸收系数随着激光强度又开始增加. 固定等离子体密度标长，取不同的激光入射角、电子初始温度，相对论效应对吸收系数的影响是一致的. 关键词： 激光等离子体 相对论效应 共振吸收 粒子模拟     

太阳能电池陷光结构辐射特性研究

本文分析了不同微结构、电池厚度对太阳能电池光损失的影响,提出了一种新的电池陷光结构。运用时域有限差分法(FDTD)仿真了该类太阳能电池陷光结构中光传输过程,获得了不同波源入射下陷光结构电池的储能特性和光捕获特性,优化设计了最佳陷光结构并分析了其光捕获性能。     

单室沉积p-i-n型微晶硅薄膜太阳电池性能优化的研究

采用原位的氢等离子体处理技术和微晶覆盖技术来降低单室沉积p-i-n型微晶硅薄膜太阳电池中的硼污染问题.通过对不同处理技术所制备电池的电流密度-电压和量子效率测试结果的比较发现,一定的氢处理时间和合适的覆盖层技术都可以在一定程度上提高电池的性能,但每种方法的影响程度各异、文中对此异同进行了分析.通过对电池陷光结构和氢等离子体处理时间的优化,在单室中获得了效率为6.39%的单结微晶硅太阳电池.     

Light trapping by chemically micro-textured glass for crystalline silicon solar cells

Results of the studies of optical properties of anti-reflective glasses with various texturization patterns, which were used as a coating for crystalline silicon solar cells, are presented. It was found that glass samples sorted by their optical transmittance demonstrated the same order as when sorted by their solar-cell short-circuit current enhancement parameter. The value of the latter depended on the parameters of texturization, such as the surface density of inclusions and their profile, and the depth of etching pits. A 2% relative increase of the solar cell efficiency was obtained for the best glass sample for null degree angle of incidence, proving enhanced light trapping properties of the studied glass.     

The trapping of K and Na atoms by a clean W(110) surface trajectory calculations

The fraction of K and Na atoms initially trapped by the W(110) surface has been measured as a function of the incident energy (0.5–15 eV) and as a function of the incident angle. The trapping probability equals one at low incident energies (E_i ? 0.5 eV) and decreases with increasing energy. The measurements show an increase of trapping with increasing angle of incidence θ_i (measured from the surface normal). Simultaneously the desorption energies Q_i were determined from the temperature dependence of the measured mean residence time on the W(110) surface. We obtained for K: Q_i = 2.05 ± 0.02 eV, and for Na: Q_i = 2.60 ± 0.04 eV.The trapping phenomenon at a solid surface was approximated in a theoretical way by calculating the in-plane trajectory of a projectile scattered from a diatomic surface-molecule. The important feature which showed up was the conversion of tangential to normal momentum of the projectile, and thus the inapplicability of cube models. As a function of the angle of incidence two regimes can be distinguished: at the smaller angles the scattering is governed by simultaneous interaction of the projectile with two neighbouring surface atoms, and at the higher angles of incidence the single particle interaction contributes most to the momentum transfer.     

Computational analysis of metamaterial–aluminum–silicon solar cell model

In this paper, the optical parameters of an improved waveguide structure for a more efficient silicon solar cell are studied. Despite its favorable electronic, physical, and chemical properties, silicon remains a poor absorber of light. The optical losses due to the reflection at the air/glass interface of the cell and the transmission at its back are other factors, which limit the cell conversion efficiency. Consequently, several mechanisms for light trapping capable to increase the collection of the incident photons as electrical current and to decrease the transmission loss, have been developed. In this context, we propose a multilayer waveguide structure in which the sunlight is guided by a metamaterial layer and the transmission loss is eliminated by an aluminum back reflector. The reflection and transmission coefficients are derived by using the Generalized Transfer Matrix Method. The application of the law of conservation of energy allowed the determination of the absorption coefficient. These optical parameters are examined for several angles of incidence for s-polarized light, p-polarized light and unpolarized light. Simulation results show a significant reduction of reflection and a complete suppression of transmission.     

Compatibility of glass textures with E-beam evaporated polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells

For polycrystalline silicon thin films on glass, E-beam evaporation capable of high-rate deposition of amorphous silicon (a-Si) film precursor up to 1 μm/minute is a potentially low-cost solution to replace the main stream a-Si deposition method—plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). Due to weak absorption of near infrared light and a target of 2 μm Si absorber thickness, glass substrate texturing as a general way of light trapping is vital to make E-beam evaporation commercially viable. As a result, the compatibility of e-beam evaporation with glass textures becomes essential. In this paper, glass textures with feature size ranging from ～200 nm to ～1.5 micron and root-mean-square roughness (Rms) ranging from ～10 nm to 200 nm are prepared and their compatibility with e-beam evaporation is investigated. This work indicates that e-beam evaporation is only compatible with small smooth submicron sized textures, which enhances J _sc by 21 % without degrading V _oc of the cells. Such textures improve absorption-based J _sc up to 45 % with only 90 nm SiN _x as the antireflection and barrier layer; however, the enhancement degrades to ～10 % with 100 nm SiO _x +90 nm SiN _x as the barrier layer. The absorption-based J _sc is abbreviated by J _sc(A), which is deduced by integrating the multiplication product of the measured absorption and the AM1.5G spectrum in the wavelength range 300–1050 nm assuming unity internal quantum efficiency at each wavelength. This investigation is also relevant to other thin-film solar cell technologies which require evaporating the absorber onto textured substrate/superstrate.     

Near-field study of optical modes in randomly textured ZnO thin films

We report on near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements on randomly textured ZnO thin films. These films are commonly used as transparent conducting oxide in thin-film solar cells. Textured interfaces are used to increase the scattering of light, which leads to a better light trapping in the solar cell. Here, both the topography and the local transmission are measured with a tapered fiber tip with very high spatial resolution. By varying the distance of the tip and the wavelength of the incident light, the optical profile is visualized and reveals a strong confinement of light on a subwavelength scale which corresponds to ridges in the surface structure. The confinement of light results from guided optical modes in the ZnO which are accompanied by a modulated evanescent field in air. No corresponding structure to this modulation is found in the topography. These results give new insight for further improvement of light trapping in solar cells.     

Improved efficiency in GaAs solar cells by 1D and 2D nanopatterns fabricated by laser interference lithography

We demonstrate an improvement in efficiency of GaAs solar cells using front surface texturing with dielectric 1D and 2D nanopatterns obtained by a low cost laser interference lithography technique. The strong light scattering by the surface dielectric nanopatterns effectively increases the optical path of the incident light in the absorber layers resulting in an efficiency increase up to 23.5% compared to that of the reference solar cell. The observed efficiency improvement in the studied solar cells shows the potential use of low cost photoresist as an antireflection coating material and further application of other robust dielectric materials as texturing layer.     

BBO晶体四倍频全固态小功率紫外激光器

 利用KTP晶体和BBO晶体,进行了激光二极管泵浦的Nd:YVO₄声光调Q激光脉冲四倍频实验。在不同绿光功率入射时,获得光束的束腰半径和紫外转换效率的依赖关系:当绿光功率为1.10 W,束腰半径为12.4 μm时,得到了210 mW的准连续266 nm紫外脉冲输出,四倍频转换效率为19.1%。实验还对紫外远场光斑分别在o光振动面和e光振动面内进行分析,指出了BBO晶体在该两平面内不同的倍频接受角是造成椭圆形紫外光斑和主光斑附近明暗条纹的主要原因。     

基于PVA／AA光致聚合物的衍射光锥产生机理及其抑制

研究了以He—Ne激光器作为记录光源,以He-Ne、Nd：YAG和He-Cd激光器作为读出光源的亚甲基蓝敏化的PVA／AA体系光致聚合物的全息衍射光锥现象。衍射光锥现象的产生是由于入射光透过全息记录材料内部的不均匀结构或缺陷所产生的噪音光栅所致。运用Ewald球对此现象产生的机理进行了解释,利用全息光散射理论结合三角学...     

MoS2纳微薄膜激光非线性透射的调控研究

超短飞秒脉冲激光(脉冲时间<40 fs)有独特的热效应机理, 但尚无针对其设计的光限幅保护膜. 本文采用易于产业化的离散-旋涂法制备了MoS₂纳微薄膜(厚度150–200 nm). 光限幅测试结果表明, 针对超短脉冲激光, 此纳微薄膜在低光强下增透, 高光强下减透(光限幅); 且能通过改变入射波长, 调控其光限幅阈值, 可用于聚光太阳能电池的效率增强和损伤保护.利用此方法, 对已商用的砷化镓太阳能电池进行涂膜, 发现转换效率降低<3%, 但损伤阈值提高>50%.     

Estimation of electron density and temperature of semiconductor surfaces excited by ultra-short laser pulses

A simple technique, based on the interference principle, to obtain simultaneously the instantaneous electron density and temperature of ultra-short laser-excited semiconductor surface plasma is proposed and demonstrated. The interference of the incident laser and the surface plasmons forms nano-ripples on the surface. From the observed nano-ripple period, one can easily retrieve the density and temperature information. As a demonstration of the technique, the electron density and temperature are obtained for various band gap semiconductor materials based on the experimentally observed nano-ripples using 800 and 400 nm light in various ambient media and incident angles. The electron density estimated varied in the range of 2 $n_{\mathrm{c} }$ –10 $n_{\mathrm{c}}$ and the corresponding electron temperature in the range 10 $^{4}$ –10 $^{5}$ K, depending on the material band gap, the incident laser intensity, the ambient medium, the angle of incidence, and the laser wavelength. The information of the electron density and temperature is useful for choosing laser parameters (like fluence, wavelength, angle of incidence, ambient medium) and target materials (different band gap semiconductors) for obtaining a better size controllability of the nanostructure production. The information can also help one in obtaining essential plasma parameter inputs in the quest for understanding ultra-fast melting or understanding the pre-plasma conditions created by the pre-pulse of ultra-high intensity laser pulses.