Coherent control of harmonic generation in superlattices: single-mode response

We study the harmonic generation spectrum in a semiconductor superlattice (a quantum-dot array) at slow relaxation. The effect of a single-mode response in an alternating rectangular (meander) electric field is demonstrated: For certain values of field parameters, the extremely wide discrete output spectrum with slowly decaying tails (multiharmonic generation) shrinks to one single harmonic (single-harmonic generation). Similarly, the effect is manifested in the transient continuous spectrum by diminishing the divergencies (peaks) at all odd harmonics but one. Substantial control over the spectrum is demonstrated.     

P-IC-C SUCCESSIVE TRANSITIOKS IN FERROELECTRICS-I,TYPE-I IC SYSTEM

In this paper, we derive a general multi-harmonic modulation solution for the general model of Type-I IC systems, based on the point of view of an earlier paper of the authors. In two limit cases it reduces to single-harmonic modulation and kink solution respectively. The basic wave-vector of modulation decreases monotonically with temperature, which is in agreement with what were observed in experiments. The conditions and characteristics of the P-IC and IC-C transitions are also discussed.     

FREQUENCY DOMAIN ARX MODEL AND MULTI-HARMONIC FRF ESTIMATORS FOR NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

Non-linear dynamic systems respond at frequencies other than the excitation frequency; however, standard frequency response function estimators for linear systems do not accommodate this harmonic distortion. A new multi-harmonic frequency response function estimator that utilizes discrete frequency models for non-linear systems is introduced here. The multi-harmonic estimator relates the frequency response at each frequency to the input and output spectra within a given frequency band in the same way that autoregressive exogenous input models relate inputs and outputs at particular samples in the time domain. Overdetermined, least-mean-squares calculations are used to minimize model error throughout a frequency band rather than at a single frequency as in the corresponding linear estimators. The resulting multi-harmonic frequency response function models are non-parametric (e.g., vary with amplitude) when linear functions are used and parametric when non-linear functions are used. A new sensitive indicator for experimentally characterizing non-linearity is introduced.     

位移型无公度相的场论描叙

在此简讯中,我们用类似力学中处理单摆问题的方法,对一个简单模型导出了无公度相的多谐调制解。它在高温端退化为单谐调制;它在低温端转化为扭折解。它的基波波矢随温度而单调地下降,与实验观察到的现象一致。 关键词：     

Pseudo field modulation in EPR spectroscopy

This paper develops methodology for computer simulation of the effect on an experimental EPR spectrum that would occur if an additional field modulation were applied followed by eventual phase sensitive detection at the modulation frequency or at one its harmonics. The algorithm, which is called pseudomodulation, transforms the digitized spectrum and also filters the noise. If a second harmonic spectrum is desired in order to make subtle changes in curvature more apparent, it is shown that it is always preferable to obtain an experimental second harmonic spectrum. The signals are identical, but because of the filtering properties of the pseudomodulation algorithm, the noise is lower. Pseudomodulation should be applied to simulated spectra prior to fitting a model to data in order more precisely to simulate the experimental signal. It is argued that such fits ought to involve not only first harmonics but also higher harmonics, since the various harmonics are sensitive in different ways to input parameters in the spin Hamiltonian. Application of pseudomodulation to the EPR spectrum of the blue copper-protein azurin is described.     

A multifrequency gyrotron

A theory of a gyrotron that generates at frequencies that are multiples of the cyclotron frequency is considered. In the steady-state regime, this radiation appears as a nonsinusoidal electromagnetic oscillation whose waveform depends on the amplitudes of its harmonics. The theory is developed for the weakly relativistic case and is based on known transverse momentum equations for electrons moving in an electromagnetic field. Under optimal conditions, the single-harmonic emission of a multifrequency gyrotron is more efficient than that of a single-frequency device.     

Evaluation of left ventricular function with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging using Fourier fitting

The aims of this study were to investigate the applicability of Fourier fitting in the magnetic resonance (MR) evaluation of left ventricular (LV) function and to determine the optimal number of harmonics for fitting. Cine cardiac MR imaging was performed in 10 subjects, and an LV time–volume curve was generated. Fourier fitting was applied to the original curve using 1–10 harmonics, and the qualities of the time–volume curve and first-derivative curve were evaluated. LV functional parameters were calculated from curves generated with and without fitting. The quality of the original time–volume curve was good, and Fourier fitting had no substantial effect on functional parameters obtained directly from the time–volume curve such as ejection fraction. The first-derivative curve generated without fitting showed substantial artificial fluctuation. The application of Fourier fitting depressed the fluctuation and tended to decrease estimates of peak ejection rate and peak filling rate. Five or six harmonics appeared to be appropriate for obtaining a high-quality first-derivative curve. In conclusion, Fourier fitting was indicated to aid in reducing the artificial fluctuation of the first-derivative curve generated from cine cardiac MR imaging and to contribute to the evaluation of functional parameters derived from the first-derivative curve.     

Virtual pitch extraction from harmonic structures by absolute-pitch musicians

The ability of absolute-pitch (AP) musicians to identify or produce virtual pitch from harmonic structures without feedback or an external acoustic referent was examined in three experiments. Stimuli consisted of pure tones, missing-fundamental harmonic complexes, or piano notes highpass filtered to remove their fundamental frequency and lower harmonics. Results of Experiment I showed that relative to control (non-AP) musicians, AP subjects easily (>90%) identified pitch of harmonic complexes in a 12-alternative forced-choice task. Increasing harmonic order (i.e., lowest harmonic number in the complex), however, resulted in a monotonic decline in performance. Results suggest that AP musicians use two pitch cues from harmonic structures: 1) spectral spacing between harmonic components, and 2) octave-related cues to note identification in individually resolved harmonics. Results of Experiment II showed that highpass filtered piano notes are identified by AP subjects at better than 75% accuracy even when the note’s energy is confined to the 4th and higher harmonics. Identification of highpass piano notes also appears to be better than that expected from pure or complex tones, possibly due to contributions from familiar timbre cues to note identity. Results of Experiment III showed that AP subjects can adjust the spectral spacing between harmonics of a missing-fundamental complex to accurately match the expected spacing from a target musical note. Implications of these findings for mechanisms of AP encoding are discussed. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Experimental investigation on finite-amplitude standingwaves:Ⅰ. The properties of second harmonic

I.IntroductionInrecentyears,theresearchworkonnonlinearacousticshasbeendcvelopedrapid1ybe-causethehigh-intensitysoundismoreandmoreimportantincontcmporarytechnology.Aerodynamicnoiseemittedbyrockctorjetengines,noisetestofairframcs,u1trasonicpro-cessing,andothcrs,a1linvo1vefinitc-amplitudesoundwavesand,mostlystandingwaves.Athcoryofonc-dimensiona1finitc-amp1itudestandingwavesinlosslessmediahasbeenproposedbyMAAonthebasisofthcfundamenta1principlesofhydrodynamics['l,inwhichformulasofstcadywavcformsa…     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合神经网络测定土壤中的Cr和Ba

提出了一种基于人工神经网络的激光诱导击穿光谱技术实现元素成分高准确度定量分析的方法.采用基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络,结合激光诱导击穿光谱技术的方法测定土壤中Cr和Ba元素的含量,得到了Cr和Ba的含量以及多次重复预测的相对标准偏差,并与采用传统的内标法得到的检测结果相比较.研究结果表明:基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络分析方法,与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合能更好地实现对土壤样品中Cr和Ba元素的定量检测.相对内标法,神经网络分析方法与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合可以很明显地提高检测准确度和精密度,对采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量检测土壤重金属污染具有很好的应用价值.     

相对误差最小二乘法的TDLAS气体浓度标定曲线拟合

可调谐半导体激光光谱技术（TDLAS）是光谱检测技术的一个分支,具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、实时监测、便携性好、小型化等优点,在工业环保、医疗检测、气象监测等领域得到了广泛应用。TDLAS气体传感器的测量精度与标定曲线密切相关,标定时,常用最小二乘法对标定曲线进行多项式拟合,但最小二乘法是以绝对误差的最小平方和作为评价标准,无法对相对误差进行约束,在低浓度量程下TDLAS气体传感器的标定曲线相对误差偏大,限制了标定量程。推导了光强透射率对数与气体浓度关系式作为目标函数,提出了基于相对误差意义下的最小二乘法,迭代方法采用高斯-牛顿迭代法（Gauss-Newton iteration method）,实验以雅士林DHS-100恒温恒湿箱来产生大量程范围的水汽标定浓度,Vaisala HMT337在线湿度检测仪的测量值作为标定浓度,自主研发的TDLAS湿度传感器选择波数为7 306.752 1 cm-1的水汽吸收峰,气室的光路长为50 mm,对1%~50%VOL的水汽浓度进行了拟合标定,对比了最小二乘法与相对误差最小二乘法的标定拟合结果。实验结果表明：采用最小二乘法拟合时,在低浓度量程下会出现较大的相对误差,高浓度量程下相对误差逐渐减小,无法保证整个大量程下测量精度要求;采用相对误差最小二乘法拟合时,在整个大量程范围下的相对误差波动比较小,相对误差分布曲线比较平稳,最大相对误差和相对误差标准差都远小于最小二乘法的拟合结果;以Ratio-C关系式作为目标函数,采用相对误差最小二乘法进行拟合标定时,最大相对误差为0.049 4,相对误差标准差为0.023 7,远优于最小二乘法的拟合结果,符合TDLAS传感器测量精度要求,验证了相对误差最小二乘法的标定算法可靠性,提高了TDLAS气体传感器的测量精度。     

Depolarization and angular dependences of n-harmonic scattered light in statistically inhomogeneous media

A semi-classical theory of multi-harmonic scattering of intense light on individual molecules, as well as on statistical fluctuations of molecular fields in near ordering areas of isotropic bodies, is proposed. Vertical and horizontal intensity components and depolarisation ratios of n-harmonics are discussed as functions of the scattering angle, and relations between them are derived. The even harmonics are shown to be sensitive to molecular symmetry (natural, or induced by molecular field fluctuations) whereas odd harmonics can be scattered from any substances, molecular or atomic.     

Frequency and intensity difference limens for harmonics within complex tones

A two-interval, two-alternative forced choice task was used to estimate frequency difference limens (DLs) for individual harmonics within complex tones, and DLs for the periodicity (i.e., number of periods per s) of the whole complexes. For complex tones with equal-amplitude harmonics, the DLs for the lowest harmonics were small (less than one percent). The DLs increased rather abruptly around the fifth to seventh harmonic. The highest harmonic in each complex was also well discriminated, and the discriminability of a single high harmonic was markedly improved by increasing its level relative to the other components. The DL for a complex tone was generally smaller than the frequency DL of its most discriminable component. The DL for a complex was found to be predictable from the DLs of the harmonics comprising the complex, using a formula derived by Goldstein [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 1496-1516 (1973)] from his optimum processor theory for the formation of the pitch of complex tones. The DL for a complex is sometimes primarily determined by high harmonics, such as the highest harmonic, or a harmonic whose level exceeds that of adjacent harmonics. We also measured intensity DLs for individual harmonics within complex tones. The intensity DLs were smallest for low harmonic numbers, and for the highest harmonic in a complex. An excitation-pattern model was used to determine whether the frequency DLs of harmonics within complex tones could be explained in terms of place mechanisms, i.e., in terms of changes in the amount of excitation at appropriate frequency places. We conclude that place mechanisms are not adequate, and that information about the frequencies of individual harmonics is probably carried in the time patterning of neural impulses.     

Evidence against an effect of grouping by spectral regularity on the perception of virtual pitch

Two experiments investigated the role of the regularity of the frequency spacing of harmonics, as a separate factor from harmonicity, on the perception of the virtual pitch of a harmonic series. The first experiment compared the shifts produced by mistuning the 3rd, 4th, and 5th harmonics in the pitch of two harmonic series: the odd-H and the all-H tones. The odd-H tone contained odd harmonics 1 to 11, plus the 4th harmonic; the all-H tone contained harmonics 1 to 12. Both tones had a fundamental frequency of 155 Hz. Pitch shifts produced by mistuning the 3rd harmonic, but not the 4th and 5th harmonics, were found to be significantly larger for the odd-H tone than for the all-H tone. This finding was consistent with the idea that grouping by spectral regularity affects pitch perception since an odd harmonic made a larger contribution than an adjacent even harmonic to the pitch of the odd-H tone. However, an alternative explanation was that the 3rd mistuned harmonic produced larger pitch shifts within the odd-H tone than the 4th mistuned harmonic because of differences in the partial masking of these harmonics by adjacent harmonics. The second experiment tested these explanations by measuring pitch shifts for a modified all-H tone in which each mistuned odd harmonic was tested in the presence of the 4th harmonic, but in the absence of its other even-numbered neighbor. The results showed that, for all mistuned harmonics, pitch shifts for the modified all-H tone were not significantly different from those for the odd-H tone. These findings suggest that the harmonic relations among frequency components, rather than the regularity of their frequency spacing, is the primary factor for the perception of the virtual pitch of complex sounds.     

Automated quantitative analysis of the shift of frequency spectra generated by attenuated signals from contrast microbubbles

The ultrasound-induced harmonic microbubble response spectrum is known to shift to lower frequencies with increasing tissue attenuation. We hypothesized that this shift could be reproducibly detected in received broadband radiofrequency spectra. We used an automatic Gaussian curve-fitting technique to measure the mean harmonic response generated by three different contrast agents at six incremental levels of attenuation. Analytical curve fitting identified a consistent, reproducible, and statistically significant shift in mean harmonic frequency with increasing attenuation. The presented method could be a step toward attenuation estimation by contrast harmonic imaging; optimization of harmonic signal reception by ultrasound systems; and, ultimately, automatic detection of contrast agents in tissue.     

利用远紫外光产生多重谐波截止能量延伸

数值研究了氦离子在红外激光场与远紫外激光场驱动下辐射高次谐波的过程.计算结果表明,当远紫外激光场加入后,电子在与母核回碰的过程中会再吸收远紫外光子,进而导致谐波截止能量以远紫外光子能量为间隔的延伸.随着远紫外激光场场强的增强,电子在回碰过程中会吸收更多的远紫外光子,因此多重谐波截止能量会进一步延伸.最后,随着红外激光场与远紫外激光场延迟时间的改变,多重谐波截止能量的延伸可以得到调控.     

基于自适应加窗spline曲线拟合的拉曼光谱去基线方法

拉曼光谱是一种无损快速检测技术,可以提供材料的定性和定量信息,因而在医药、化工等诸多领域得到了广泛的应用。但是,由于样品荧光背景噪声的影响,造成拉曼光谱信号出现基线漂移现象,这给拉曼光谱的特征峰识别和拉曼成像带来十分严重的影响。目前,改进实验方法和数值处理是解决该问题的两种重要手段。改进实验方法上,有偏振调制法和高频调制法等,但存在实验设备复杂,检测技术难度大等缺点;数值处理上,有多项式拟合和小波变换等,但容易出现欠拟合和过拟合等现象。本文在不改换高精密设备的前提下,针对传统基线校正的方法进行了改进,提出一种基于自适应加窗spline曲线拟合的拉曼光谱去基线方法。首先,基于谱峰识别算法和初始搜索步长求得谷值的最优搜索间距,并利用谱谷识别算法完成谷值曲线的拟合;其次,利用最优搜索间距和谱峰识别算法,求得谷值曲线峰值位置,并在该位置处对称添加自适应矩形窗函数去除峰值,重新划分整个区间,拟合谷值曲线;再次,逐点比较拟合曲线与原拉曼光谱信号,取较小值,拟合曲线;最后,重复加窗去除峰值操作,直至自适应窗函数宽度低于阈值,完成拉曼光谱信号的基线拟合。在实验中,选用乙酸丁酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA)作为实验样品,利用该方法对其拉曼光谱信号进行了基线校正,观察并比较该方法和传统方法的校正结果。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地消除拉曼光谱信号的基线漂移,较好的保留一些较弱的拉曼特征峰,且不易出现欠拟合和过拟合的现象,获得了良好的基线校正效果,为进一步分析光谱数据和实现拉曼成像提供准确可靠的信息。     

Improved contrast to tissue ratio at higher harmonics

The challenge in ultrasound contrast imaging is a better discrimination between the perfused tissue and the contrast bubbles, which is usually expressed by contrast to tissue ratio (CTR). Imaging based on the second harmonic frequency showed a higher CTR than imaging at the fundamental frequency. However, because of nonlinear propagation of ultrasound waves, harmonic frequencies are generated. These harmonic frequencies will be linearly reflected by the tissue and therefore limit the CTR at the second harmonic frequency. In order to reduce the scattering of tissue at harmonic frequencies and by that increase the CTR, nonlinear distortion has to be reduced. We demonstrate in this study that the CTR increases with the harmonic number. The increase is substantial when transmitting at lower frequencies. To take advantage of the higher harmonics (third, fourth, fifth and the ultraharmonics and termed here super harmonics), we have developed a new phased array transducer with a wide frequency band. In-vitro measurements using the new probe show an increase of 40 dB of the CTR for super harmonic components over the conventional second harmonic system. The increase in CTR is in agreement with the calculations using existing models for the response of encapsulated bubbles and known theory of nonlinear propagation.     

激光脉宽对谐波频移和振幅强度的影响

数值研究了激光脉宽对H_2~+和T_2~+谐波辐射的影响.计算结果表明:(i)对于谐波频移现象:在少周期激光场下,H_2~+和T_2~+谐波辐射呈现红移.随着激光脉宽增大,H_2~+谐波辐射呈现蓝移; T_2~+谐波辐射红移减弱.(ii)对于谐波振幅强度:H_2~+和T_2~+谐波辐射强度会随着激光脉宽增大而增强.但是,在少周期激光场下,H_2~+谐波截至能量附近的强度要大于T_2~+.在多周期激光场下,T_2~+谐波截至能量附近的强度要大于H_2~+.     

光谱辐射照度标准灯的数据插值与曲线拟合方法研究

介绍了多种插值方法与曲线拟合方法,对光谱辐射照度标准灯在所需波长间隔上的照度值进行内插运算,包括这些方法的模型建立、参数计算及误差分析过程。得到了效果较好的插值方法及分段普朗克曲线拟合模型,其中拟合模型较好地体现了光谱辐射照度标准灯的灯丝发射率及灯壳的光谱透射比。最终结果的相对偏差接近国家级计量院提供标准灯的最佳不确定度0.2%。